The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

402 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi.not only on account of what we know of the permanence ofcontinents and deep oceans, hut because such a connection musthave led to much more numerous and important casesof similarityof natural productions than we actually find. And ifwithin the life of species such interchange may have takenplace across seas of greater or less extent, still more easy is itto understand, how, within the life of genera and families, a numberof such interchanges may have occurred ;yet always limitedto those groups whose conditions of life render transmissionpossible. Had an actual land connection existed within thetemperate zone, or during a period of warmth in the Antarcticregions, there would have been no such strict limitations to theinter-migration of animals.that floating ice has had some share in theIt may be held to support the viewtransmission of fishand amphibia, when -we find that in the case of the narrowtropical sea dividing Borneo from Celebes and the Moluccas, noproportionate amount of transmission has taken place, butnumerous species, genera, and whole families, terminate abruptlyat what we have other reasons for believing to be the furthestlimits of an ancient continent. We can hardly suppose, however,that this mode of transmission would have sufficed forsuch groups as tree-frogs, which are inhabitants of the moretemperate or even warm portions of the two southern lands.Some of these cases may perhaps be explained by the suppositionof a considerable extent of land in the South-Temperate andAntarctic regions now submerged, and by a warm or temperateclimate analogous to that which prevailed in the Arctic regionsduring some part of the Miocene epoch ; while others may bedue to cases of survival in the two areas of once wide-spreadgroups, a view supported in the case of the Amphibia by theerratic manner in which many of the groups are spread overthe globe.From an examination of the facts presented by the variousclasses of vertebrates, we are, then, led to the conclusion,that there is no evidence of a former land-connection be,tween the Australian and Neotropical regions ;but that thevarious scattered resemblances in their natural productions
chap, xiii.] THE AUSTKALIAN REGION. 403that undoubtedly occur, are probably due to three distinctcauses.First, we have the American Didelphyida?, among Mammals,and the Cracidse, among birds, allied respectively to the Marsupialsand the Megapodiidsp, of Australia. This is probably morea coincidence than an affinity,due to the preservation of ancientwide-spread types in two remote areas, each cut off from thegreat northern continental masses, inwhich higher forms wereevolved leading to the extinction of the lower types. In eachof these southern isolated lands the original type would undergoa special development ; in the one case suited to an arborealexistence, in the other to a life among arid plains.The second case is that of the tree-frogs, and the genus Osteorjlossumamong fishes ; and is most likely due to the extensionand approximation of the two southern continents, and the existenceof some intermediate lands, during a warm period whenfacilities would be afforded for the transmission of a few organismsby the causes which have led to the exceptional diffusionof fresh-water productions in all parts of the world. As howeverOsteoglossum occurs also in the Sunda Islands, this may be a caseof survival of a once wide-spread group.The third case is that of the same genera and even species offish, and perhaps of frogs, in the two countries ; which maybe due to transmission from island to island by the aid of floatingice, with or without the assistance of more interveninglands than now exist.Having arrived at these conclusions from a consideration ofthe vertebrata, we shall be in a position to examine how farthe same causes will explain, or agree with, the distribution of theinvertebrate groups, or elucidate any special difficulties we maymeet with in the relations of the sub-regions.Insects.The insects of the Australian region are as varied, and insome respects as peculiar as its higher forms of life. As wehave already indicated in our sketch of the Oriental region, avast number of forms inhabit the Austro-Malay sub-region
Page 2:
Boston UniversityCollege of Liberal
Page 10 and 11:
Till. WOULD „» M Km 'ATI IK'S I'
Page 12 and 13:
1IvWNrf*^ • '-^Taircecollection V
Page 14 and 15:
viPREFACE.past history of the earth
Page 16 and 17:
—viiiPREFACE.distribution of an o
Page 18 and 19:
PREFACE.therefore designed a series
Page 20 and 21:
xiiPREFACE.and conclusions would ha
Page 22 and 23:
::::—::xivPREFACE.Professor Flowe
Page 25 and 26:
2—CONTENTS OF THE EIEST VOLUME.PA
Page 27 and 28:
—CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.xix
Page 29:
—CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.xxi
Page 33:
THEGEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONOF ANIM
Page 36 and 37:
4 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i.
Page 38 and 39:
6 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part I.
Page 40 and 41:
8 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i.
Page 42 and 43:
CHAPTEE II.THE MEANS OF DISPERSAL A
Page 44 and 45:
;12 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part
Page 46 and 47:
14 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
18 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part i
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
;22 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part
Page 56 and 57:
24 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part I
Page 58 and 59:
26 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part j
Page 60 and 61:
;28 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
36 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part r
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
—46 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [par
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
CHAPTER IV.ON ZOOLOGICAL REGIONS.To
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
;GO DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part
Page 94 and 95:
;G2 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part
Page 96 and 97:
G4 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i
Page 98 and 99:
;GG DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
70 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part r
Page 104 and 105:
72 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part I
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
82 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part.
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
86 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part I
Page 120 and 121:
131..88 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [p
Page 122 and 123:
,62.:90 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [p
Page 124 and 125:
.92 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part
Page 126 and 127:
—94 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [par
Page 128 and 129:
:,Numidinae..:96 DISTRIBUTION OF AN
Page 130 and 131:
—98 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [PAR
Page 132 and 133:
———100 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMAL
Page 134 and 135:
102 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part
Page 136 and 137:
——104 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS.
Page 139 and 140:
CHAPTER VI.THE EXTINCT MAMMALIA OF
Page 141 and 142:
;chap, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WOR
Page 143 and 144:
chap, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WORL
Page 145 and 146:
;chat, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WOR
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
——chap, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OL
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
CHAPTEE VII.EXTINCT MAMMALIA OF THE
Page 163 and 164:
chap. VII.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WOR
Page 165 and 166:
chap, vii.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WOR
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
;chap, vii.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WO
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
;chap, vii.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WO
Page 179 and 180:
—;chap, vii.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
chap, vil] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WORL
Page 187 and 188:
Jchap. vii.MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WORL
Page 189 and 190:
CHAPTER VIII.VARIOUS EXTINCT ANIMAL
Page 191 and 192:
chap, viii.] MESOZOIC MAMMALIA. 159
Page 193 and 194:
;chap, viii.] BIRDS. . 161as indica
Page 195 and 196:
chap, vm.] BIRDS. 163discovered in
Page 197 and 198:
chap, viii.] TERTIARY REPTILES. 1G5
Page 199 and 200:
——;chap, vm.] ANTIQUITY OF INSE
Page 201 and 202:
—chap, viii.] ANTIQUITY OF LAND S
Page 203:
PART III.ZOOLOGICALGEOGRAPHY:AREVIE
Page 206 and 207:
—174 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. |>art
Page 208 and 209:
and176 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part
Page 210 and 211:
;178 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi
Page 212 and 213:
;CHAPTER X.THE PALiEAECTICREGION.Th
Page 215 and 216:
;chap, x.] THE PALiEARCTIC REGION.
Page 217 and 218:
——chap, x.] THE PAL.EARCTIC REG
Page 219 and 220:
;chap. x.J THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 1
Page 221 and 222:
—chap. x.J THE PALiEARCTIC REGION
Page 223 and 224:
Ghap. x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 18
Page 225 and 226:
;chap, x.] THE PALÎARCTIC REGION.
Page 227 and 228:
chap, x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 19
Page 230 and 231:
-63
Page 232 and 233:
—;,196 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [par
Page 234 and 235:
—198 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part
Page 236 and 237:
200 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part in.
Page 238 and 239:
202 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi.
Page 240 and 241:
—;204 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254:
218 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part m.a
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
224 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART III
Page 264 and 265:
226 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY [part hi.e
Page 267 and 268:
;chap, x.] THE PALiEARCTIC REGION.
Page 269 and 270:
chap, x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 22
Page 271 and 272:
chap, x.] THE PALÊARCTIC REGION 23
Page 273 and 274:
;chap, x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 2
Page 275 and 276:
CHAP. X.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 23
Page 277 and 278:
CHAP. X.J
Page 279 and 280:
.CHAP. X.] THE PAL.EARCTIC REGION.
Page 281 and 282:
—CHAP. X.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION.
Page 283 and 284:
CHAP. X.J THE PALiEARCTIC REGION. 2
Page 285 and 286:
..)CHAP. X.] THE PAL.EARCTIC REGION
Page 287 and 288:
CHAP. X.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 24
Page 289 and 290:
CHAP. X.] THE PALÎARCTIC REGION. 2
Page 292 and 293:
5cpqa
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302:
Page 305 and 306:
chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 26
Page 307 and 308:
;CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 2
Page 311 and 312:
chap. xi.J THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 26
Page 313 and 314:
——chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGI
Page 315 and 316:
—chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Page 317 and 318:
;chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 2
Page 319 and 320:
—CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Page 321 and 322:
;CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 2
Page 323 and 324:
—CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN KEGION.
Page 325:
PLATE VI.SCENE IN MADAGASCAR, WITH
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
:284 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi
Page 334 and 335:
286 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part. hi
Page 336 and 337:
288 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part m.a
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
.294 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART I'
Page 344 and 345:
.296 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART II
Page 346 and 347:
,298 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART 11
Page 348 and 349:
300 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART III
Page 350 and 351:
1302 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part II
Page 352 and 353:
304 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART 111
Page 354 and 355:
306 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part III
Page 356 and 357:
308 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part III
Page 358 and 359:
.310 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART 11
Page 360 and 361:
312 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [PART III
Page 362:
CHAPTEE XII.THE ORIENTAL REGION.Thi
Page 365 and 366:
;chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 3
Page 367 and 368:
chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 31
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
—chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION.
Page 379 and 380:
Page 382 and 383:
Tm:aa #liFf;**!.'' liF* -H
Page 384 and 385:
—;;332 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [par
Page 386 and 387:
'334 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi
Page 388:
336 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. l^rt hi.g
Page 391 and 392:
;chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 3
Page 393 and 394:
chap, xii.] THE OEIENTAL REGION. 33
Page 395:
PLATE IX.A MALAYAN FOREST, WITH SOM
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
——348 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [pa
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
——352 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [pa
Page 410 and 411: —354 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part
Page 412 and 413: 356 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part Hi,
Page 414 and 415: 358 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part in.
Page 416 and 417: ;360 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [past hi
Page 420 and 421: 364 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [part in.
Page 422 and 423: .i366 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [PART I
Page 424 and 425: 368 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [PART III
Page 426 and 427: 370 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART III
Page 430 and 431: 374 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PAET III
Page 432 and 433: 376 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi.
Page 434 and 435: :378 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGKAPHY. [PART II
Page 438 and 439: .The382 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART
Page 440 and 441: N.384 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part n
Page 445 and 446: CHAPTER XIII.THE AUSTRALIAN EEGION.
Page 447 and 448: ;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
Page 449 and 450: ;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTKALIAN REGION
Page 451 and 452: chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 453 and 454: chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 455 and 456: ——chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN R
Page 457 and 458: ;chap, xni.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 459: chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 463 and 464: ;chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 465 and 466: —chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGI
Page 469 and 470: ..CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGIO
Page 474 and 475: -^PLATE X.z^f-^
Page 476 and 477: ———416 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Page 478 and 479: ——418 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [pa
Page 482 and 483: 422 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [part hi.
Page 484 and 485: :424 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi
Page 488 and 489: —;428 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [past
Page 490 and 491: 430 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part III
Page 492 and 493: :.432 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part i
Page 498: 438 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi.
Page 502 and 503: :440 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi
Page 504 and 505: 442 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGKAPHY. [part in.
Page 507 and 508: ———chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN
Page 509 and 510: —;chap, xiu.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGI
Page 511 and 512:
—;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REG
Page 513 and 514:
chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 515 and 516:
—:;chap, xni.] THE AUSTEALIAN REG
Page 517 and 518:
—chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGI
Page 521 and 522:
;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
Page 523 and 524:
chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 525 and 526:
Page 527 and 528:
chap, xni.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
chap, xiu.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 533 and 534:
chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 535 and 536:
...CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGI
Page 537 and 538:
iCHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
Page 539 and 540:
.CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
Page 541 and 542:
CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Page 547 and 548:
.(HAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
Page 549 and 550:
Page 551:
Page 555 and 556:
INDEX TO VOL. I.Note.—In this Ind
Page 557 and 558:
AmericanINDEX.491Birds, Oriental ge
Page 559 and 560:
INDEX. 493Deer, fossil in N. Americ
Page 561 and 562:
INDEX. 495Grallae, peculiar Orienta
Page 563 and 564:
INDEX. 497Leptosomus, allied form i
Page 565 and 566:
INDEX. 499Nannhyus, N. American Ter
Page 567 and 568:
INDEX. 501Region, the best term for
Page 569 and 570:
INDEX. 503I JJngulata, antiquity of
show all

The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?