The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ...
The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ... The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ...
318 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part in.this class are toads of the family Engystornidse ;tree-frogs ofthe family Polypedatidse ; and several genera of true frogs,Ranida?.Fresh-water Fishes.—The more remarkable and characteristicfishes inhabiting thefresh waters of the Oriental region belongto the following families: Nandidee, Labyrinthici, Ophiocephalidse,SiluridEe, and Cyprinid* ;the last being specially abundant.The sketch here very briefly given, must be supplemented byan examination of the tables of distribution of the genera of allthe Mammalia and Birds inhabiting the region. We will nowbriefly summarize the results.Summary of the Oriental Vertebrata.—-The Oriental regionpossesses examples of 163 families of Vertebrata of which 12are peculiar, a proportion of a little more than one-fourteenthof the whole.Out of 118 genera of Mammalia 54 seem to be peculiar tothe region, equal to a proportion of ^Vor a little less than half.Of Land-Birds there are 342 genera of which 165 are peculiar,bringing the proportion very close to a half.In the Ethiopian region the proportion of peculiar formsboth of Mammalia and Birds is greater ; a fact which is notsurprising when we consider the long continued isolation of thelatter region—an isolation which is even now very complete,owing to the vast extent of deserts intervening between it andthe Palsearctic region ; while the Oriental and Palsearctic were,during much of the Tertiary epoch, hardly separable.Insects.Lcpidoptcra.—We can only glance hastily at the more prominentfeatures of the wonderfully rich and varied butterflyfaunaof the Oriental region. In the first family Danaidse, thegenera Danais and Euplcea are everywhere abundant, and thelatter especially forms a conspicuous feature in the entomologicalaspect of the country; the large "spectre-butterflies"(Rcstia) are equally characteristic of the Malayan sub-region.Satyridse, though abundant are not very remarkable, Debts,Melanitis, Mycalesis, and Ypthima being the most characteristic
chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 319genera. Morphidae are well represented by the genera Amathusia,Zeuxidia, Discophora, and Thaumantis, some of thespecies of which almost equal the grand South AmericanMorphos. The Nymphalidse furnish us with a host of characteristicgenera, among the most remarkable of which are,Terinos, Adolias, Cethosia, Cyrestis, Limenitis, and Nymphalis,all abounding in beautiful species. Among the LycsenidsB area number of fine groups, among which we may mention Ilerda,Myrina, Deudoryx, Aphneus, lolaics, and AmUypodia, ascharacteristicexamples. The Pieridse furnish many fine forms, suchas Thyca, Iphias, Thestias, Eronia, Prioneris, and Dercas, the lasttwo being peculiar. The Papilionidae are unsurpassed in theworld, presenting such grand genera as Teinopalpus and Bhutanitis;the yellow-marked Omithoptercc ; the superb "Brookiana;"the elegant Leptocercus; and Papilios of the "Coon," "Philoxenus,"" Menmon," " Protenor," and especially the ' green-andgold-dusted' " Paris " groups.The Moths call for no special observations, except to noticethe existence in Northern India of a number of forms whichresemble in a striking manner some of the most remarkableof the above mentioned groups of the genus Papilio, especiallythe "Protenor" group, which there is reason to believe isprotected by a peculiar smell or taste like the Eeliconias andDanaidse.Coleoptera.—The most characteristic Oriental form of theCicindelidse or tiger beetles, is undoubtedly the elegant genusCollyris, which is found over the whole region and is almostconfined to it. Less abundant, but equally characteristic, is thewingless ant-like Tricondyla. Two small genera Apteroessa andDromicidia are confined to the Indian Peninsula, while Theratesonly occurs in the Malayan sub-region.The Carabidas, or ground carnivorous beetles, are so numerousthat we can only notice a few of the more remarkable andcharacteristic forms. The wonderful Mormolyce of the Indo-Malay sub-region, stands pre-eminent for singularity in theentire family. Thyreopterus, Orthogonius, Gatascopus, and Pericallusare very characteristic forms, as well as Planetes and
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318 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part in.this class are toads <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> family Engystornidse ;tree-frogs <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> family Polypedatidse ; and several genera <strong>of</strong> true frogs,Ranida?.Fresh-water Fishes.—<strong>The</strong> more remarkable and characteristicfishes inhabiting <strong>the</strong>fresh waters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Oriental region belongto <strong>the</strong> following families: Nandidee, Labyrinthici, Ophiocephalidse,SiluridEe, and Cyprinid* ;<strong>the</strong> last being specially abundant.<strong>The</strong> sketch here very briefly given, must be supplemented byan examination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tables <strong>of</strong> <strong>distribution</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genera <strong>of</strong> all<strong>the</strong> Mammalia and Birds inhabiting <strong>the</strong> region. We will nowbriefly summarize <strong>the</strong> results.Summary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Oriental Vertebrata.—-<strong>The</strong> Oriental regionpossesses examples <strong>of</strong> 163 families <strong>of</strong> Vertebrata <strong>of</strong> which 12are peculiar, a proportion <strong>of</strong> a little more than one-fourteenth<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole.Out <strong>of</strong> 118 genera <strong>of</strong> Mammalia 54 seem to be peculiar to<strong>the</strong> region, equal to a proportion <strong>of</strong> ^Vor a little less than half.Of Land-Birds <strong>the</strong>re are 342 genera <strong>of</strong> which 165 are peculiar,bringing <strong>the</strong> proportion very close to a half.In <strong>the</strong> Ethiopian region <strong>the</strong> proportion <strong>of</strong> peculiar formsboth <strong>of</strong> Mammalia and Birds is greater ; a fact which is notsurprising when we consider <strong>the</strong> long continued isolation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>latter region—an isolation which is even now very complete,owing to <strong>the</strong> vast extent <strong>of</strong> deserts intervening between it and<strong>the</strong> Palsearctic region ; while <strong>the</strong> Oriental and Palsearctic were,during much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tertiary epoch, hardly separable.Insects.Lcpidoptcra.—We can only glance hastily at <strong>the</strong> more prominentfeatures <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wonderfully rich and varied butterflyfauna<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Oriental region. In <strong>the</strong> first family Danaidse, <strong>the</strong>genera Danais and Euplcea are everywhere abundant, and <strong>the</strong>latter especially forms a conspicuous feature in <strong>the</strong> entomologicalaspect <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country; <strong>the</strong> large "spectre-butterflies"(Rcstia) are equally characteristic <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Malayan sub-region.Satyridse, though abundant are not very remarkable, Debts,Melanitis, Mycalesis, and Ypthima being <strong>the</strong> most characteristic
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