Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement ...

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CAUSES OF MOVEMENT – FORCES AND TORQUES Buoyancy force The upward force exerted on an immersed body by the fluid it displaces. Centre of mass An imaginary balance point of a body; the point about which all of the mass particles of the body are evenly distributed. In the context of movement analysis, coincident with the centre of gravity. Centre of percussion That point in a body moving about a fixed axis of rotation at which it may strike an obstacle without communicating an acceleration (or shock) to that axis. Centre of pressure The effective point of application of a force distributed over a surface. Collinear forces Forces whose lines of action are the same. Damping Any effect that tends to reduce the amplitude of the oscillations of an oscillatory system. Drag The mechanical force generated by a solid object travelling through a fluid that acts in the direction opposite to the movement of the object; any object moving through a fluid experiences drag. See also lift. Ecological validity The methods, materials and setting of the experiment must approximate the real-life circumstances that are under study. See also validity. Energy The capacity of a system to do work. See also kinetic energy and potential energy. Equilibrium The state of a system whose acceleration is unchanged; a state of balance between various physical forces. See also neutral equilibrium, stable equilibrium and unstable equilibrium. Force plate or platform A device that measures the contact force between an object and its surroundings, usually the ground reaction force. Free body diagram A diagram in which the object of interest is isolated from its surroundings and all of the force vectors acting on the body are shown. Integral The result of the process of integration; the area under a variable–time curve. Integration The mathematical process of calculating an integral. Kinetic energy The ability of a body to do work by virtue of its motion. See also potential energy. Laminar flow At slow speeds the flow of a fluid smoothly over the surface of an object. The fluid flow can be considered as a series of thin plates (or laminae, hence the name) sliding smoothly past each other. ‘Information’ is passed between the elements of the fluid on a microscopic scale. See also turbulent flow. Lift The component of fluid force that acts perpendicular to the direction of movement of an object through the fluid. Arises when the object deflects the fluid flow asymmetrically. See also drag. Magnus effect The curve in the path of a spinning ball caused by a pressure differential around the ball. Neutral equilibrium The state of a body in which the body will remain in a location if displaced from another location. See also stable equilibrium and unstable equilibrium. 219
INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS 220 Piezoelectric The ability of crystals to generate a voltage in response to an applied mechanical stress. Potential energy The ability of a body to do work by virtue of its position. See also kinetic energy. Shear force A force applied parallel to an object creating deformation internally in a direction at right angles to that of the force. Signal amplitude A non-negative scalar measure of a wave’s magnitude of oscillation, that is, the magnitude of the maximum disturbance in the medium during one wave cycle. See also signal frequency. Signal frequency The measurement of the number of times a repeated event occurs per unit of time. It is also defined as the rate of change of phase of a sinusoidal waveform. See also signal amplitude. Stable equilibrium The state of a body in which the body will return to its original location if it is displaced. See also neutral equilibrium and unstable equilibrium. Steady-state response The response of a system at equilibrium. The steady-state response does not necessarily mean the response is a fixed value. See also transient response. Stress Force per unit area. Tangent (of an angle) The ratio of the length of the side opposite to an angle to the side adjacent to the angle in a right (or right-angle) triangle. Tangential velocity The change in linear position along the instantaneous line tangent to the curve per unit of time of a body moving along a curved path. Transient response The response of a system before achieving equilibrium. See also steady-state response. Turbulent flow Fluid flow characterised by a series of vortices or eddies. ‘Information’ is passed between the elements of the fluid on a macroscopic scale. This is by far the predominant fluid flow in nature. See also laminar flow. Unstable equilibrium The state of a body in which the displacement of the body continues to increase once it has been displaced. See also neutral equilibrium and stable equilibrium. Validity Results that accurately reflect the concept being measured. An experiment is said to possess external validity if the experiment’s results hold across different experimental settings, procedures and participants. An experiment is said to possess internal validity if it properly demonstrates a causal relation between two variables. See also ecological validity. Viscosity The measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. Wake The disruption of fluid flow downstream of a body caused by the passage of the body through the fluid.
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Introduction to Sports Biomechanics
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First edition published 1997 This e
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Contents List of figures x List of
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Study tasks 216 Glossary of importa
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FIGURES 1.26 Underarm throw - femal
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FIGURES 5.9 Typical path of a swimm
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Tables 2.1 Examples of slowest sati
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Preface Why have I changed the cove
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Introduction MISSING TEXT The first
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INTRODUCTION principal movements in
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INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
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Figure 2.2 ‘Principles’ approac
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Figure 2.13 Identifying critical fe
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Page 191 and 192: INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
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INDEX 282 balls air flow past 173 b
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INDEX 284 energy 219 kinetic 219 mi
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INDEX 286 isokinetic contraction 24
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INDEX 288 muscle length-tension rel
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INDEX 290 three-dimensional 146-7,
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INDEX 292 validity 220 vantage poin
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