Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement ...

FIGURES
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3.17 Phase planes for one running stride 104
3.18 Superimposed phase planes for the hip and knee joints in one running
stride 105
3.19 Continuous relative phase for hip–knee angle coupling for one running
stride, derived from Figure 3.18 105
3.20 Hip and knee phase planes for one stride of walking 106
3.21 Partitioning of variance 108
3.22 Variation of knee angle with time in treadmill running; further
explanation of angle–time patterns 113
4.1 Computer visualisation 119
4.2 Modern digital video camera 121
4.3 Errors from viewing movements away from the photographic plane and
optical axis of the camera 124
4.4 A typical calibration object for three-dimensional videography 125
4.5 Possible camera placements for movement such as long jump 129
4.6 Aliasing 129
4.7 Three-dimensional DLT camera set-up 132
4.8 Simple example of noise-free data 135
4.9 Residual analysis of filtered data 137
4.10 Simple measurement of segment volume 138
4.11 The right-hand rule 141
4.12 Projection parameters 143
4.13 Effect of projection angle on shape of parabolic trajectory 144
4.14 Tangential velocity and tangential and centripetal acceleration
components for a gymnast rotating about a bar 147
4.15 Angular orientation showing angles of somersault, tilt and twist 148
4.16 Low-pass filter frequency characteristics 153
4.17 Displacement data 154
4.18 Simple example of noisy data 155
4.19 Over-smoothing and under-smoothing 156
4.20 Vector representation 158
4.21 Vector addition 159
4.22 Vector resolution 160
4.23 Vector addition using components 161
4.24 Vector cross-product 162
5.1 Directional quality of force 165
5.2 Vertical component of ground reaction force in a standing vertical jump
with no arm action 166
5.3 Ground reaction force and its components 167
5.4 Training shoe on an inclined plane and its free body diagram 168
5.5 Unweighting 169
5.6 Buoyancy force 171
5.7 Separation points on a smooth ball 174
5.8 Generation of lift 178