Appendix 1, Runway Incursion Avoidance - FAA

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When ATC issues a “hold short” clearance, you are expectedto taxi up to, but not cross any part of the runway holdingmarking. At a towered airport, runway hold markings shouldnever be crossed without explicit ATC instructions. Do notenter a runway at a towered airport unless instructions aregiven from ATC to cross, takeoff from, or “line up and wait”on that specific runway.ATC is required to obtain a read-back from the pilot ofall runway “hold short” instructions. Therefore, youmust read back the entire clearance and “hold short”instruction, to include runway identifier and your call sign.Figure 1-14 shows an example of a controller’s taxi and “holdshort” instructions and the reply from the pilot.ControllerNovember 477ZA,runway four, taxi viaEcho, hold short runwaytwo five at taxiway Delta.PilotNovember 477ZA,runway four via Echo,hold short of runwaytwo five at Delta.Figure 1-14. Example of taxi and “hold short” instructions fromATC to a pilot.ATC Instructions—Explicit Runway CrossingAs of June 30, 2010, ATC is required to issue explicitinstructions to “cross” or “hold short” of each runway.Instructions to “cross” a runway are normally issued oneat a time, and an aircraft must have crossed the previousrunway before another runway crossing is issued. Exceptionsmay apply for closely spaced runways that have less than1,000 feet between centerlines. This applies to all runwaysto include active, inactive, or closed. Figure 1-15 showscommunication between ATC and a pilot who is requestinga taxi clearance.Pilot“Ground, November 1234ready to taxi from the GAramp with Bravo.”ATC“November 1234,Runway 27, taxi viaAlpha, hold shortRunway 31.”Pilot“November 1234,Runway 27, taxi viaAlpha, hold shortRunway 31.”ATCWhen able, tower willissue crossing clearance:“November 1234, crossRunway 31.”Figure 1-15. Communication between ATC and a pilot who isrequesting taxi procedures.ATC Instructions—“Line Up and Wait” (LUAW)ATC now uses the “line up and wait” (LUAW) instructionwhen a takeoff clearance cannot be issued immediately dueto traffic or other reasons. The words “line up and wait” havereplaced “position and hold” in directing you to taxi onto arunway and await takeoff clearance.An ATC instruction to “line up and wait” is not a clearancefor takeoff. It is only a clearance to enter the runway andhold in position for takeoff. Under LUAW phraseology, thecontroller states the aircraft call sign, departure runway, and“line up and wait.” Be aware that “traffic holding in position”will continue to be used to advise other aircraft that traffichas been authorized to line up and wait on an active runway.Pay close attention when instructed to “line up and wait,”especially at night or during periods of low visibility. Beforeentering the runway, remember to scan the full length of therunway and its approach end for other aircraft.There have been collisions and incidents involving aircraftinstructed to “line up and wait” while ATC waits for thenecessary conditions to issue a takeoff clearance. An OIcaused a 737 to land on a runway occupied by a twin-engineturboprop. The turboprop was holding in position awaitingtakeoff clearance. Upon landing, the 737 collided with thetwin-engine turboprop.Extra caution should be used when directed by ATC totaxi onto or across a runway, especially at night and duringreduced visibility conditions. Always comply with “holdshort” or crossing instructions when approaching an entranceto a runway. Scan the full length of the runway and the finalapproaches before entering or crossing any runway, even ifATC has issued a clearance.When ATC instructs you to “line up and wait,” they shouldadvise you of any delay in receiving your takeoff clearance.Possible reasons for ATC takeoff clearance delays mayinclude other aircraft landing and/or departing, waketurbulence, or traffic crossing an intersecting runway. Iflanding traffic is a factor, ATC is required to:• Inform you of the closest traffic requesting a full-stop,touch-and-go, stop-and-go, option, or unrestricted lowapproach on the same runway.1-8
• Advise the landing traffic that traffic is holding inposition on the same runway.• If advised of a reason for the delay, or the reason isclearly visible, expect an imminent takeoff clearanceonce the reason is no longer an issue.• If a takeoff clearance is not received within 90 secondsafter receiving the “line up and wait” instruction,contact ATC immediately.• When ATC issues intersection “line up and wait”instructions and takeoff clearances, the taxiwaydesignator is included.NOTE: At night or in low visibility, consider lining upslightly left or right of centerline when holding for takeoffso that your aircraft is visible and can be differentiated fromrunway lights.ATC Instructions—“Runway Shortened”You should review NOTAMs in your preflight planning todetermine any airport changes that will affect your departureor arrival. When the available runway length has beentemporarily or permanently shortened due to construction,the ATIS includes the words “warning” and “shortened” inthe text of the message. For the duration of the constructionwhen the runway is temporarily shortened, ATC willinclude the word “shortened” in their clearance instructions.Furthermore, the use of the term “full length” will not beused by ATC during this period of the construction. Someexamples of ATC instructions are:• “Runway 36 shortened, line up and wait.”• “Runway 36 shortened, cleared for takeoff.”• “Runway 36 shortened, cleared to land.”When an intersection departure is requested on a temporarilyor permanently shortened runway during the construction,the remaining length of runway is included in the clearance.For example, “Runway 36 at Echo, intersection departure,5,600 feet available.” If following the construction, therunway is permanently shortened, ATC will include theword “shortened” until the A/FD is updated to include thepermanent changes to the runway length.Pre-Landing, Landing, and After-LandingWhile en route and after receiving the destination airportATIS/landing information, review the airport diagramand brief yourself as to your exit taxiway. Determine thefollowing:• Are there any runway hold markings in close proximityto the exit taxiway?• Do not cross any hold markings or exit onto anyrunways without ATC clearance.After landing, use the utmost caution where the exit taxiwaysintersect another runway, and do not exit onto another runwaywithout ATC authorization. Do not accept last minuteturnoff instructions from the control tower unless you clearlyunderstand the instructions and are at a speed that ensures youcan safely comply. Finally, after landing and upon exitingthe runway, ensure your aircraft has completely crossed overthe runway hold markings. Once all parts of the aircraft havecrossed the runway holding position markings, you must holdunless further instructions have been issued by ATC. Do notinitiate non-essential communications or actions until theaircraft has stopped and the brakes set.Aircraft LightsThe use of aircraft exterior lights during all flight operationsmake an aircraft operating on the airport surface moreconspicuous and help convey location and intent to you andATC. Some examples of aircraft exterior light usage are listedbelow and shown in Figure 1-16.Turn onEngine(s) runningTaxiingCrossing a runwayEntering departure runway forline up and waitTakeoffStandardized Aircraft LightingRotating beaconNavigation/Position lightsStrobe light*Taxi lightsLogo lightsLanding lights* Strobe lights should not be illuminated if doing so will have anadverse effect on other aircraft or vehicles.Figure 1-16. Standard aircraft lighting.• Engines running—before starting engines, turn on therotating beacon.• Taxiing—prior to commencing taxi, turn onnavigation/position, strobe (only if the use of themdoes not adversely affect other aircraft), taxi, and logolights, if available.1-9
Page 1 and 2: Appendix 1Runway IncursionAvoidance
Page 6 and 7: HOT SPOTSSW-4, 08 MAR 2012 to 05 AP
Page 10 and 11: • Crossing a runway—illuminate
Page 12 and 13: Intersection Departure ClearanceATC
Page 14 and 15: Signs, Markings, and LightingIt is
Page 16 and 17: operating at a nontowered airport,
Page 18 and 19: Runway holding position signs and m
Page 20 and 21: AFSSSFBSFBFBFigure 1-33. (A) Orient
Page 22 and 23: Temporarily Closed Runways and Taxi
Page 24: 35L35CFigure 1-42. Two of three par

Appendix 1, Runway Incursion Avoidance - FAA

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