Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement ...

MORE ON MOVEMENT PATTERNS – THE GEOMETRY OF MOTION
Figure 3.11 Hip (blue continuous curve), knee (black curve) and ankle (blue dashed curve) angle–time series for three strides
of treadmill locomotion: (a) walking; (b) running. Black vertical line indicates touchdown and blue vertical line toe-off.
The first is ‘in-phase’ coordination, as when the hips and knees extend during the
upward phase of a standing vertical jump. If the two angles change at the same rate, the
result is a linear relationship, such as that of Figure 3.12(a). More often, the joints will
show in-phase ‘turning point’ coordination, as in Figure 3.12(b). The second basic
form is called ‘anti-phase’ or ‘out-of-phase’ coordination; an example is when one
joint flexes while the other extends, as in much of the action phase of a kick, in which
the hip flexes while the knee extends. Linear ‘anti-phase’ coordination is shown in
Figure 3.12(c) and anti-phase turning-point coordination in Figure 3.12(d). Figure
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