The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ...
The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ... The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ...
188 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi.confined to the Palsearctic region. In the JEgeriidce the genus^Egeria is mainly Palsearctic. The Sphingidce have a widergeneral range, and none of the larger genera are peculiar to anyone region.Colecptera.—The Palaearctic region is the richest portion ofthe globe in the great family of Carabidce, or predacious groundbeetles,about 50 of the genera being confined to it, while manyothers, including the magnificent genus Carabus, have here theirhighest development. While several of the smaller genera areconfined to the eastern or western sub-regions, most of the largerones extend over the whole area, and give it an unmistakableaspect ; while in passing from east to west or vice-versa, alliedspecies and genera replace each other with considerable regularity,except in the extreme south-east, where, in China andJapan, some Oriental forms appear, as do a few Ethiopian typesin the south-west.Cicindelida?, or tiger-beetles, are but poorly represented byabout 70 species of the genus Cicindela, and a single Tetrachain South Europe.Lucanidss, or stag-beetles, are also poor, there being representativesof 8 genera. One of these, yEsalus (a single species),is peculiar to South Europe, and two others, Cladognathus andGyclopthalmus, are only represented in Japan, China, and Thibet.Cetoniidse, or rose-chafers, are represented by 13 genera,two of which are peculiar to South Europe (Tropinota andHeterocncmis), while Stalagmosoma, ranging from Persia toNubia, and the fine Dicranocephahis inhabiting North China,Corea, and Nipal, may also be considered to belong to it. Thegenera Trichius, Gnorimus, and Osmoderma are confined to thetwo north temperate regions.Buprestidee, or metallic beetles, are rather abundant in thewarmer parts of the region, 27 genera being represented, nineof which are peculiar. By far the larger portion of these areconfined to the Mediterranean sub-region. A considerablenumber also inhabit Japan and China.The Longicorns, or long-horned beetles, are represented byno less than 196 genera, 51 of which are peculiar. They are
Ghap. x.] THE PAL^ARCTIC REGION. 189much more abundant in the southern than the northern halfof the region. Several Oriental genera extend to Japan andNorth China, and a few Ethiopian genera to North Africa.Thirteen genera are confinedto the two north temperate regions.Several large genera, such as Dorcadion (154 species), Phytcecia(85 species), Pogonochmrus (22 species), Agapanthia (22 species),and Vesperus (7 species), are altogether peculiar to the Patearcticregion ; and with a preponderance of Leptura, Grammoptera,Stenocorus, and several others, strongly characterise it asdistinct from the Nearctic and Oriental regions.The other familieswhich are well developed in the Palsearcticregions, are, the Staphylinidre or rove-beetles, Silphidse orburying-beetles, Histeridae or mimic-beetles, Nitidulidse, Aphodiidse,Copridse (especially in South Europe), Geotrupidse ordung-beetles, Melolonthidse or chafers, Elateridee or clickbeetles,the various families of Malacoderms and Heteromera,especially Pimeliida? in the Mediterranean sub-region, Curculionidseor weevils, the Phytophaga or leaf-eaters, and Cocinellidaeor lady-birds.The number of species of Coleoptera in the western part ofthe Palrearctic region is about 15,000, and there are probablynot more than 2,000 to add to this number from Siberia.Japan, and North China; but were these countries as wellexplored as Europe, we may expect that they would add atleast 5,000 to the number above given, raising the PalaearcticColeopterous fauna to 20,000 species. As the total number ofspecies at present known to exist in collections isestimated (andperhaps somewhat over-estimated) at 70,000 species, we maybe sure that were the whole earth as thoroughly investigatedas Europe, the number would be at least doubled, since wecannot suppose that Europe, with the Mediterranean basin, cancontain more than one-fifth of the whole of the Coleoptera ofthe globe.Of the other orders of insects we here say nothing, because intheir case much more than in that of the Coleopteraand Lepidoptera,is the disproportion enormous between our knowledge ofthe European fauna and that of almost all the rest of the globe.
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188 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi.confined to <strong>the</strong> Palsearctic region. In <strong>the</strong> JEgeriidce <strong>the</strong> genus^Egeria is mainly Palsearctic. <strong>The</strong> Sphingidce have a widergeneral range, and none <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> larger genera are peculiar to anyone region.Colecptera.—<strong>The</strong> Palaearctic region is <strong>the</strong> richest portion <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> globe in <strong>the</strong> great family <strong>of</strong> Carabidce, or predacious groundbeetles,about 50 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genera being confined to it, while manyo<strong>the</strong>rs, including <strong>the</strong> magnificent genus Carabus, have here <strong>the</strong>irhighest development. While several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> smaller genera areconfined to <strong>the</strong> eastern or western sub-regions, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> largerones extend over <strong>the</strong> whole area, and give it an unmistakableaspect ; while in passing from east to west or vice-versa, alliedspecies and genera replace each o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>with</strong> considerable regularity,except in <strong>the</strong> extreme south-east, where, in China andJapan, some Oriental forms appear, as do a few Ethiopian typesin <strong>the</strong> south-west.Cicindelida?, or tiger-beetles, are but poorly represented byabout 70 species <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genus Cicindela, and a single Tetrachain South Europe.Lucanidss, or stag-beetles, are also poor, <strong>the</strong>re being representatives<strong>of</strong> 8 genera. One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se, yEsalus (a single species),is peculiar to South Europe, and two o<strong>the</strong>rs, Cladognathus andGyclopthalmus, are only represented in Japan, China, and Thibet.Cetoniidse, or rose-chafers, are represented by 13 genera,two <strong>of</strong> which are peculiar to South Europe (Tropinota andHeterocncmis), while Stalagmosoma, ranging from Persia toNubia, and <strong>the</strong> fine Dicranocephahis inhabiting North China,Corea, and Nipal, may also be considered to belong to it. <strong>The</strong>genera Trichius, Gnorimus, and Osmoderma are confined to <strong>the</strong>two north temperate regions.Buprestidee, or metallic beetles, are ra<strong>the</strong>r abundant in <strong>the</strong>warmer parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> region, 27 genera being represented, nine<strong>of</strong> which are peculiar. By far <strong>the</strong> larger portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se areconfined to <strong>the</strong> Mediterranean sub-region. A considerablenumber also inhabit Japan and China.<strong>The</strong> Longicorns, or long-horned beetles, are represented byno less than 196 genera, 51 <strong>of</strong> which are peculiar. <strong>The</strong>y are