The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ...

;220 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi.lapponica) ; the shore-lark (Gtocorys alpestris) ; the sand-martin(Cotyle riparia), and the sea-eagle {Haliceetus albicilla).Those which are more characteristic of the northern forests,and which do not pass beyond them, are—the linnet ;two crossbills(Loxia Zeucoptera and L. Curvirostra) ; the pine grosbeak[Pinicola enucleator) ; the waxwing ; the common magpie ; thecommon swallow ; the peregrine falcon ; the rough-legged buzzard ;and three species of owls.Fully one-half of the land-birds of Siberia are identical withthose of Europe, the remainder being mostly representativespecies peculiar to Northern Asia, with a few stragglers andimmigrants from China and Japan or the Himalayas.A muchlarger proportion of the wading and aquatic families are Europeanor Arctic, these groups having always aland birds.Reptiles and Amphibia.—From the nature ofwider range thanthe country andclimate these are comparatively few, but in the more temperatedistricts snakes and lizards seem to be not uncommon. Halys,a genus of Crotaline snakes, and Phryotocephalus, lizards of thefamily Agamidse, are characteristic of these parts. Simotes, asnake of the family Oligodontidae, reaches an elevation of 16,000feet in the Himalayas, and therefore enters this sub-region.Insects.— Mesapia and Hypermnestra, genera of Papilionidse,are butterflies peculiar to this sub-region ; and Parnassius is ascharacteristic as it is of our European mountains. Carabidseare also abundant, as will be seen by referring to the Chapteron the Distribution of Insects in the succeeding part of thiswork. The insects, on the whole, have a strictly Europeancharacter, although a large proportion of the species are peculiar,and several new genera appear.IV.— Japan and North China, or the Manchurian Sub-region.Tliis is an interesting and very productive district, correspondingin the east to the Mediterranean sub-region in the west, orrather perhaps to all western temperate Europe. Its limits arenot very well defined, but it probably includes all Japanthe Corea and Manchuria to the Amour river and to the lower