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HEADINGfication services (e.g., through accounts at public social networks or standardopen accounts); they can perform the same tasks as the internal observersand influence case advancement only indirectly.Visibility of the process status. The interaction with cases and activity instancescan occur at different levels of control: an actor can interact via theexplicit publication and manipulation of the case and activity status (directaccess); via the right of publication and manipulation of a restricted set ofcase- and activity-related parameters (view access); or in an implicit and indirectway, via the publication and manipulation of objects or other derivedinformation (artifact-mediated access). When the access to process status isindirect, the influence on activity advancement can still take place, via themediation of a human task executed by an internal performer or a decisiongateway testing some condition formally expressed in the process modelLevel of social participation. The interaction of external social actors witha business process can produce different impacts on case advancement; externalusers can: be informed about the progress of a case or an activity;create comments used for (offline) process evaluation; create events that triggerthe state transition of activities; create data objects or modify parametervalues that alter the status of activities or the control flow of the case.Table 2 summarizes the social BPM dimensions relevant to the analysis ofthe running example.Actor CategoriesInternal performersInternal observersWorldwide manager, Country managers and Local employeesinvolved in a Content Management Process caseManagers and employees of other countries, not assignedto or owning the active Content Management Process caseExternal observers Customers self-registering in the portal for the CampaignManagement ProcessVisibility of Process StatusDirect accessWorldwide manager, country managers and employeesacting on activities of the Content Management Processcase they own/ participate inView accessManagers and employees of other countries viewing andcommenting content proposals produced in a non-ownedprocess caseArtifact-mediated Customers receiving campaign announcements (readaccess) and creating user invitations (write access)Level of Social ParticipationInformCommentGenerate a signalWorldwide managers receiving notifications of commentsto content proposalsCountry managers and employees reading and commentingcontent proposalsWorldwide managers promoting content proposals to mastercontent statusProduce dataPortal users creating friend invitationsTable 2. Social dimensions in the running example8
HEADINGSOCIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BPMNBPMN is one of the most complete visual languages for expressing businessprocess models. The current version (2.0) incorporates a native extensionmechanism that makes the language well suited for the adaptation to specialprocess requirements, like those arising in Social BPM.Tables 3, 4, and 5 illustrate how BPMN can be used or extended to representthe essential aspects of socially enacted processes. In particular, Table 3presents the requirements associated to the implementation of social actionsat large (at process and flow level); Table 4 describes the requirements at thesingle task level; and Table 5 describes the requirements at the event managementlevel.The main extension is the concept of Community Pool, which is defined asthe pool devoted to social activities: it may represent a public social networksor an enterprise social network.Requirement BPMN notation CommentActor category and communitypoolActivity inheritanceCommunity executed activityUser vs. Automatic GatewaysHierarchical definition ofuser rolesAd hoc Activity within acommunity poolAnnotation in the pool/laneheader, respectively for: Internalperformer, internalobserver, external observer.The last two categories characterizecommunity poolsTo avoid duplication of activities,hierarchies of roleswith inheritance of task executioncan be definedA sub-process or a task delegatedto a community of observerusers. Ad hoc markdenotes complex / nonstructuredinteractionsThe execution of the choiceis performed by a human orby an automatic procedure/ruleTable 3. Social requirements for BPMN at pool and process level.Table 3 describes social BPMN extensions at pool and process level: Actor categories are denoted by proper icons in the pool/lane header; The hierarchical definition of user roles is provided to avoid duplicationof activities across lanes. This is a general requirement, but getsparticularly critical in social applications where multiple roles mayperform social tasks; to avoid specifying activities repeatedly in everylane, a parent role factoring out the activities common to multiplesub-roles can be used, which makes the specification of social behaviormore compact. The BPMN 2.0 concept of ad hoc parallel task is proposed as an effectivesolution for describing social activities, which are inherently unstructured;9
- Page 1: A Model-driven Approachto Social BP
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- Page 6: HEADINGFigure 3 shows the BPMN repr
- Page 11 and 12: HEADINGRequirement BPMN notation Co
- Page 13 and 14: HEADINGTo exemplify the B2C scenari
- Page 15 and 16: HEADINGDESIGN OF SOCIAL APPLICATION
- Page 17 and 18: HEADINGFigure 7(c) shows the snapsh
- Page 19: HEADINGEXAMPLE OF INDEXActor Catego
HEADINGSOCIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BPMNBPMN is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most complete visual languages for expressing businessprocess models. The current version (2.0) incorporates a native extensionmechanism that makes <strong>the</strong> language well suited for <strong>the</strong> adaptation to specialprocess requirements, like those arising in Social BPM.Tables 3, 4, and 5 illustrate how BPMN can be used or extended to represent<strong>the</strong> essential aspects <strong>of</strong> socially enacted processes. In particular, Table 3presents <strong>the</strong> requirements associated to <strong>the</strong> implementation <strong>of</strong> social actionsat large (at process and flow level); Table 4 describes <strong>the</strong> requirements at <strong>the</strong>single task level; and Table 5 describes <strong>the</strong> requirements at <strong>the</strong> event managementlevel.The main extension is <strong>the</strong> concept <strong>of</strong> Community Pool, which is defined as<strong>the</strong> pool devoted to social activities: it may represent a public social networksor an enterprise social network.Requirement BPMN notation CommentActor category and communitypoolActivity inheritanceCommunity executed activityUser vs. Automatic GatewaysHierarchical definition <strong>of</strong>user rolesAd hoc Activity within acommunity poolAnnotation in <strong>the</strong> pool/laneheader, respectively for: Internalperformer, internalobserver, external observer.The last two categories characterizecommunity poolsTo avoid duplication <strong>of</strong> activities,hierarchies <strong>of</strong> roleswith inheritance <strong>of</strong> task executioncan be definedA sub-process or a task delegatedto a community <strong>of</strong> observerusers. Ad hoc markdenotes complex / nonstructure<strong>di</strong>nteractionsThe execution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> choiceis performed by a human orby an automatic procedure/ruleTable 3. Social requirements for BPMN at pool and process level.Table 3 describes social BPMN extensions at pool and process level: Actor categories are denoted by proper icons in <strong>the</strong> pool/lane header; The hierarchical definition <strong>of</strong> user roles is provided to avoid duplication<strong>of</strong> activities across lanes. This is a general requirement, but getsparticularly critical in social applications where multiple roles mayperform social tasks; to avoid specifying activities repeatedly in everylane, a parent role factoring out <strong>the</strong> activities common to multiplesub-roles can be used, which makes <strong>the</strong> specification <strong>of</strong> social behaviormore compact. The BPMN 2.0 concept <strong>of</strong> ad hoc parallel task is proposed as an effectivesolution for describing social activities, which are inherently unstructured;9
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