The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ...

—chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 347of all these are found in the Philippines except four, viz., Cinclidse,Phyllornithidse, Eurylsemidae, and Podargidse. The onlyMalayan are, Cacatuidse and Megapodiidae. Yet although thebirds are unmistakably Malayan, as a whole, there are, as inthe mammalia (though in a less degree), marked deficiencies ofmost characteristic Malayan forms. Lord Walden gives a listof no less than 69 genera thus absent ; but it will be sufficienthere to mention such wide-spread and specially Indo-Malaygroupsas,Malacopteron,Eurylcemus, Nydiornis, Arachnotliera, Geocichla,Timalia, Pomatorhinus, Phyllornis, lora, CrinigerEnicurus, Chaptia, Tchitrea, Dendrocitta, Eulahes, Palceornis,Miglyptes, Tiga, and Euplocamus. These deficiencies plainlyshow the isolated character of thethat it has never formed a part of thatPhilippine group, and implyIndo-Malayan extensionof the continent which almost certainly existed when theyPhilippine families which are, otherwise, exclusively Austro-peculiarMalayan fauna was developed ; or that, if it has been sounited, it has been subsequently submerged and broken up tosuch an extent, as to cause the extinction of many of the absenttypes.It appears from Lord "Walden's careful analysis, that 31 of thePhilippine species occur in the Papuan sub-region, and 47 inCelebes ;69 occur also in India, and 75 in Java. This last factiscurious, since Java is the most remote of the Malayan islands,but it is found to arise almost wholly from the birds of thatisland being better known, since only one species, Xantholcemarosea, is confined to the Philippine Islands and Java.The wading and swimming birds are mostly of wide-spreadforms, only 6 out of the 60 species being peculiar to the Philippinearchipelago. Confining ourselves to the land-birds, and combiningseveral of the minutely subdivided genera of Lord Walden'spaper so as to agree with the arrangement adopted in thiswork, we find that there are 112 genera of land-birds representedin the islands. Of these, 50 are eithsr cosmopolitan, ofwide range, or common to the Oriental and Australian regions,and may be put aside as affording few indications of geographicalaffinity. Of the remaining 62 no less than 40 are exclusively