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SPIRITUAL MEDICINE IN THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC MEDICINEIbrahim B. SYED* Salaat is a divinely commanded form of worship* Psychological benefit: prayers divert the mindfrom the pain and reduce its feeling.* Besides the concentration of the mind, salaat is;Exercise of the body: postures of standingUpright, genuflexion, prostration, relaxation,And concentration; where bodily movementsOccur and most bodily organs relax.Al-Muwaffaq ‘Abd al-Latif narrates in his bookKitab al-Arba’in that a number of people who ledlazy lives because of their wealth, who neverthelesshad preserved good health. The reason is they weregiven to frequent prayer and also regular tahajjud(midnight prayer) (18).REFERENCES1. Targ E: Evaluating Distant Healing: AResearch Review.Alternative Therapies In Health And Medicine 1997 Nov;3(6): 62-73.2. Schlitz M, Braud W: Distant Intentionality And Healing:Assessing The Evidence. Alternative Therapies In HealthAnd Medicine 1997 Nov.; 3(6): 62-733. Waldfogel S: Spirituality In Medicine. Primary Care;Clinics In Office Practice. 1997 Dec; 24(4) 963-76.4. Colon K: The Healing Power Of Spirituality. MinnesotaMedicine 1996 Dec; 79(12).5. Levin JS:. How Prayer Heals: ATheoretical Model.Alternative Therapies In Health And Medicine. 1996 Jan;2(1): 66-73.6. Maclennan S, Tsai S: ANursing Perspective On SpiritualHealing. Perspectives. 1995 Spring; 19(1): 9- 13.7. Haggart M: Nursing The Soul. Complementary TherapiesIn Nursing & Midwifery. 1996 Feb; 2(1): 17-20.8. Long A.: Nursing: A Spiritual Perspective. Nursing Ethics.1997 Nov; 4(6): 496-510.9. Sugerman, D.: Healing Body And Spirit. Minnesota Med.1996 Dec; 79: 8-9.10. Bragdon E.: Helping People With Spiritual Problems.Aptos, Lightening Up Press, 1993.11. Ibn Sina: Psychic Cures. Chahar Maqala .Tehran, 1970:120.12. Ibn Abi Usaibi’a, Uyun Al-Anba, P. 188. Cited In HealthAnd Medicine In The Islamic Tradition By Fazlur Rahman(Crossroad, Ny 1987)13. Al-Razi: Al-Tibb Al-Ruhani Or The Spiritual Physick OfRhazes, London, 1950.14. Ali Kauthar Chandpuri, Atibba-I ‘Ahd-I-Mughliya(Doctors Of Moghul Period), Karachi, 1960:129.15. Al-Hakim Al-Tamimi: Khawass Al-Qur’an (MiraculousProperties Of Qur’an). Cited In Health And Medicine In TheIslamic Tradition By Fazlur Rahman (Crossroad, Ny 1987)16. Ewing K, Pirs And Sufis In Pakistan (Ph.D. Diss. Univ. OfChicago), 1980: 74-5.17. Al-Dhahabi, Al-Tibb Al-Nabawi. Cairo, 1961: 140.18. Al-Dhahabi, Al-Tibb Al-Nabawi. Cairo, 1961:139-140.JISHIM 2003, 249
Turkish Anatomy Education From The Foundation ofthe First Modern Medical School to Today *Enis ULUCAM MD., PhD, Nilufer GOKCE, Recep MESUT, MD.* Trakya University, Medical Faculty, Department of Anatomy 22030/ Edirne, Turkey.e-mail: eulucam@trakya.edu.tr* (This article was presented at the 7th National Congress on the History of Medicine as poster declaration in IstanbulSeptember 6, 2002)Anatomy education commenced as a distinct course at “Týbhane-i ve Cerrahhane-i Amire”, the first medical school, founded bySultan Mahmut II in March 14th, 1827. It is possible to explain anatomy education in three periods.1) Pre-dissection Period (1827-1841): In this period, anatomy education was given theoretically. Anatomical constitutions exceptbones were being displayed on charts and models.2) Unmedicated cadaver period (1841-1908): After Sultan Abdülmecid had signed the imperial decree allowing dissections withthe purpose of education; practical applications on cadavers began initially. Corpses of slaves and captives were used as cadavers fordissection. These corpses had no relations and dissections were made until they began to decay. For this reason, large scale of anatomyeducation was given theoretically again3) Medicated cadaver period (1908-2003): In anatomy education by using the method of giving chemical substance throughvein, cadavers began to be used initially for a long time without decay in this period. So, scale of practice in anatomy educationincreased considerably.After 1945, the anatomy education has demonstrated a rapid development quantitatively. Today, 41 anatomy departments continuetheir activities.Key Words: Anatomy, Education.SummaryTurkish Anatomy Education From TheFoundation of the First Modern MedicalSchool to TodayDuring the Ottoman time anatomy education wasdone in a scholastic frame. Medical education wasinstructed in master-apprentice way and anatomy wasexplained theoretically with other courses. SultanMahmut II founded the first medical school, “TýbhaneiCerrahhane-i Amire (March 14 th , 1827). Thus anatomyeducation commenced as a distinct course. Withthe appointment of instructors western style anatomyeducation was initiated. So it is possible to explainanatomy education in three periods (1-4).501) Pre-dissection Period (1827-1841): In thisperiod, anatomy was instructed theoretically. Kanunby Ibn Sina, Tesrih-i Ebdan ve Tercüman-ý KibaleiFeylesufan by Itaki and Miratü’l Ebdan fi TesrihiAza-ül Insan by Sanizade were the books taught inthe medical school. Anatomical constitutions exceptbones were being displayed on charts and models,which were brought from Europe. Some knowledgeon bones was taught by using skeleton models andbones taken out from graves. This can be regarded asa practical application however, as it was not yetallowed to work on cadavers, it was not adequate toregard as a practical application. The anatomy coursewas taught in the second year of the Medical School.Students were sitting on rush mats while listeningtheir instructors. According to the Prime MinistershipArchives’ Documents, Osman Saib was the firstanatomy teacher of pre-dissection period (death:1863) (1,3). Osman Saib, who graduated from“medrese”, which was similar to faculty in OttomanJISHIM 2003, 2
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JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONALSOCIETY
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Page 8 and 9: MAJNOON LILAH. A. Hajar AL BINALIan
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Page 37 and 38: Nuket ORNEK BUKENinsistence no furt
Page 39 and 40: Nuket ORNEK BUKENvery early stages
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