Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement ...

FIGURES
5.9 Typical path of a swimmer’s hand relative to the water 179
5.10 Forces on a runner 181
5.11 Levers as examples of parallel force systems 183
5.12 Standing vertical jump time series 187
5.13 Determination of whole body centre of mass 190
5.14 Action and reaction 193
5.15 Angular momentum 194
5.16 Generation of rotation 196
5.17 Generation of rotation 197
5.18 Instantaneous centre of rotation and centre of percussion 198
5.19 Trading of angular momentum between axes of rotation 200
5.20 Ground contact force and moment (or torque) components that act on
the sports performer 202
5.21 Force plate characteristics 204
5.22 Representation of force input and recorded output signals as a function
of time 206
5.23 Steady-state frequency response characteristics of a typical second-order
force plate system 207
5.24 Transient response characteristics of a typical second-order force plate
system 208
5.25 Force plate variables as functions of time for a standing broad jump 211
5.26 Force vectors for a standing broad jump and centre of pressure path
from above 212
5.27 A plantar pressure insole system – Pedar 214
5.28 Pedar insole data displays 216
6.1 Movements in the frontal plane about the sagittal axis 227
6.2 Movements of the thumb 228
6.3 Shoulder girdle movements 230
6.4 Pelvic girdle movements 231
6.5 The skeleton 233
6.6 Surface features of bones 236
6.7 Classification of synovial joints 239
6.8 Main skeletal muscles 242
6.9 Structural classification of muscles 245
6.10 Simple schematic model of skeletal muscle 247
6.11 Muscle responses 249
6.12 Length–tension relationship for whole muscle contraction 251
6.13 Force–velocity relationship 252
6.14 Tension–time relationship 253
6.15 Force potentiation in the stretch–shortening cycle in vertical jumps 254
6.16 Three-dimensional muscle force components 255
6.17 Two-dimensional muscle force components 257
6.18 Schematic representation of the generation of the EMG signal 258
6.19 Bipolar configurations of surface electrodes 261
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