Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement ...

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INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS 5 Causes of movement – forces and torques Knowledge assumed The importance of movement patterns for qualitative analysis (Chapters 1 to 3) The body’s cardinal planes and axes of movement (Chapter 1) Simple algebraic manipulation (Chapter 4) Quantitative analysis of sports movements (Chapter 4) Basic vector algebra (Chapter 4) Introduction 164 Forces in sport 164 Combinations of forces on the sports performer 180 Momentum and the laws of linear motion 183 Force–time graphs as movement patterns 186 Determination of the centre of mass of the human body 189 Fundamentals of angular kinetics 191 Generation and control of angular momentum 195 Measurement of force 201 Measurement of pressure 213 Summary 215 Study tasks 216 Glossary of important terms 218 Further reading 222 163
INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS 164 INTRODUCTION In Chapter 4, we covered quantitative videography of sports movements. In the final two chapters of this book, we will explore how these movements are generated. In this chapter, we will consider the forces that affect the movement of the sports performer. This branch of knowledge is often called ‘kinetics’, and is subdivided into linear and angular (rotational) kinetics; it deals with the action of forces and torques in producing or changing motion. We will also look at how we measure the forces and pressures acting on the sports performer. BOX 5.1 LEARNING OUTCOMES After reading this chapter you should be able to: appreciate how and why the variation with time of the forces acting on a sports performer can be viewed as another movement pattern that can be evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively define force and identify the external forces acting in sport and how they affect movement understand the laws of linear kinetics and related concepts such as linear momentum calculate, from segmental and kinematic data, the position of the centre of mass of the human performer identify the ways in which rotation is acquired and controlled in sports movements understand the laws of angular kinetics and related concepts such as angular momentum appreciate why the measurement of the external forces acting on the sports performer is important in analysing sports movements understand the characteristics of a force plate that affect the accuracy of force measurement outline the procedures to be used when measuring force and pressure evaluate the information that can be obtained from force and pressure measurements. FORCES IN SPORT A force can be considered as the pushing or pulling action that one object exerts on another. Forces are vectors; they possess both a magnitude and a directional quality. The latter is specified by the direction in which the force acts and by the point on an object at which the force acts – its point of application. Alternatively, the total directional quality of the force can be given by its line of action, as in Figure 5.1. The effects of a force are not altered by moving it along its line of action. Its effects on rotation – though not on linear motion – are changed if the force is moved parallel to the original direction and away from its line of action. A torque, also known as a
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Introduction to Sports Biomechanics
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First edition published 1997 This e
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Contents List of figures x List of
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Study tasks 216 Glossary of importa
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FIGURES 1.26 Underarm throw - femal
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FIGURES 5.9 Typical path of a swimm
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Tables 2.1 Examples of slowest sati
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Preface Why have I changed the cove
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Introduction MISSING TEXT The first
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INTRODUCTION principal movements in
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INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
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Figure 2.2 ‘Principles’ approac
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Figure 2.13 Identifying critical fe
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Figure 6.8 Main skeletal muscles: (
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INDEX 282 balls air flow past 173 b
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INDEX 284 energy 219 kinetic 219 mi
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INDEX 286 isokinetic contraction 24
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INDEX 288 muscle length-tension rel
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INDEX 290 three-dimensional 146-7,
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INDEX 292 validity 220 vantage poin
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