Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on EQUINE ...
Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on EQUINE ...
Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on EQUINE ...
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Havemeyer Foundati<strong>on</strong> M<strong>on</strong>ograph Series No. 3FACTORS AFFECTING PREGNANCY RATES ANDEARLY EMBRYONIC DEATH AFTER <strong>EQUINE</strong> EMBRYOTRANSFERE. M. Carnevale, R. J. Ramirez, E. L. Squires, M. A. Alvarenga and P. M. McCueAnimal Reproducti<strong>on</strong> and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado80523, USASuccess <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a commercial embryo transferprogram is dependent up<strong>on</strong> identifying factorsthat affect pregnancy and embry<strong>on</strong>ic death.Previous studies have examined <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> transfer, technician, size, age <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>embryo, embryo morphology, seas<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> year,synchr<strong>on</strong>y between d<strong>on</strong>or and recipient, andculture and storage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> embryos (Squires et al.1982; Iuliano and Squires 1985; McKinn<strong>on</strong> andSquires 1988; Cook et al. 1989; Carney et al.1991; Squires et al. 1992; Squires and Seidel1995; Fluery and Alvarenga 1999; McCue et al.1999; Squires et al. 1999). This is a retrospectivestudy involving 638 embryos transferred intorecipients at Colorado State University EquineReproducti<strong>on</strong> Laboratory during 1996, 1997 and1998. The objective <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this retrospective studywas to determine which factors (recipient orembryo) had significant effects <strong>on</strong> pregnancy andembry<strong>on</strong>ic loss rates. D<strong>on</strong>or mares were ei<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rmares housed at Colorado State University orthose housed at various breeding farmsthroughout <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> United States. Embryos werecollected 7 or 8 days after ovulati<strong>on</strong> ei<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r atCSU or collected <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> farm, cooled andtransported within 24 h to Colorado StateUniversity. Recipients were light horse maresbetween 2 and 18 years <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> age and 400 to 600 kg.Cycling recipients were examined by palpati<strong>on</strong>and ultrasound at regular intervals and dailyduring oestrus. Reproductive tracts wereexamined for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> detecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> follicular activity,day <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ovulati<strong>on</strong>, presence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> corpus luteum,uterine oedema, and fluid in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> uterine lumen.Recipients were classified as ‘acceptable’ if awell-defined corpus luteum and a good toexcellent cervical and uterine t<strong>on</strong>e were present.Recipients were classified as marginallyacceptable if <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y had a small or poorly imagedcorpus luteum and/or poor to fair cervical anduterine t<strong>on</strong>e. Embryos were measured and gradedbased <strong>on</strong> morphology ((McKinn<strong>on</strong> and Squires1988). Embryos shipped from ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r locati<strong>on</strong>for subsequent transfer were placed in a plasticculture tube c<strong>on</strong>taining transport medium (Ham’sF10 with 10% fetal calf serum plus 1%penicillin/streptomycin), which was gassed with5% CO 2 , 5% O 2 and 90% N 2 . Embryo werepackaged in Equitainers as previously describedand transported via a commercial airline or parceldelivery service (Squires et al. 1992). Transporttime varied from 6 to 32 h. Pregnancy rates <strong>on</strong>Day 50 were significantly higher for recipientsthat had excellent to good uterine t<strong>on</strong>e and weregraded as acceptable recipients vs recipients thathad fair to poor uterine t<strong>on</strong>e and gradedmarginally acceptable (60% vs 45%). Embry<strong>on</strong>icfactors that affected pregnancy rates significantlywere morphology grade, diameter and stage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>development. Embryos 100 to 200 µm resulted inlower pregnancy rates. As expected, thoseembryos given a quality grade <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1 (excellent)resulted in higher pregnancy rates that thosegraded 2, 3 or 4. Fewer (P