The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ...
The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ... The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ...
—404 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi.which are absent from Australia proper. Such of these as arecommon to the Malay archipelago as a whole, have been alreadynoted;we shall here confine ourselves more especially to thegroups peculiar to the region, which are almost all eitherAustralian or Austro-Malayan, the Pacific Islands and NewZealand being very poor in insect life.Lepidoptera.—Australia itselfis poor in butterflies, except inits northern and more tropical parts, where green Ornithopterceand several other Malayan forms occur. In South Australiathere are less than thirty-five species, whereas in Queensland thereare probably over a hundred. The peculiar Australian formsare few. In the family Satyridae, Xenica and Heteronympha,with Hypocista extending to New Guinea ; among the Lycaenidae,Ogyris and Utica are confined to Australia proper, andRypochrysops to the region ; and in Papilionidae, the remarkableEiirycus is confined to Australia, but is allied to Euryades,a genus found in Temperate South America (La Plata), and tothe Pamassius of the North-Temperate zone.The Austro-Malay sub-region has more peculiar forms. Hamadryas,a genus of Danaidae, approximates to some South Americanforms ; Hyades and Hyantis are remarkable groups of Morphidae;Mynes and Prothoe are fine Nymphalidae, the former extending toQueensland ;Dicallaneura, a genus of Erycinidae, and Elodina,of Pieridae, are also peculiar forms. The fine ^Egeus group ofPapilio, and Priamus group of Ornithoptera, also belong exclusivelyto this region.Xois is confined to the Fiji Islands, Bletogona to Celebes, andAcropthalmia to New Zealand, all genera of Satyridae. Seventeengenera in all are confined to the Australian region.Among the Sphingina, Pollanisus, a genus of Zygaenidae, isAustralian ;also four genera of Castniidae Synemon, Euschemon,Damias, and Cocytia, the latter being confined to the Papuanislands. The occurrence of this otherwise purely South Americanfamily in the Australian region, as well as the affinity of Eurycusand Euryades noticed above, is interesting ; but as we have seenthat the genera and families of insects are more permanent thanthose of the higher animals, and as the groups in question are
;chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION. 405confined to the warmer parts of both countries, they may be bestexplained as cases of survival of a once wide-spread type, andmay probably date back to the period when the ancestors of theMarsupials and Megapodii were cut off from the rest of the world.Goleoptera.—The same remark applies here as in the Lepidoptera,respecting the affinity of the Austro-Malay fauna to that ofIndo-Malay Islands; but Australia proper is much richer inbeetles than in butterflies, and exhibits much more speciality.Although the other two parts of the Australian region (Polynesiaand New Zealand) are very poor in beetles, it will, nevertheless,on the whole compare favourably w T ith any of the regions exceptthe very richest.Cicindelidce are not very abundant.Therates and Tricondylaare the characteristic genera in Austro-Malaya, but are absentfrom Australia, where we have Tctracha as the most characteristicgenus, with one species of Megacephala and two of Distypsidera,a genus which is found also in New Zealand and someof the Pacific Islands. The occurrence of the South Americangenus, Tetracha, may perhaps be due to a direct transfer bymeans of intervening lands during the warm southern periodbut considering the permanence of coleopterous forms (as shownby the Miocene species belonging almost wholly to existinggenera), it seems more probable that it is a case of the survivalof a once wide -spread group.Carabidse are well represented, there being no less than 94peculiar genera, of which 19 are confined to New Zealand.TheAustralian genera of most importance are Carenum (68 species),Promecoderus (27 species), Silphomorpha (32 species), Adelotopus(27 species), Scaraphites (25 species), Notonomus (18 species),Gnathoxys (12 species), Eutoma (9 species), JEnigma (15 species),Lacordairea (8 species), Pamborus (8 species), Catadromm (4 species),—thelatter found in Australia and Celebes. Common toAustralia and New Zealand are Mecodema (14 species), Hornalosoma(32 species), Bicrochile (12 species), and Scopodes(5 species).The larger genera, confined to New Zealand only, are Metaglymma(8 species), and Demetrida (3 species). The curious genusPseudomorpha (10 species), is divided between California, Brazil,
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;chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION. 405confined to <strong>the</strong> warmer parts <strong>of</strong> both countries, <strong>the</strong>y may be bestexplained as cases <strong>of</strong> survival <strong>of</strong> a once wide-spread type, andmay probably date back to <strong>the</strong> period when <strong>the</strong> ancestors <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>Marsupials and Megapodii were cut <strong>of</strong>f from <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world.Goleoptera.—<strong>The</strong> same remark applies here as in <strong>the</strong> Lepidoptera,respecting <strong>the</strong> affinity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Austro-Malay fauna to that <strong>of</strong>Indo-Malay Islands; but Australia proper is much richer inbeetles than in butterflies, and exhibits much more speciality.Although <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r two parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Australian region (Polynesiaand New Zealand) are very poor in beetles, it will, never<strong>the</strong>less,on <strong>the</strong> whole compare favourably w T ith any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regions except<strong>the</strong> very richest.Cicindelidce are not very abundant.<strong>The</strong>rates and Tricondylaare <strong>the</strong> characteristic genera in Austro-Malaya, but are absentfrom Australia, where we have Tctracha as <strong>the</strong> most characteristicgenus, <strong>with</strong> one species <strong>of</strong> Megacephala and two <strong>of</strong> Distypsidera,a genus which is found also in New Zealand and some<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pacific Islands. <strong>The</strong> occurrence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Americangenus, Tetracha, may perhaps be due to a direct transfer bymeans <strong>of</strong> intervening lands during <strong>the</strong> warm sou<strong>the</strong>rn periodbut considering <strong>the</strong> permanence <strong>of</strong> coleopterous forms (as shownby <strong>the</strong> Miocene species belonging almost wholly to existinggenera), it seems more probable that it is a case <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> survival<strong>of</strong> a once wide -spread group.Carabidse are well represented, <strong>the</strong>re being no less than 94peculiar genera, <strong>of</strong> which 19 are confined to New Zealand.<strong>The</strong>Australian genera <strong>of</strong> most importance are Carenum (68 species),Promecoderus (27 species), Silphomorpha (32 species), Adelotopus(27 species), Scaraphites (25 species), Notonomus (18 species),Gnathoxys (12 species), Eutoma (9 species), JEnigma (15 species),Lacordairea (8 species), Pamborus (8 species), Catadromm (4 species),—<strong>the</strong>latter found in Australia and Celebes. Common toAustralia and New Zealand are Mecodema (14 species), Hornalosoma(32 species), Bicrochile (12 species), and Scopodes(5 species).<strong>The</strong> larger genera, confined to New Zealand only, are Metaglymma(8 species), and Demetrida (3 species). <strong>The</strong> curious genusPseudomorpha (10 species), is divided between California, Brazil,
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