The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

—;428 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [past hi.Australian form is represented in Celebes by two peculiarspecies.Leaving out the Indo-Malay species, which may probably havebeen introduced by man, and are at all events comparativelyrecent immigrants, and the wild pig, a genus which ranges overthe whole archipelago and which has therefore little significance,we find two genera which have come from the Australian side,— discus and Mus ; and four from the Oriental side, Cynopithecus,Anoa, Bahirusa, and Sciurus. But Sciurus alone correspondsto discus, as a genus still inhabiting the adjacent islandsthe other three being not only peculiar to Celebes, but incapableof being affiliated to any specially Oriental group. We seem, then,to have indications of two distinct periods ; one very ancient,when the ancestors of the three peculiar genera roamed over someunknown continent of which Celebes formed, perhaps, an outlyingportion ;—another more recent, when from one side there enteredSciurus, and from the other discus. But we must rememberthat the Moluccas to the east, possess scarcely any indigenousmammals except Cuscus ; whereas Borneo and Java on the west,have nearly 50 distinct genera. It is evident then, that thefacilities for immigration must have been much less with theOriental than with the Australian region,and we may be prettycertain that at this later period there was no land connectionwith the Indo-Malay islands, or some other animals than squirrelswould certainly have entered. Let us now see what light isthrown upon the subject by the birds.Birds.—The total number of birds known to inhabitCelebesis 205, belonging to about 150 genera. We may leave out ofconsideration the wading and aquatic birds, most of which arewide-ranging species.of land-birds,There remain 123 genera and 152 speciesof which 9 genera and 66 species are absolutelyconfined to the island, while 20 more are found also in the Sulaor Sanguir Islands, so that we may take 86 to be the number ofpeculiar Celebes species. Lord Walden, from whose excellentpaper on the birds of Celebes (Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. viii. p. 23)most of these figures are obtained, estimates, that of the specieswhich are not peculiar to Celebes, 55 are of Oriental and 22 of
chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION. 429Australian origin, the remainder being common toboth regions.This shows a preponderant recent immigration from the Westand North, which is not to be wondered at when we look at thelong coast line of Java, Borneo, and the Philippine islands, withan abundant and varied bird population, on the one side, andthe small scattered islands of the Moluccas, with a comparativelyscanty bird-fauna, on the other.But, adopting the method here usually followed, let us lookat the relations of the genera found in Celebes, omitting forthe present those which are peculiar to it. I divide these generainto two series :—those which are found in Borneo or Java butnot in the Moluccas, and those which inhabit the Moluccas andnot Borneo or Java; these being the respective sources fromwhich, primd facie, the species of these genera must have beenderived. Genera which range widely into both these districtsare rejected, as teaching us nothing of the origin of the Celebesianfauna. In a few cases, sub-genera which show a decidedeastern or western origin, are given.Genera derived from Borneo and Java.1. Geocichla. 9. Nectarophila. 17. Hydrocissa.2. Pratincola (sp.) 10. Anthreptes (sp.) 18. -Cranorrhinus.3. Trichastoma. 11. Munia (sp.) 19. Lyncornis.4. Oriolus (sp.) 12. Acridotheres. 20. Treron (sp.)5. Cyornis 13. Yuugipicus. 21. Gallus (sp.)6. Hypothymis. 14. Mulleripicus. 22. Spilornis.7. Hylocharis. 15. Rhamphococcyx. 23. Butastur.8. iEthopyga. 16. Hierococcyx. 24. Pernis.Genera derived from the Moluccas or Timor.1. Graucalus (sp.) 6. Tanygnathus. 11. Myristicivora (s. g.)2. Chalcostetha. 7. Trichoglossus. 12. Ducula (s. g.)3. Myzoraela. 8. Scythrops (sp.) 13. Zoncenas (s. g.)4. Munia (sp.) 9. Turaccena, 14. Lamproteron (s. g.)5. Cacatua (sp.) 10. Reinwardtcenas (sp.) 15. Megapodius.These tables show a decided preponderance of Orientalover Australian forms. But we must remember that the immediatelyadjacent lands from whence the supply was derived, is
Page 2:
Boston UniversityCollege of Liberal
Page 10 and 11:
Till. WOULD „» M Km 'ATI IK'S I'
Page 12 and 13:
1IvWNrf*^ • '-^Taircecollection V
Page 14 and 15:
viPREFACE.past history of the earth
Page 16 and 17:
—viiiPREFACE.distribution of an o
Page 18 and 19:
PREFACE.therefore designed a series
Page 20 and 21:
xiiPREFACE.and conclusions would ha
Page 22 and 23:
::::—::xivPREFACE.Professor Flowe
Page 25 and 26:
2—CONTENTS OF THE EIEST VOLUME.PA
Page 27 and 28:
—CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.xix
Page 29:
—CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.xxi
Page 33:
THEGEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONOF ANIM
Page 36 and 37:
4 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i.
Page 38 and 39:
6 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part I.
Page 40 and 41:
8 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i.
Page 42 and 43:
CHAPTEE II.THE MEANS OF DISPERSAL A
Page 44 and 45:
;12 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part
Page 46 and 47:
14 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
18 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part i
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
;22 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part
Page 56 and 57:
24 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part I
Page 58 and 59:
26 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part j
Page 60 and 61:
;28 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
36 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part r
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
—46 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [par
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
CHAPTER IV.ON ZOOLOGICAL REGIONS.To
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
;GO DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part
Page 94 and 95:
;G2 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part
Page 96 and 97:
G4 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i
Page 98 and 99:
;GG DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
70 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part r
Page 104 and 105:
72 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part I
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
82 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part.
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
86 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part I
Page 120 and 121:
131..88 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [p
Page 122 and 123:
,62.:90 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [p
Page 124 and 125:
.92 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part
Page 126 and 127:
—94 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [par
Page 128 and 129:
:,Numidinae..:96 DISTRIBUTION OF AN
Page 130 and 131:
—98 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [PAR
Page 132 and 133:
———100 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMAL
Page 134 and 135:
102 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part
Page 136 and 137:
——104 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS.
Page 139 and 140:
CHAPTER VI.THE EXTINCT MAMMALIA OF
Page 141 and 142:
;chap, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WOR
Page 143 and 144:
chap, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WORL
Page 145 and 146:
;chat, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WOR
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
——chap, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OL
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
CHAPTEE VII.EXTINCT MAMMALIA OF THE
Page 163 and 164:
chap. VII.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WOR
Page 165 and 166:
chap, vii.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WOR
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
;chap, vii.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WO
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
;chap, vii.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WO
Page 179 and 180:
—;chap, vii.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
chap, vil] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WORL
Page 187 and 188:
Jchap. vii.MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WORL
Page 189 and 190:
CHAPTER VIII.VARIOUS EXTINCT ANIMAL
Page 191 and 192:
chap, viii.] MESOZOIC MAMMALIA. 159
Page 193 and 194:
;chap, viii.] BIRDS. . 161as indica
Page 195 and 196:
chap, vm.] BIRDS. 163discovered in
Page 197 and 198:
chap, viii.] TERTIARY REPTILES. 1G5
Page 199 and 200:
——;chap, vm.] ANTIQUITY OF INSE
Page 201 and 202:
—chap, viii.] ANTIQUITY OF LAND S
Page 203:
PART III.ZOOLOGICALGEOGRAPHY:AREVIE
Page 206 and 207:
—174 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. |>art
Page 208 and 209:
and176 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part
Page 210 and 211:
;178 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi
Page 212 and 213:
;CHAPTER X.THE PALiEAECTICREGION.Th
Page 215 and 216:
;chap, x.] THE PALiEARCTIC REGION.
Page 217 and 218:
——chap, x.] THE PAL.EARCTIC REG
Page 219 and 220:
;chap. x.J THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 1
Page 221 and 222:
—chap. x.J THE PALiEARCTIC REGION
Page 223 and 224:
Ghap. x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 18
Page 225 and 226:
;chap, x.] THE PALÎARCTIC REGION.
Page 227 and 228:
chap, x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 19
Page 230 and 231:
-63
Page 232 and 233:
—;,196 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [par
Page 234 and 235:
—198 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part
Page 236 and 237:
200 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part in.
Page 238 and 239:
202 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi.
Page 240 and 241:
—;204 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254:
218 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part m.a
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
224 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART III
Page 264 and 265:
226 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY [part hi.e
Page 267 and 268:
;chap, x.] THE PALiEARCTIC REGION.
Page 269 and 270:
chap, x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 22
Page 271 and 272:
chap, x.] THE PALÊARCTIC REGION 23
Page 273 and 274:
;chap, x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 2
Page 275 and 276:
CHAP. X.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 23
Page 277 and 278:
CHAP. X.J
Page 279 and 280:
.CHAP. X.] THE PAL.EARCTIC REGION.
Page 281 and 282:
—CHAP. X.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION.
Page 283 and 284:
CHAP. X.J THE PALiEARCTIC REGION. 2
Page 285 and 286:
..)CHAP. X.] THE PAL.EARCTIC REGION
Page 287 and 288:
CHAP. X.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 24
Page 289 and 290:
CHAP. X.] THE PALÎARCTIC REGION. 2
Page 292 and 293:
5cpqa
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302:
Page 305 and 306:
chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 26
Page 307 and 308:
;CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 2
Page 311 and 312:
chap. xi.J THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 26
Page 313 and 314:
——chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGI
Page 315 and 316:
—chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Page 317 and 318:
;chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 2
Page 319 and 320:
—CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Page 321 and 322:
;CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 2
Page 323 and 324:
—CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN KEGION.
Page 325:
PLATE VI.SCENE IN MADAGASCAR, WITH
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
:284 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi
Page 334 and 335:
286 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part. hi
Page 336 and 337:
288 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part m.a
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
.294 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART I'
Page 344 and 345:
.296 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART II
Page 346 and 347:
,298 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART 11
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
1302 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part II
Page 352 and 353:
304 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART 111
Page 354 and 355:
306 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part III
Page 356 and 357:
308 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part III
Page 358 and 359:
.310 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART 11
Page 360 and 361:
312 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [PART III
Page 362:
CHAPTEE XII.THE ORIENTAL REGION.Thi
Page 365 and 366:
;chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 3
Page 367 and 368:
chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 31
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
—chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION.
Page 379 and 380:
Page 382 and 383:
Tm:aa #liFf;**!.'' liF* -H
Page 384 and 385:
—;;332 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [par
Page 386 and 387:
'334 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi
Page 388:
336 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. l^rt hi.g
Page 391 and 392:
;chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 3
Page 393 and 394:
chap, xii.] THE OEIENTAL REGION. 33
Page 395:
PLATE IX.A MALAYAN FOREST, WITH SOM
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
——348 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [pa
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
——352 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [pa
Page 410 and 411:
Page 412 and 413:
356 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part Hi,
Page 414 and 415:
Page 416 and 417:
;360 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [past hi
Page 418 and 419:
Page 420 and 421:
364 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [part in.
Page 422 and 423:
.i366 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [PART I
Page 424 and 425:
368 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [PART III
Page 426 and 427:
Page 428 and 429:
Page 430 and 431:
374 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PAET III
Page 432 and 433:
Page 434 and 435:
:378 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGKAPHY. [PART II
Page 436 and 437:
Page 438 and 439: .The382 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART
Page 440 and 441: N.384 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part n
Page 442 and 443: 386 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART III
Page 445 and 446: CHAPTER XIII.THE AUSTRALIAN EEGION.
Page 447 and 448: ;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
Page 449 and 450: ;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTKALIAN REGION
Page 451 and 452: chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 453 and 454: chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 455 and 456: ——chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN R
Page 457 and 458: ;chap, xni.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 461 and 462: chap, xiii.] THE AUSTKALIAN REGION.
Page 463 and 464: ;chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 465 and 466: —chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGI
Page 469 and 470: ..CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGIO
Page 474 and 475: -^PLATE X.z^f-^
Page 476 and 477: ———416 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Page 478 and 479: ——418 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [pa
Page 480 and 481: 420 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi.
Page 482 and 483: 422 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [part hi.
Page 484 and 485: :424 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi
Page 486 and 487: —426 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part
Page 490 and 491: 430 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part III
Page 492 and 493: :.432 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part i
Page 494 and 495: —434 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part
Page 496 and 497: 436 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi.
Page 498: 438 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi.
Page 502 and 503: :440 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi
Page 504 and 505: 442 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGKAPHY. [part in.
Page 507 and 508: ———chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN
Page 509 and 510: —;chap, xiu.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGI
Page 511 and 512: —;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REG
Page 515 and 516: —:;chap, xni.] THE AUSTEALIAN REG
Page 521 and 522: ;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
Page 523 and 524: chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 527 and 528: chap, xni.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 531 and 532: chap, xiu.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 535 and 536: ...CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGI
Page 537 and 538: iCHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
Page 539 and 540:
.CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
Page 541 and 542:
CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Page 547 and 548:
.(HAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
Page 549 and 550:
Page 551:
Page 555 and 556:
INDEX TO VOL. I.Note.—In this Ind
Page 557 and 558:
AmericanINDEX.491Birds, Oriental ge
Page 559 and 560:
INDEX. 493Deer, fossil in N. Americ
Page 561 and 562:
INDEX. 495Grallae, peculiar Orienta
Page 563 and 564:
INDEX. 497Leptosomus, allied form i
Page 565 and 566:
INDEX. 499Nannhyus, N. American Ter
Page 567 and 568:
INDEX. 501Region, the best term for
Page 569 and 570:
INDEX. 503I JJngulata, antiquity of
show all

The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?