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232 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi.of the Palaearctic region, it is evident that it owes many of itsdeficiencies and some of its peculiarities to the influence of theGlacial epoch, combined with those important changes of physicalgeography which accompanied or preceded it. The elevation ofthe old Sarahan sea and the complete formation of the Mediterranean,are the most important of these changes in the westernportion of the region. In the centre, a wide arm of the ArcticOcean extended southward from the Gulf of Obi to the Aral andthe Caspian, dividing northern Europe and Asia. At this timeour European and Siberian sub-regions were probably moredistinct than they are now, their complete fusion having beeneffected since the Glacial epoch. As we know that the Himalayashave greatly increased in altitude during the Tertiary period, it isnot impossible that during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs thevast plateau of Central Asia was much less elevated and lesscompletely cut off from the influence of rain- bearing winds. Itmight then have been far more fertile, and have supported a richand varied animal population, a few relics of which we see inthe Thibetan antelopes, yaks, and wild horses. The influenceof yet earlier changes of physical geography, and the relations ofthe Palsearctic to the tropical regions immediately south of it,will be better understood when we have examined and discussedthe faunas of the Ethiopian and Oriental regions.
;chap, x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 233TABLES OF DISTRIBUTION.In constructing these tablesshowing the distribution of variousclasses of animals in the Palaearctic region, the followingsources of information have been chiefly relied on, in additionto the general treatises, monographs, and catalogues used incompiling the fourth part of this work.Mammalia.—Lord Clement's Mammalia and Pieptiles ofEurope ;Siebold's Eauna Japonica ; Pere David's List ofMammalia of North China and Thibet ; Swinhoe's ChineseMammalia ;Eadde's List of Mammalia of South-Eastern SiberiaCanon Tristram's, Lists for Sahara and Palestine ; Papers byProfessor Milne-Edwards, Mr. Blanford, Mr. Sclater, and thelocal lists given by Mr, A. Murray in the Appendix to hisGeographical Distribution of Mammalia.Birds.—Blasius' List of Birds of Europe; Godman, OnBirds of Azores, Madeira, and Canaries ; Middendorf, forSiberia ;Pere David and Mr, Swinhoe, for China and MongoliaHomeyer, for East Siberia; Mr. Blanford, for Persia and thehigh Himalayas ; Mr. Elwes's paper on the Distribution ofAsiatic Birds ; Canon Tristram, for the Sahara and PalestineProfessor Newton, for Iceland and Greenland ; Mr. Dresser,for Scandinavia ; and numerous papers and notes in the IbisJournal fiir Ornithologie ; Annals and Mag. of Nat. History ; andProceedings of the Zoological Society.Reptiles and Amphibia.— Schreiber's European Herpetology.Vol. I.—17
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Boston UniversityCollege of Liberal
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Till. WOULD „» M Km 'ATI IK'S I'
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1IvWNrf*^ • '-^Taircecollection V
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viPREFACE.past history of the earth
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—viiiPREFACE.distribution of an o
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PREFACE.therefore designed a series
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xiiPREFACE.and conclusions would ha
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::::—::xivPREFACE.Professor Flowe
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2—CONTENTS OF THE EIEST VOLUME.PA
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—CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.xix
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—CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.xxi
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THEGEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONOF ANIM
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4 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i.
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6 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part I.
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8 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i.
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CHAPTEE II.THE MEANS OF DISPERSAL A
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;12 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part
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14 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i
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18 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part i
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;22 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part
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24 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part I
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26 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part j
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;28 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part
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36 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part r
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CHAPTER IV.ON ZOOLOGICAL REGIONS.To
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72 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part I
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82 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part.
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:,Numidinae..:96 DISTRIBUTION OF AN
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—98 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [PAR
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———100 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMAL
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102 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part
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——104 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS.
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CHAPTER VI.THE EXTINCT MAMMALIA OF
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;chap, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WOR
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chap, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WORL
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;chat, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WOR
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——chap, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OL
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CHAPTEE VII.EXTINCT MAMMALIA OF THE
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chap. VII.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WOR
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chap, vii.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WOR
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;chap, vii.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WO
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;chap, vii.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WO
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—;chap, vii.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW
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chap, vil] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WORL
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Jchap. vii.MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WORL
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CHAPTER VIII.VARIOUS EXTINCT ANIMAL
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chap, viii.] MESOZOIC MAMMALIA. 159
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;chap, viii.] BIRDS. . 161as indica
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chap, vm.] BIRDS. 163discovered in
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chap, viii.] TERTIARY REPTILES. 1G5
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——;chap, vm.] ANTIQUITY OF INSE
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—chap, viii.] ANTIQUITY OF LAND S
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PART III.ZOOLOGICALGEOGRAPHY:AREVIE
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—174 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. |>art
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;CHAPTER X.THE PALiEAECTICREGION.Th
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;chap, x.] THE PALiEARCTIC REGION.
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——chap, x.] THE PAL.EARCTIC REG
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;chap. x.J THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 1
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—CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN KEGION.
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PLATE VI.SCENE IN MADAGASCAR, WITH
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—;280 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part
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282 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part in.
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:284 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi
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292 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi.
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.294 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART I'
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.296 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART II
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,298 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART 11
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300 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART III
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304 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART 111
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306 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part III
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312 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [PART III
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CHAPTEE XII.THE ORIENTAL REGION.Thi
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;chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 3
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—chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION.
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;chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 3
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chap, xii.] THE OEIENTAL REGION. 33
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PLATE IX.A MALAYAN FOREST, WITH SOM
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364 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [part in.
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374 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PAET III
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:378 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGKAPHY. [PART II
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.The382 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART
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N.384 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part n
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CHAPTER XIII.THE AUSTRALIAN EEGION.
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;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTKALIAN REGION
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chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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——chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN R
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;chap, xni.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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;chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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—chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGI
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..CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGIO
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-^PLATE X.z^f-^
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———416 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY.
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———chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN
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;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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chap, xiu.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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...CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGI
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iCHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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.CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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.(HAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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INDEX TO VOL. I.Note.—In this Ind
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AmericanINDEX.491Birds, Oriental ge
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INDEX. 493Deer, fossil in N. Americ
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INDEX. 495Grallae, peculiar Orienta
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INDEX. 497Leptosomus, allied form i
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INDEX. 499Nannhyus, N. American Ter
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INDEX. 501Region, the best term for
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INDEX. 503I JJngulata, antiquity of
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