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282 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part in.The few insect groups peculiar to these islands will be notedwhen we deal with the entomology of Madagascar.Extinct fauna of the Mascarene Islands and Madagascar.—Beforequitting the vertebrate groups, we must notice the remarkablebirds which have become extinct in these islands little morethan a century ago. The most celebrated is the dodo of theMauritius (Didus ineptus), but an allied genus, Pezophaps, inhabitedRodriguez, and of both of these almost perfect skeletonshave been recovered. Other species probably existed in Bourbon.Remains of two genera of flightless rails have also been found,Aphanapteryx and Erythromachus ; and even a heron (Ardeamegacephala) which was short -winged and seldom flew ; whilein Madagascar there lived a gigantic Struthious bird, theJEpyornis. Some further details as to these extinct forms willbe found under the respective families, Dididee, Rallidse, andiEpyornithidae, in the fourth part of this work ; and their bearingon the past history of the region will be adverted to in thelatter part of this chapter. Dr. Gunther has recently distinguishedfive species of fossil tortoises from Mauritius andRodriguez,—all of them quite different from the living speciesof Aldabra.Insects.—The butterflies of Madagascar are not soremarkableas some other orders of insects. There seems to be only onepeculiar genus, Heteropsis (Satyridse). The other genera areAfrican, leptoneura being confined to Madagascar and SouthAfrica. There are some fine Papilios of uncommon forms. Themost interesting lepidopterous insect, however, is the fine diurnalmoth {Urania), as all the other species of the genus inhabittropical America and the West Indian Islands.The Coleoptera have been better collected, and exhibit somevery remarkable affinities. There is but one peculiar genus ofCicindelidse, Pogonostoma, which is allied to the South Americangenus, Ctenostoma. Another genus, Peridexia, is common toMadagascar and South America. None of the important Africangenera are represented, except Eurymorpha ; while Meglaommais common to Madagascar and the Oriental region.In theCarabidre we have somewhat similar phenomena on a
chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 283wider scale. Such large and important African genera asPolyhirma and Anthia, are absent ; but there are four generain common with South Africa, and two with West Africa ;whilethree others are as much Oriental as African. One genus,Disirigus, is wholly Oriental ; and another, Homalosoma, Australian.Colpodes, well developed in Bourbon and Mauritius, isOriental and South American.Of the peculiar genera, Sphccrostylishas South American affinities ; Microchila, Oriental ; theothers being related to widely distributed genera.The Lucanidse are few in number, and all haye African affinities.Madagascar is very rich in Cetoniidce, and possesses 20peculiar genera. Bothrorhina, and three other genera belongingto the Ichnostoma group, have wholly African relations. Doryscelisand Chromoptila are no less clearly allied to Orientalgenera. A series of eight peculiar genera belong to the Schizorhinidse,a family the bulk of which are Australian, while there areonly a few African forms. The remaining genera appear to haveAfrican affinities, but few of the peculiarly African genera arerepresented.Glyciphana is characteristic of the Oriental region.The Buprestidse of Madagascar consist mainly of one largeand peculiar genus, Polybothris, alliedto the almost cosmopolitePsiloptera. Most of the other genera are both Ethiopian andOriental ; but Polycesta is mainly South American, and theremarkable and isolated genus Sponsor is confined to theMauritius with a species in Celebes and New Guinea.The Longicorns are numerous and interesting, there being noless than 24 peculiar genera. Two of the genera of Prionidseare very isolated, while a third, Closterus, belongs to a groupwhich is Malayan and American.Of the Cerambycidee, Philematium ranges to Africa and theWest Indies ; Leptocera is only found eastward in Ceylon andthe New Hebrides ;while Euporus is African. Of the peculiargenera, 2 are of African type ; 3 belong to the Leptura group,which are mostly Palaearctic and Oriental, with a few inSouth Africa ;while Philocalocera is allied to a South Americangenus.Among the Lamiidae there are several wide-ranging and 7
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Boston UniversityCollege of Liberal
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Till. WOULD „» M Km 'ATI IK'S I'
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1IvWNrf*^ • '-^Taircecollection V
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viPREFACE.past history of the earth
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—viiiPREFACE.distribution of an o
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PREFACE.therefore designed a series
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xiiPREFACE.and conclusions would ha
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::::—::xivPREFACE.Professor Flowe
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2—CONTENTS OF THE EIEST VOLUME.PA
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—CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.xix
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—CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.xxi
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THEGEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONOF ANIM
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4 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i.
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6 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part I.
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8 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i.
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CHAPTEE II.THE MEANS OF DISPERSAL A
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CHAPTER IV.ON ZOOLOGICAL REGIONS.To
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——104 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS.
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CHAPTER VI.THE EXTINCT MAMMALIA OF
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;chap, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WOR
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chap, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WORL
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CHAPTEE VII.EXTINCT MAMMALIA OF THE
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chap. VII.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WOR
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CHAPTER VIII.VARIOUS EXTINCT ANIMAL
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chap, viii.] MESOZOIC MAMMALIA. 159
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;chap, viii.] BIRDS. . 161as indica
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chap, vm.] BIRDS. 163discovered in
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chap, viii.] TERTIARY REPTILES. 1G5
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——;chap, vm.] ANTIQUITY OF INSE
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—chap, viii.] ANTIQUITY OF LAND S
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PART III.ZOOLOGICALGEOGRAPHY:AREVIE
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;CHAPTER X.THE PALiEAECTICREGION.Th
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PLATE IX.A MALAYAN FOREST, WITH SOM
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N.384 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part n
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CHAPTER XIII.THE AUSTRALIAN EEGION.
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;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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-^PLATE X.z^f-^
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.(HAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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INDEX TO VOL. I.Note.—In this Ind
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AmericanINDEX.491Birds, Oriental ge
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INDEX. 493Deer, fossil in N. Americ
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INDEX. 495Grallae, peculiar Orienta
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INDEX. 497Leptosomus, allied form i
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INDEX. 499Nannhyus, N. American Ter
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INDEX. 501Region, the best term for
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INDEX. 503I JJngulata, antiquity of
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