Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement ...

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CAUSES OF MOVEMENT – FORCES AND TORQUES Figure 5.25 Force plate variables (as sagittal [blue], frontal [dashed blue] and vertical [black] components except for power) as functions of time for a standing broad jump: (a) force; (b) centre of mass acceleration; (c) point of force application (x, z only); (d) moment; (e) centre of mass velocity; (f) whole body angular momentum; (g) centre of mass position; (h) load rate; (i) whole body power. 211
INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS plane of the plate – the frictional torque, sometimes called the free moment (Figure 5.25(d)) – can be easily calculated. With appropriate knowledge of the position of the performer’s centre of mass, in principle at one instant only, the component torques (moments) of the ground contact force (Figure 5.25(d)) can also be calculated about the two horizontal and mutually perpendicular axes passing through the performer’s centre of mass and parallel to the plate. From the force–time and torque–time data, integration can be performed to find overall or instant-by-instant changes in centre of mass velocity and whole-body angular momentum. Absolute magnitudes of these variables at all instants (Figures 5.25(e) and (f)) can be calculated only if their values are known at least at one instant. These values could be obtained from videography or another motion analysis system. They are easily obtained if the performer is at rest on the plate at some instant, when both linear and angular momentums are zero. If absolute velocities are known, then the changes in position – displacement – can be found by integration. In this case, absolute values of the position of the centre of mass with respect to the plate coordinate system (Figure 5.25(g)) can be obtained if that position is known for at least one instant. Again, that value could be obtained from videography or another motion analysis system. Alternatively, the horizontal coordinates can be obtained from the centre of pressure position with the person stationary on the plate, and the vertical coordinate as a fraction of the person’s height. Figure 5.26 (a) Side view of force vectors for a standing broad jump; (b) centre of pressure path from above. (S shows the start of the movement and T take-off.) Note: (a) and (b) are not to the same scale. 212
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Introduction to Sports Biomechanics
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First edition published 1997 This e
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Contents List of figures x List of
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Study tasks 216 Glossary of importa
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FIGURES 1.26 Underarm throw - femal
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FIGURES 5.9 Typical path of a swimm
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Tables 2.1 Examples of slowest sati
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Preface Why have I changed the cove
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Introduction MISSING TEXT The first
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INTRODUCTION principal movements in
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INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
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Figure 2.2 ‘Principles’ approac
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Figure 2.13 Identifying critical fe
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INDEX 282 balls air flow past 173 b
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INDEX 284 energy 219 kinetic 219 mi
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INDEX 286 isokinetic contraction 24
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INDEX 288 muscle length-tension rel
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INDEX 290 three-dimensional 146-7,
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INDEX 292 validity 220 vantage poin
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