Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement ...

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Extension and flexion (Figure 6.2(b)) refer to frontal plane movements away from and towards the index finger; hyperflexion (Figure 6.2(c)) is the movement beyond the starting position. Opposition is the movement of the thumb to touch the tip of any of the four fingers of the same hand. It involves abduction and hyperflexion of the thumb. Circumduction of the arm and leg The movement of the arm or leg to describe a cone is called circumduction and is a combination of flexion and extension with abduction and adduction. Several attempts have been made to define movements in other diagonal planes but none has been adopted universally. Movements of the shoulder girdle The movements of the shoulder girdle are shown in Figure 6.3, along with the humerus movements with which they are usually associated. Elevation (shown in Figure 6.3(a)), and depression are upward and downward linear movements of the scapula. They are generally accompanied by some upward (Figure 6.3(b)) and downward scapular rotation, respectively, movements approximately in the frontal plane. These rotations are defined by the turning of the distal end of the scapula – that further from the middle of the body – with respect to the proximal end – that nearer the middle of the body. Protraction and retraction describe the movements of the scapula away from (Figure 6.3(c)) and towards the vertebral column. These are not simply movements in the frontal plane but also have anterior and posterior components owing to the curvature of the thorax. Posterior and anterior tilt are the upwards and downwards movement, respectively, of the inferior angle – the lower tip – of the scapula away from (Figure 6.3(d)) or towards the thorax. Pelvic girdle movements THE ANATOMY OF HUMAN MOVEMENT Changes in the position of the pelvis are brought about by the motions at the lumbosacral joint, between the lowest lumbar vertebra and the sacrum, and the hip joints. Movements at these joints, shown in Figure 6.4, permit the pelvis to tilt forwards, backwards and sideways (laterally) and to rotate horizontally. Forward tilt, from the position in Figure 6.4(a) to that in Figure 6.4(b), involves increased inclination in the sagittal plane about the frontal axis. This results from lumbosacral hyperextension and, in the standing position, hip flexion. The lower 229
INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS Figure 6.3 Shoulder girdle movements: (a) elevation; (b) upward rotation; (c) abduction; (d) upward tilt. 230 part of the pelvic girdle where the pubic bones join – the symphysis pubis – turns downwards and the posterior surface of the sacrum turns upwards. Backward tilt, from the position in Figure 6.4(a) to that in Figure 6.4(c), involves decreased inclination in the sagittal plane about the frontal axis. This results from
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Introduction to Sports Biomechanics
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First edition published 1997 This e
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Contents List of figures x List of
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Study tasks 216 Glossary of importa
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FIGURES 1.26 Underarm throw - femal
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FIGURES 5.9 Typical path of a swimm
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Tables 2.1 Examples of slowest sati
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Preface Why have I changed the cove
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Introduction MISSING TEXT The first
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INTRODUCTION principal movements in
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INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
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Figure 2.2 ‘Principles’ approac
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Figure 2.13 Identifying critical fe
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Page 265 and 266: Figure 6.8 Main skeletal muscles: (
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INDEX 282 balls air flow past 173 b
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INDEX 284 energy 219 kinetic 219 mi
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INDEX 286 isokinetic contraction 24
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INDEX 288 muscle length-tension rel
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INDEX 290 three-dimensional 146-7,
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INDEX 292 validity 220 vantage poin
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