Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement ...

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SUMMARY CAUSES OF MOVEMENT – FORCES AND TORQUES sensitive to error than for force plates. Pressure insole software usually provides for many displays of the pressure–time information. The software also allows the user to define areas of the foot of special interest (up to eight normally) and then to study those areas individually as well as the foot as a whole. The information available includes the following: Three-dimensional ‘colour’-coded wire frame displays of the summary maximum pressure distributions at each sensor (the maximum pressure picture) and the pressure distribution at each sample time (a monochrome version of which is shown in Figures 5.28(a) and (b)), displayed as if viewing the right foot from below or the left from above; these can usually be animated so that the system user can see how the pressure patterns evolve over time. These are fascinating patterns of movement that, to date, have been little used by qualitative analysts. Force (sum of all sensor readings), maximum pressure and contact area as functions of time for the whole foot and any specified region of the foot. Bar charts of the peak pressure, force, contact area and the pressure–time integral for all regions of the foot. The centre of pressure path, or gait line (Figure 5.28(c)). In this chapter we considered linear ‘kinetics’, which is important for an understanding of human movement in sport and exercise. This included the definition of force, the identification of the various external forces acting in sport and how they combine, and the laws of linear kinetics and related concepts, such as linear momentum. We addressed how friction and traction influence movements in sport and exercise, including reducing and increasing friction and traction. Fluid dynamic forces were also considered; the importance of lift and drag forces on both the performer and on objects for which the fluid dynamics can impact on a player’s movements were outlined. We emphasised both qualitative and quantitative aspects of force–time graphs. The segmentation method for calculating the position of the whole body centre of mass of the sports performer was explained. The vitally important topic of rotational kinetics was covered, including the laws of rotational kinetics and related concepts such as angular momentum and the ways in which rotation is acquired and controlled in sports motions. The use of force plates in sports biomechanics was covered, including the equipment and methods used, and the processing of force plate data. We also considered the important measurement characteristics required for a force plate in sports biomechanics. The procedures for calibrating a force plate were outlined, along with those used to record forces in practice. The different ways in which force plate data can be processed to obtain other movement variables were covered. The value of contact pressure measurements in the study of sports movements was covered. Some examples were provided of the ways in which pressure transducer data can be presented to aid analysis of sports movements. 215
INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS Figure 5.28 Pedar insole data displays: (a, b) pressure distributions as three-dimensional wire frame displays of (a) summary maximum pressures (maximum pressure picture); (b) pressure distribution at one sample time; (c) centre of pressure paths (F indicates first and L last contact). 216 STUDY TASKS 1 (a) List the external forces that act on the sports performer and, for each force, give an example of a sport or exercise in which that force will be very important. (b) Define and explain the three laws of linear kinetics and give at least two
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Introduction to Sports Biomechanics
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First edition published 1997 This e
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Contents List of figures x List of
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Study tasks 216 Glossary of importa
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FIGURES 1.26 Underarm throw - femal
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FIGURES 5.9 Typical path of a swimm
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Tables 2.1 Examples of slowest sati
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Preface Why have I changed the cove
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Introduction MISSING TEXT The first
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INTRODUCTION principal movements in
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INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
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Figure 2.2 ‘Principles’ approac
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Figure 2.13 Identifying critical fe
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Page 187 and 188: INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
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INDEX 282 balls air flow past 173 b
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INDEX 284 energy 219 kinetic 219 mi
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INDEX 286 isokinetic contraction 24
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INDEX 288 muscle length-tension rel
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INDEX 290 three-dimensional 146-7,
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INDEX 292 validity 220 vantage poin
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