The geographical distribution of animals, with a study of the relations ...

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78 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i.of a single representative of a unique order of reptiles, is, asbefore remarked, of the same character as the preservation ofthe Proteus in the caverns of Carniola ;and can give the localitywhere it happens to have survived no claim to form a primaryZoological region, unless supported by a tolerably varied anddistinctly characterized fauna, such as never exists in a veryrestricted and insular area.Neotropical Region.—Mr. Sclater's original name for thisregion is preserved, because change of nomenclature is alwaysan evil; and neither Professor Huxley's suggested alteration" Austro-Columbia," nor Mr. Sclater's new term " Dendrogaea,"appear to be improvements. The region is essentially a tropicalone, and the extra-tropical portion of it is not importantenough to make the name inappropriate. That proposed byProfessor Huxley is not free from the same kind of criticism,since it would imply that the region was exclusively SouthAmerican, whereas a considerable tract of North Americabelongs to it. This region includes South America, theAntilles and tropical North America ; and it possesses morepeculiar families of vertebrates and genera of birds and mammaliathan any other region.Subdivisions of the Neotropical Region.—The great centralmass of South America, from the shores of Venezuela to Paraguayand Eastern Peru, constitutes the chief division, and may betermed the Brazilian sub-region. It is on the whole a forestcountry; its most remarkable forms are highly developedarboreal types ; and it exhibits all the characteristics of this richand varied continent in their highest development.The second, or Chilian sub-region, consists of the open plains,pampas, and mountains of the southern extremity of the continent;farand we must include in it the west side of the Andes asas the limits of the forest near Payta, and the whole of thehigh Andean plateaus as far as 4° of south latitude; whichmakes it coincide with the range of the Camelidse and Chinchillidae.The third, or Mexican sub-region, consists of Central Americaand Southern Mexico, but it has no distinguishing character-
chap, iv.] ZOOLOGICAL REGIONS. 79istics except the absence of some of the more highly specializedNeotropical groups. It is, however, a convenient division ascomprising the portion ofthe North American continent whichbelongs zoologically to South America.The fourth, or Antillean sub-region, consists of the WestIndia islands(except Trinidad and Tobago, which are detachedportions of the continent and must be grouped inthe first subregion);and these reproduce, in a much less marked degree,the phenomena presented by Madagascar.Terrestrial mammalsare almost entirely wanting, but the larger islands possess threegenera which are altogether peculiar to them. The birds areof South American forms, but comprise many peculiar genera.Terrestrial molluscs are more abundant and varied than inanypart of the globe of equal extent ; and if these alone wereconsidered, the Antilles would constitute an important Zoologicalregion.Nearctic Region.—This region comprises all temperate NorthAmerica and Greenland. The arctic lands and islands beyondthe limit of trees form a transitional territory to the Palsearcticregion, but even here there are some characteristic species.The southern limit between this region and the Neotropical islittle uncertain ; but it may be drawn at about the Rio Grandedel Norte on the east coast, and a little north of Mazatlan onthe west ; while on the central plateau it descends much farthersouth, and should perhaps include all the open highlands ofMexico and Guatemala.several characteristic Nearctic genera.This would coincide with the range ofDistinction of the Nearctic from the Palcearctic Region.—TheNearctic region possesses twelve peculiar families of vertebratesor one-tenth of its whole number. It has also twenty-fourpeculiar genera of mammalia and fifty-two of birds, in eachcase nearly one-third of all it possesses.This proportion is verynearly the same as in the Palsearctic region, while the number ofpeculiar families of vertebrata is very much greater.aIt has beenalready seen that both Mr. Blyth and Professor Huxley aredisposed to unite this region with the Palsearctic, while ProfessorNewton, in his article on birds in the new edition of the
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Boston UniversityCollege of Liberal
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Till. WOULD „» M Km 'ATI IK'S I'
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1IvWNrf*^ • '-^Taircecollection V
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viPREFACE.past history of the earth
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—viiiPREFACE.distribution of an o
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PREFACE.therefore designed a series
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xiiPREFACE.and conclusions would ha
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::::—::xivPREFACE.Professor Flowe
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2—CONTENTS OF THE EIEST VOLUME.PA
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—CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.xix
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—CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.xxi
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THEGEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONOF ANIM
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4 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i.
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6 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part I.
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8 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i.
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CHAPTEE II.THE MEANS OF DISPERSAL A
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;12 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part
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14 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part i
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;16 DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. [part
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18 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part i
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20 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part i
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;22 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part
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24 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part I
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26 DISPERSAL AND MIGRATION. [part j
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Page 82 and 83: CHAPTER IV.ON ZOOLOGICAL REGIONS.To
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Page 139 and 140: CHAPTER VI.THE EXTINCT MAMMALIA OF
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CHAPTEE VII.EXTINCT MAMMALIA OF THE
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chap. VII.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WOR
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chap, vii.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WOR
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;chap, vii.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WO
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;chap, vii.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WO
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—;chap, vii.] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW
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chap, vil] MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WORL
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Jchap. vii.MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WORL
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CHAPTER VIII.VARIOUS EXTINCT ANIMAL
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chap, viii.] MESOZOIC MAMMALIA. 159
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;chap, viii.] BIRDS. . 161as indica
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chap, vm.] BIRDS. 163discovered in
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chap, viii.] TERTIARY REPTILES. 1G5
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——;chap, vm.] ANTIQUITY OF INSE
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—chap, viii.] ANTIQUITY OF LAND S
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PART III.ZOOLOGICALGEOGRAPHY:AREVIE
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—174 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. |>art
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and176 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part
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;178 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi
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;CHAPTER X.THE PALiEAECTICREGION.Th
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;chap, x.] THE PALiEARCTIC REGION.
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——chap, x.] THE PAL.EARCTIC REG
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;chap. x.J THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 1
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—chap. x.J THE PALiEARCTIC REGION
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Ghap. x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 18
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;chap, x.] THE PALÎARCTIC REGION.
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chap, x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 19
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—;,196 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [par
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200 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part in.
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218 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part m.a
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224 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART III
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226 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY [part hi.e
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;chap, x.] THE PALiEARCTIC REGION.
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chap, x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 22
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chap, x.] THE PALÊARCTIC REGION 23
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;chap, x.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 2
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CHAP. X.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 23
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CHAP. X.J
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.CHAP. X.] THE PAL.EARCTIC REGION.
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—CHAP. X.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION.
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CHAP. X.J THE PALiEARCTIC REGION. 2
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..)CHAP. X.] THE PAL.EARCTIC REGION
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CHAP. X.] THE PALÂRCTIC REGION. 24
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CHAP. X.] THE PALÎARCTIC REGION. 2
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5cpqa
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chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 26
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;CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 2
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chap. xi.J THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 26
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——chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGI
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—chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION.
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;chap, xi.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 2
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—CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION.
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;CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN REGION. 2
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—CHAP. XI.] THE ETHIOPIAN KEGION.
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PLATE VI.SCENE IN MADAGASCAR, WITH
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:284 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi
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286 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part. hi
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288 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part m.a
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.294 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART I'
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.296 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART II
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,298 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART 11
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1302 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part II
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304 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART 111
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306 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part III
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.310 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART 11
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312 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [PART III
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CHAPTEE XII.THE ORIENTAL REGION.Thi
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;chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 3
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chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 31
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—chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION.
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Tm:aa #liFf;**!.'' liF* -H
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—;;332 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [par
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'334 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi
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336 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. l^rt hi.g
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;chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 3
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chap, xii.] THE OEIENTAL REGION. 33
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PLATE IX.A MALAYAN FOREST, WITH SOM
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——348 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [pa
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356 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part Hi,
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364 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [part in.
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.i366 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [PART I
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368 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [PART III
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374 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PAET III
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:378 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGKAPHY. [PART II
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.The382 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART
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N.384 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part n
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CHAPTER XIII.THE AUSTRALIAN EEGION.
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;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTKALIAN REGION
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chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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——chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN R
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;chap, xni.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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chap, xiii.] THE AUSTKALIAN REGION.
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;chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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—chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGI
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..CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGIO
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-^PLATE X.z^f-^
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———416 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY.
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422 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGEAPHY. [part hi.
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:.432 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part i
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442 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGKAPHY. [part in.
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———chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN
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—;chap, xiu.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGI
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—;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REG
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—:;chap, xni.] THE AUSTEALIAN REG
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;chap, xiii.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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chap, xin.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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chap, xni.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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chap, xiu.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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...CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGI
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iCHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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.CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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CHAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
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.(HAP. XIII.] THE AUSTRALIAN REGION
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INDEX TO VOL. I.Note.—In this Ind
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AmericanINDEX.491Birds, Oriental ge
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INDEX. 493Deer, fossil in N. Americ
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INDEX. 495Grallae, peculiar Orienta
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INDEX. 497Leptosomus, allied form i
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INDEX. 499Nannhyus, N. American Ter
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INDEX. 501Region, the best term for
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INDEX. 503I JJngulata, antiquity of
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