The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ...

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108 DISTRIBUTION OF EXTINCT ANIMALS. [part ii.past times ; and when we attempt to generalise the phenomenaon a large scale, with the details fresh in our memory, we shallfind a reference to the extinct faunas of various epochs to beabsolutely necessary.The decree of our knowledge of the Palaeontology of variousparts of the world is so unequal, that it will not be advisable totreat the subject under each of our six regions.Yet some subdivisionmust be made, and it seems best to consider separatelythe extinct animals of the Old and of the New Worlds. Those ofEurope and Asia are intimately connected, and throw light onthe past changes which have led to the establishment of thethree great continental Old World regions, with their varioussubdivisions. The wonderful extinct fauna recently discoveredin North America, with what was previously known from Southtemperate America, not only elucidates the past history of thewhole continent, but also gives indications of the mutual relationsof the eastern and western hemispheres.The materials to be dealt with are enormous ; and it will benecessary to confine ourselves to a general summary, with fullerdetails on those points which directly bear upon our specialsubject. The objects of most interest to the pure zoologist andto the geologist—those strange forms which are farthest removedfrom any now living—are of least interest to us, since we aimat tracing the local origin or birthplace of existing genera andfamilies ; and for this purpose animals whose affinities withliving forms are altogether doubtful, are of no value whatever.The great mass of the vertebrate fossils of the tertiary periodconsist of mammalia, and this is precisely the class which is ofmost value in the determination of zoological regions. Theanimals of the secondary period, though of thehighest interestto the zoologist are of little importance to us ; both because oftheir very uncertain affinities for any existing groups, and alsobecause we can form no adequate notion of the distribution ofland and sea in those remote epochs. Our great object is totrace back, step by step, the varying distribution of the chiefforms of life ; and to deduce, wherever possible, the physicalchanges which must have accompanied or caused such changes.
;chap, vi.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WORLD. 109The natural division of our subject therefore is into geologicalperiods. We first go back to the Post-Pliocene period, whichincludes that of the caves and gravels of Europe containing flintimplements, and extends back to thedeposit of the glacial driftin the concluding phase of the glacial epoch. Next we havethe Pliocene period, divided into its later portion (the NewerPliocene) which includes the Glacial epoch of the northernhemisphere ; and its earlier portion (the Older Pliocene), representedby the red and coralline crag of England, and deposits ofsimilar age in the continent. During this earlier epoch theclimate was not very dissimilar from that which now prevailsbut we next get evidence of a still earlier period, the Miocene,when a warmer climate prevailed in Europe, and the wholefauna and flora were very different. This is perhaps the mostinteresting portion of the tertiary deposits, and furnishes uswith the most valuable materials for our present study.Further back still we have the Eocene period, with apparentlyan almost tropical climate in Europe ; and here we find a clueto some of the most puzzling facts in the distribution of livinganimals. Our knowledge of this epoch is however very imperfect;and we wait for discoveries that will elucidate someof the mystery that still hangs over the origin and migrationsof many important families. Beyond this there is a great chasmin the geological record as regards land animals ;and we have togo so far back into the past, that when we again meet with mammalia,birds,and land-reptiles, they appear under such archaicforms that they cease to have any local or geographical significance,and we can only refer them to wide-spread classesand orders.For the purpose of elucidating geographical distribution,therefore, it is, in the present state of our knowledge,unnecessary to go back beyond the tertiary period of geology.The remains of Mammalia being so much more numerous andimportant than those of other classes, we. shall at first confineourselves almost exclusively to these. What is known of thebirds, reptiles, and fishes of the tertiary epoch will be bestindicated by a brief connected sketch of their fossils in all partsof the globe, which we shall give in a subsequent chapter.
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Boston UniversityCollege of Liberal
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Till. WOULD „» M Km 'ATI IK'S I'
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1IvWNrf*^ • '-^Taircecollection V
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viPREFACE.past history of the earth
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—viiiPREFACE.distribution of an o
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PREFACE.therefore designed a series
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xiiPREFACE.and conclusions would ha
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::::—::xivPREFACE.Professor Flowe
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2—CONTENTS OF THE EIEST VOLUME.PA
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—CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.xix
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—CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.xxi
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THEGEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONOF ANIM
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4 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i.
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6 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part I.
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8 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i.
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CHAPTEE II.THE MEANS OF DISPERSAL A
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;12 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part
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14 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i
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18 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part i
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;22 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part
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24 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part I
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;28 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part
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36 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part r
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CHAPTER IV.ON ZOOLOGICAL REGIONS.To
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Page 163 and 164: chap. VII.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WOR
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Page 189 and 190: CHAPTER VIII.VARIOUS EXTINCT ANIMAL
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chap, viii.] MESOZOIC MAMMALIA. 159
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;chap, viii.] BIRDS. . 161as indica
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chap, vm.] BIRDS. 163discovered in
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chap, viii.] TERTIARY REPTILES. 1G5
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——;chap, vm.] ANTIQUITY OF INSE
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—chap, viii.] ANTIQUITY OF LAND S
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PART III.ZOOLOGICALGEOGRAPHY:AREVIE
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—174 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. |>art
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and176 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part
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;CHAPTER X.THE PALiEAECTICREGION.Th
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;chap, x.] THE PALiEARCTIC REGION.
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——chap, x.] THE PAL.EARCTIC REG
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;chap. x.J THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 1
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—chap. x.J THE PALiEARCTIC REGION
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Ghap. x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 18
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;chap, x.] THE PALÎARCTIC REGION.
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chap, x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 19
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224 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART III
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;chap, x.] THE PALiEARCTIC REGION.
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chap, x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 22
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chap, x.] THE PALÊARCTIC REGION 23
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;chap, x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 2
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CHAP. X.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 23
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CHAP. X.J
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.CHAP. X.] THE PAL.EARCTIC REGION.
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—CHAP. X.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION.
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CHAP. X.J THE PALiEARCTIC REGION. 2
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..)CHAP. X.] THE PAL.EARCTIC REGION
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CHAP. X.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 24
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CHAP. X.] THE PALÎARCTIC REGION. 2
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chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 26
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;CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 2
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chap. xi.J THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 26
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——chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGI
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—chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION.
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;chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 2
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—CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION.
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;CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 2
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—CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN KEGION.
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PLATE VI.SCENE IN MADAGASCAR, WITH
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:284 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi
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288 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part m.a
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.294 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART I'
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306 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part III
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312 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [PART III
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CHAPTEE XII.THE ORIENTAL REGION.Thi
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;chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 3
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chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 31
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—chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION.
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Tm:aa #liFf;**!.'' liF* -H
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;chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 3
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chap, xii.] THE OEIENTAL REGION. 33
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PLATE IX.A MALAYAN FOREST, WITH SOM
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:378 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGKAPHY. [PART II
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.The382 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART
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N.384 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part n
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CHAPTER XIII.THE AUSTRALIAN EEGION.
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;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTKALIAN REGION
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chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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——chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN R
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;chap, xni.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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chap, xiii.] THE AUSTKALIAN REGION.
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;chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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—chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGI
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..CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGIO
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-^PLATE X.z^f-^
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———416 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY.
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———chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN
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—;chap, xiu.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGI
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—;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REG
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;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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chap, xni.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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chap, xiu.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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...CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGI
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iCHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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.CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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.(HAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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INDEX TO VOL. I.Note.—In this Ind
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AmericanINDEX.491Birds, Oriental ge
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INDEX. 493Deer, fossil in N. Americ
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INDEX. 495Grallae, peculiar Orienta
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INDEX. 497Leptosomus, allied form i
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INDEX. 499Nannhyus, N. American Ter
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INDEX. 501Region, the best term for
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INDEX. 503I JJngulata, antiquity of
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