Islamic Medicine History and Current Practice - International Society ...
Islamic Medicine History and Current Practice - International Society ... Islamic Medicine History and Current Practice - International Society ...
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF QUARANTINE IN TURKEY INTHE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND ITS PLACE IN THE PUBLIC HEALTHfifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenthcenturies (6,7)The first leprosy hospitals of Anatolia were alsoestablished in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries..Infectious diseaes such as leprosy cholera, thyphus etcwere seen in the Ottoman Period in Turkey. The conceptof contagion was known at that time. Physicianstreated their patients in the separate departments ofthe hospitals. For example, patients with leprosy werealso hospitalized in the hospitals of leprosy. Thesehospitals are called as darusshifa in the OttomanPeriod. Darusshýfa means the house of healing. InTurkey, the first leprosy hospital of Europe was alsoestablished in Edirne in Turkey in the fifteenth century.Another hospital was Karacaahmet LeprosyHospital (8,9). It was established in 1514. In thesehospitals, the patients with leprosy were separatedfrom healthy persons (10). Namely, they are acceptedas a quarantine foundation (11).Prof. Dr. Aysegül Demirhan ERDEMIR,Prof. Dr. Oztan ONCELDevelopment of the Foundations ofQuarantine in Turkey in the NineteenthCentury and its Importance from thePoint of View of the Public HealthIn Turkey, the first modern quarantine foundationswere established in the nineteenth century. The firstmodern medical school was opened in 1827 in Ýstanbulin Turkey Moreover, the first studies on cadaverswere made in 1842. We see that many modern militaryand civilian hospitals were also established in thenineteenth century. As a parallel to these developments,we see many foundations such as vaccinationinstitutions, quarantine foundations. So, the nineteenthcentury is a century of the developments in thefield of public health in Turkey.The first cholera pandemy came to Ýstanbul in1831 and Mustafa Behchet who was a Turkish physicianwrote a book called Cholera Pamphlet.. At thattime, for the first time, the ships which came to Ýstanbulfrom Black Sea were quarantined. This is the firstmodern quarantine application. During cholera epidemic,the quarantine foundation was established inCanakkale in 1835. This foundation which was intents was transitory and was closed after epidemy.Moreover, another quarantine management was alsoestablished in Ýstanbul in 1837. This managementJISHIM 2003, 2Figure 1- A Document About Quarantineconsisted of two boards. One of them was HighQuarantine Assembly. Another board was HighQuarantine Bureau.. The director of High QuarantineAssembly was the Minister of Foreign Affairs.We see some fanatic persons who didn’t acceptquarantine precautions in the nineteenth century inTurkey.. According to a document with the date of1839, at that time, these fanatics were punished withexile (13) From time to time, the centers of quarantinewere also. established in some cities of Turkey Acenter of quarantine was founded in Tekirdag in 1839(14). Other centers followed this.. In these centers,guardians, physicians and clerks were present(15,16). Some knowledge about these centers arerecorded in the Otoman Archives. Moreover,Quarantine Regulation with the date of 1851 containedsome knowledge about quarantine personnel,the duties of quarantine doctors etc. According to this43
Prof. Dr. Aysegül Demirhan ERDEMIR,Prof. Dr. Oztan ONCELDEVELOPMENT OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF QUARANTINE IN TURKEY INTHE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND ITS PLACE IN THE PUBLIC HEALTHregulation, travelers with contagious disease werequarantined in the rooms and the guardians watchedover the patients. In this regulation,the salaries of theguardians and physicians were written (17).The general directory of health of coast wasfounded instead of management of quarantine in theTurkish Republic Period and this foundation carriedto Ankara in 1927.This is modern quarantine foundation of todayand coast health centers, bacteriology foundations,contagious diseases hospitals, air stations etc areunder the order of this general directory. Moreover,the Code of General Preventive Medicine with thedate of 1930 is the main code of Turkey in the preventivemedicine and it contains some knowledge inthe field of quarantine.ResultWe can say that concept of microbe was known inTurkey in the nineteenth century and the patientswith epidemic disease were separated in the hospitals.Today,epidemic diseases are seen very littlebecause of the applications of preventive medicineand quarantine foundations in Turkey.REFERENCES1. Sehsuvaroglu, B.N.: Demirhan, E.A., Cantay, G.: Türk TýpTarihi (Turkish History of Medicine) Bursa 1984, pp.177-190.2. Ahmet Mithat: Karantina (Quarantine), Tercümaný Hakikatve Musavver Serveti Fünun Ý.Ü. Küt. Yýldýz. No. 460, Ýst1897, p.16.3. Sherafeddin Magmumi: Kamus-u Týbbi. Kahire 1910, p.66.4. Lugatý Týb: Fransýzcadan Tercüme, Cemiyeti TýbbiyeiOsmaniye, 1902, p.984.5. Hüseyin Remzi: Týbbý Nebevi, Ist 1928, p.45.6. Read, M.: A Short Discourse Concerning PestilentialContagion and the Methods to be Used to Prevent It,London 1721, p.33.7. Rosenberg, C.: The Cause of Cholera: Aspects ofEtiological Thought in the Nineteenth Century America,Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 34(1):331-354(1960)8. Zambacho Pahsa: Lepreux de Scitari. Pres Constantinople,Ist 1891, p.7.9. Þevket: Edirne Salnamesi, Ist 1894, p173.10. Þehsuvaroglu, B.N.: Cüzam ve Türkçe Týp Yazmalarý, Ist1961, p15111. Püschell, E.: Zur Geschichte des Türkischen Hospitals amBeginn des 16. Jahrhunderts, Sudhoffs Archiv No.48, 1964,p.359.12. Baysun, A.: Mustafa Reþit Pasha: Tanzimat Eseri, (1), Ist1940, pp.723-746.13. Ottomam Archives’ Documents: Cevdet, Sýhhiye, No.29,with the date of 1838.14. Otoman Archives’ Documents: Cevdet, Sýhhiye, No. 1,Date: 1839.15. Ottomam Archives’ Documents: Cevdet, Sýhhiye, No.41,Date: 1848.16. Ottoman Archives Documents: Cevdet, Sýhhiye, No.53,Date: 1849.17. Ottoman Archives’ Documents: Cevdet, Sýhhiye, No.84,Date: 1851.44 JISHIM 2003, 2
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF QUARANTINE IN TURKEY INTHE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND ITS PLACE IN THE PUBLIC HEALTHfifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth <strong>and</strong> nineteenthcenturies (6,7)The first leprosy hospitals of Anatolia were alsoestablished in the fourteenth <strong>and</strong> fifteenth centuries..Infectious diseaes such as leprosy cholera, thyphus etcwere seen in the Ottoman Period in Turkey. The conceptof contagion was known at that time. Physicianstreated their patients in the separate departments ofthe hospitals. For example, patients with leprosy werealso hospitalized in the hospitals of leprosy. Thesehospitals are called as darusshifa in the OttomanPeriod. Darusshýfa means the house of healing. InTurkey, the first leprosy hospital of Europe was alsoestablished in Edirne in Turkey in the fifteenth century.Another hospital was Karacaahmet LeprosyHospital (8,9). It was established in 1514. In thesehospitals, the patients with leprosy were separatedfrom healthy persons (10). Namely, they are acceptedas a quarantine foundation (11).Prof. Dr. Aysegül Demirhan ERDEMIR,Prof. Dr. Oztan ONCELDevelopment of the Foundations ofQuarantine in Turkey in the NineteenthCentury <strong>and</strong> its Importance from thePoint of View of the Public HealthIn Turkey, the first modern quarantine foundationswere established in the nineteenth century. The firstmodern medical school was opened in 1827 in Ýstanbulin Turkey Moreover, the first studies on cadaverswere made in 1842. We see that many modern military<strong>and</strong> civilian hospitals were also established in thenineteenth century. As a parallel to these developments,we see many foundations such as vaccinationinstitutions, quarantine foundations. So, the nineteenthcentury is a century of the developments in thefield of public health in Turkey.The first cholera p<strong>and</strong>emy came to Ýstanbul in1831 <strong>and</strong> Mustafa Behchet who was a Turkish physicianwrote a book called Cholera Pamphlet.. At thattime, for the first time, the ships which came to Ýstanbulfrom Black Sea were quarantined. This is the firstmodern quarantine application. During cholera epidemic,the quarantine foundation was established inCanakkale in 1835. This foundation which was intents was transitory <strong>and</strong> was closed after epidemy.Moreover, another quarantine management was alsoestablished in Ýstanbul in 1837. This managementJISHIM 2003, 2Figure 1- A Document About Quarantineconsisted of two boards. One of them was HighQuarantine Assembly. Another board was HighQuarantine Bureau.. The director of High QuarantineAssembly was the Minister of Foreign Affairs.We see some fanatic persons who didn’t acceptquarantine precautions in the nineteenth century inTurkey.. According to a document with the date of1839, at that time, these fanatics were punished withexile (13) From time to time, the centers of quarantinewere also. established in some cities of Turkey Acenter of quarantine was founded in Tekirdag in 1839(14). Other centers followed this.. In these centers,guardians, physicians <strong>and</strong> clerks were present(15,16). Some knowledge about these centers arerecorded in the Otoman Archives. Moreover,Quarantine Regulation with the date of 1851 containedsome knowledge about quarantine personnel,the duties of quarantine doctors etc. According to this43
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