The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ...

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132 DISTRIBUTION OF EXTINCT ANIMALS. [part 11.migration had occurred for countless preceding ages, proves thatsome great barrier to the entrance of terrestrial mammaliawhich had previously existed, must for a time have been removed.We must defer further discussion of this subject tillwe have examined the relations of the existing faunas of Northand South America.Tertiary Period.When we get to remains of theTertiary age, especially thoseof the Miocene and Eocene epochs, we meet with so manyinteresting and connected types, and such curious relations withliving forms in Europe, that it will be clearer to trace thehistory ofeach order and family throughout the Tertiary period,instead of considering each of the subdivisions of that periodseparately.It will be well however first to note thefew American Post-Pliocene or living genera that are found in the Pliocene beds.These consist of several species of Cants, from the size of a foxto that of a large wolf; a Felis as large as a tiger; an Otter(Lutra) ;several species of Hipparion ; a peccary (Dicotylcs) ;a deer (Cervus) ;several species of Procamelus ; a mastodon;an elephant; and a beaver (Castor). It thus appears that outof nearly forty genera found in the Post-Pliocene deposits, onlyten are found in the preceding Pliocene period. About twelveadditional genera, however, appear there, as we shall see inaoinff over the various orders.Primates.—Among the vast number of extinct mammaliadiscovered in the Tertiary deposits of North America, noexample of this order had been recognized up to 1872, whenthe discovery of more perfect remains showed, that a numberof small animals of obscure affinities from the Lower Eoceneof Wyoming, were really allied to the lemurs and perhapsalso to the marmosets, the lowest form of American monkeys,but having a larger number of teeth than either. A number ofother remains of small animals from the same formation, previouslysupposed to be allied to the Ungulata, are now shown to
chap, vii.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WORLD 133belong to the Primates ;so that no less than twelve genera of theseanimals are recognized by Mr. Marsh, who classesthem in twofamilies—Limnotheridse, comprising the genera Limnotherium,(which had larger canine teeth), Thinolestes, Telmatolestes,Mesacodon,Bathrodon, and Antiacodon of Marsh, with Notharctos,Hipposyus, Microsyops, and Palceacodon previously described byLeidy ;—and Leniuravidse, consistingof the genera Lemuravus(Marsh) and Hyopsodus (Leidy). The animals of the latterfamily were most allied to existing lemurs, but were a moregeneralized form, Lemuravus having forty-four teeth, the greatestnumber known in the order.These numerous forms ranged fromthe size of a small squirrel to that of a racoon. It is especiallyinteresting to find these peculiar lemuroid forms in America,just when a lemur has been discovered of about the same agein Europe ; and as the American forms are said to show anaffinity with the South American marmosets, while the Europeananimal is most allied to a West African group, we haveevidently not yet got back far enough to find the primevalor ancestral type from which all the Primates sprang.About the same time, in the succeeding Miocene formation,true monkeys were discovered. Mr. Marsh describes Laopithecusas an animal nearly the size of the largest South Americanmonkeys, and allied both to the Cebidse and the Eocene Limnotheridse.Mr. Cope has described Menotherium from the Mioceneof Colorado, as a lemuroid animal, the size of a cat, andperhaps allied to Limnotherium. More Miocene remains will,no doubt, be discovered, by which we shall be enabled to tracethe origin of some of the existing forms of South Americanmonkeys ;and perhaps help to decide the question (now in disputeamong anatomists) whether the lemurs are really Primates,or form an altogether distinct and isolated order of mammalia.Insectivora.—This order is represented by comparatively fewforms in the tertiary beds, and these areall very different fromexisting types. In the Upper Miocene of Dakota are foundremains indicating two extinct genera, Lepictis and Lctops. Inthe Miocene of Colorado, Professor Cope has recently discoveredfour new genera, Isacis ; allied to the preceding, but as large as a
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Boston UniversityCollege of Liberal
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Till. WOULD „» M Km 'ATI IK'S I'
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1IvWNrf*^ • '-^Taircecollection V
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viPREFACE.past history of the earth
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—viiiPREFACE.distribution of an o
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PREFACE.therefore designed a series
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xiiPREFACE.and conclusions would ha
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::::—::xivPREFACE.Professor Flowe
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2—CONTENTS OF THE EIEST VOLUME.PA
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—CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.xix
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—CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.xxi
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THEGEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONOF ANIM
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4 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i.
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6 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part I.
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8 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i.
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CHAPTEE II.THE MEANS OF DISPERSAL A
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14 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i
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18 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part i
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24 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part I
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CHAPTER IV.ON ZOOLOGICAL REGIONS.To
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Page 139 and 140: CHAPTER VI.THE EXTINCT MAMMALIA OF
Page 141 and 142: ;chap, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WOR
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Page 145 and 146: ;chat, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WOR
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Page 185 and 186: chap, vil] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WORL
Page 187 and 188: Jchap. vii.MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WORL
Page 189 and 190: CHAPTER VIII.VARIOUS EXTINCT ANIMAL
Page 191 and 192: chap, viii.] MESOZOIC MAMMALIA. 159
Page 193 and 194: ;chap, viii.] BIRDS. . 161as indica
Page 195 and 196: chap, vm.] BIRDS. 163discovered in
Page 197 and 198: chap, viii.] TERTIARY REPTILES. 1G5
Page 199 and 200: ——;chap, vm.] ANTIQUITY OF INSE
Page 201 and 202: —chap, viii.] ANTIQUITY OF LAND S
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;chap, x.] THE PALiEARCTIC REGION.
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——chap, x.] THE PAL.EARCTIC REG
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;chap. x.J THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 1
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—chap. x.J THE PALiEARCTIC REGION
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Ghap. x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 18
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chap, x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 19
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;chap, x.] THE PALiEARCTIC REGION.
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chap, x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 22
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CHAP. X.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 23
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CHAP. X.J
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.CHAP. X.] THE PAL.EARCTIC REGION.
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—CHAP. X.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION.
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CHAP. X.J THE PALiEARCTIC REGION. 2
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..)CHAP. X.] THE PAL.EARCTIC REGION
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CHAP. X.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 24
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CHAP. X.] THE PALÎARCTIC REGION. 2
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chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 26
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;CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 2
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chap. xi.J THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 26
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——chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGI
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—chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION.
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;chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 2
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—CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION.
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;CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 2
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—CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN KEGION.
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PLATE VI.SCENE IN MADAGASCAR, WITH
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:284 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi
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312 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [PART III
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CHAPTEE XII.THE ORIENTAL REGION.Thi
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;chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 3
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chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 31
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—chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION.
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Tm:aa #liFf;**!.'' liF* -H
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;chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 3
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chap, xii.] THE OEIENTAL REGION. 33
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PLATE IX.A MALAYAN FOREST, WITH SOM
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N.384 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part n
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CHAPTER XIII.THE AUSTRALIAN EEGION.
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;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTKALIAN REGION
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chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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;chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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..CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGIO
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-^PLATE X.z^f-^
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chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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...CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGI
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iCHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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.CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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.(HAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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INDEX TO VOL. I.Note.—In this Ind
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AmericanINDEX.491Birds, Oriental ge
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INDEX. 493Deer, fossil in N. Americ
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INDEX. 495Grallae, peculiar Orienta
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INDEX. 497Leptosomus, allied form i
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INDEX. 499Nannhyus, N. American Ter
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INDEX. 501Region, the best term for
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INDEX. 503I JJngulata, antiquity of
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