The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ...

194 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi.the rough-legged buzzard (Archibuteo lagopus) ; the snowy owl(Nyctea scandiaca) ; the raven (Corvus corax) ; three buntings(Emberiza schceniculus, Plectrophanes nivalis and P. calcarata) ;lark (Otocorys alpestris) ;several pipits, the most northern beingAnthus cervinus ; a wagtail (Budytes cinereocapilla) ; a dipper(Cinclus melanogaster) ; a warbler (Cyanecula suecica) ;thewheatear (Saxicola cenanthe) ; and two ptarmigans (Lagopusalius and L. salicetus). Most of these birds are, of course, onlysummer visitors to the Arctic regions, the only species noted asa permanent resident in East Finmark (north of latitude 70°)being the snow-bunting (Plectrophanes nivalis).The birds that are characteristic of the zone of pine forests,or from about 61° to 70° north latitude, are very numerous, andit will be sufficient to note the genera and the number ofspecies (where more than one) to give an idea of the ornithologyof this part of Europe.The birds of prey are, Falco (threespecies), Astur (two species), Butco, Pandion, Sicrnia, Bubo,Syrnium, Asio, Nyctala. The chief Passerine birds are, Corvus(two species), Pica, Garrulus (two species), Nucifraga, Bombycilla,Hirundo (two species), Muscicapa (two species), Lanius,Sturnus, Passer (two species), Pyrrhula,Carpodacus, Loxia (twospecies), Pinicola, Fringilla (eight species), Emberiza (fivespecies), Alauda, Anthus, Turdus (fivespecies), Ruticilla, Pratincola,Accentor, Sylvia (four species), Hypolais, Regulus,Phylloscopus(two species), Acrocephalus, Troglodytes, and Parus (six species).Woodpeckers are abundant, Picas (four species), Gecinus, andYunx. The kingfisher (Alcedo), goatsucker (Caprimulgus), andswift (Cypselus) are also common. The wood-pigeon (Columba)is plentiful.The gallinaceous birds are three grouse, Tetrao (twospecies) and Bonasa, and the common quail (Coturnix).The remaining genera and species of temperate or north-European birds, do not usually range beyond the region ofdeciduous trees, roughly indicated by the parallel of 60° northlatitude.Plate I. — Illustrating the Zoology of Central Europe.—Before considering the distribution of the other classes ofvertebrata, it will be convenient to introduce our first illustra-a