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A Model-driven Approachto Social BPM ApplicationsPiero Fraternali, Marco Brambilla,Carmen VacaPolitecnico di Milano, ItalyINTRODUCTIONSocial technologies have transformed the Web from a platform for passivecontent consumption to a place where users actively contribute to contentproduction and opinion making. The first-generation social tools, like blogs,wikis, and content sharing applications, have been followed by a second generationof solutions, specifically focused on interpersonal interaction: socialnetworks are intended primarily for people to meet virtually and establishnetworks of relations. Several variants of the concept exist, from generalpurpose platforms like Facebook and mySpace, to location-based social applicationslike Gowalla and Foursquare, to special purpose networks, likePlaxo and LinkedIn.As the diffusion of the original Web quickly impacted professional use, pushingcompanies to migrate most of their B2C, B2B and B2E applications to aWeb/SOA architecture and employ browser based interfaces in the workplace, also the advent of the Social Web is affecting business practices. Severalexamples of this trend are visible: professional networking platformshave started being used by the HR departments of companies as a tool forrecruiting and skill search; brand management and marketing use the viraldissemination power of social networks to test or promote products and services;Customer Relationship Management exploits enterprise blogs and socialnetwork communication (e.g., product news twittering) to install a multilateraldialogue with customers.It is easy to foresee that the abovementioned initiatives will become systematicin enterprise management and the socialization of processes will takeplace both outside and outside the enterprise, affecting also those processesthat today are supported by ICT tools in a traditional way. This evolution hasbeen recently witnessed by business analysts [ORS10] who defined SocialBusiness Process Management (Social BPM) as the effort of designing andexecuting business processes collaboratively.Only a very limited number of vendors (including IBM, Oracle [Ora11], Intalio[Int11], Software AG [Sof11] and a few others) have announced strategiesfor incorporating social features in their BPM suites, starting from 2010. Thepotential Social BPM product space spans three families of solutions: Traditional BPM systems: classic BPM solutions, like Pegasystem,Savvion, Metastorm BizAgi, WebRatio BPM presently do not supportsocial interactions in business processes, but could be integratedwith social tools. Enterprise Social Software: corporate Wiki, blogs and intranet portalsaugmented with user interaction capabilities (e.g., Intalio Social1

HEADINGSOCIAL BPM ADOPTION LEVELSThe introduction of social features in business processes can be achieved atdifferent levels, according to a spectrum of possibilities, pictorially illustratedin Figure 1.Fig. 1. The continuum of Social Business Process Management.At the top of the spectrum, Closed BPM denotes the traditional approachsupported by state-of-the-practice BPM suites. The schema of the process isdecided centrally and deployed to an execution platform (e.g., a BPEL engineor a proprietary runtime). Tasks are defined rigidly, the process actors arepreregistered, and allocation of actors to task follows statically defined assignmentand escalation rules. The communication among the actors ischanneled through the task execution interfaces, with the exception of notifications,which can be delivered through informal channels, like email andSMS.At the next level Participatory Design opens the process design to multipleactors. Either the stakeholders can actually participate to the definition ofthe process model or multiple process versions are fused into one sharedprocess model. The latter technique is relevant, for example, after mergerand acquisition, when companies have to align different versions of the sameprocess [LRDtHM11].Participatory enactment shifts the focus of socialization from design toenactment. Although actors are fixed, as in closed BPM, the communicationis not restricted to the input and output of activities but typical functions ofsocial tools are integrated into the process enactment application to supportcollateral communications, like following up the status of tasks, commentingon the result of task execution, voting on quality of service, etc.Social enactment entails opening the process execution (at least in part) toactors that are not known at process deployment time and allowing the collectiveexecution of a task. Social task execution can take a variety of forms:from the most structured, like the use of crowd-sourcing platforms for microtasksexecution, to less controlled forms, like community-based productand content rating, cooperative software development and testing, etc. The3

HEADINGcommon denominator of social task execution is the capability to launch atask to be executed by an open-ended community of performers and tomonitor its progress until completion.Finally, Process Mining is the less structured approach, where activities areexecuted freely and the process constraints are recovered a posteriori, by observingthe behavior of the actors, e.g., inspecting execution traces[vdAPS10].This Chapter addresses specifically participatory and social enactment.OVERVIEW OF THE APPROACHThe goal of the described work is to provide a method for the design, fastprototyping and deployment of BPM solutions extended with social interactions,which employs high-level models for representing both the BPM requirementsand the design of the process enactment application. Using modelsin all design stages grants important benefits: Process models are an intuitive yet formal way to represent businessprocess, which can be shared with non-technical stakeholders andformally checked for desirable properties. Application models describe the structure and behavior of an applicationindependently of the technical details of the deployment platform,can be formally verified for desirable properties, and used forquick prototyping and automatic code generation.Figure 2 shows schematically the phases and ingredients of the proposedmodel driven Social BPM solution development.The Process specification phase takes in input the business requirementsand workflow description of an organization and outputs a model of thebusiness processes that formally describes the organization of activities necessaryfor satisfying the business requirements. We assume that theprocess model is encoded in BPMN, extended to support the specification ofsocial interaction. The social process model can be used directly to produce aprototype of the enactment application, whereby a business analyst or astakeholder can: 1) impersonate any actor of the process, at all the levels ofsocial interaction; 2) start/suspend/resume/terminate the process activitiesin accordance with the process constraints; 3) create and inspect project artifactsand parameters, according to the process specification; 4) impersonateexternal user roles and simulate social actions.Social application design takes in input the Social BPMN model and producesin output a model of the application(s) needed for enacting it. The designphase is formally driven by model-to-model transformation rules, which dictatethe way in which each (social or conventional) BPMN construct has to beturned into a construct of the social application model. The output model isencoded in the WebML Domain Specific Language, extended with socialcomponents and patterns (Social WebML). A social component is defined asa DSL primitive that represents an atomic unit of business or interface logicused to perform a social interaction (e.g., a component can support the postingof a message in a social network wall; another component can supportthe registration of a user to the application using her profile in a social network).A social pattern is a fragment of application design that comprisesseveral components and connections to perform a full-fledged social activity4

HEADING(e.g., an application page for selecting an activity and posting its status onone or more social networks).Finally, Social process deployment is the technical phase that produces theactual executable version of the social process enactment application. It isdriven by model-to-code transformation rules that map each construct of theapplication model into appropriate artifacts of the deployment platform. Inthe case of WebML, existing rules, implemented in the WebRatio tool suite[WebRatio], map standard WebML projects onto the JEE platform. The extensionto social BPM requires an enrichment of the existing model-to-codetransformation rules to map the novel social WebML components into theirrespective implementation-level primitives. This code generation rules typicallyproduce service calls to the Web APIs (Application Programming Interface)of the specified Social Networking Platform (e.g., the Facebook API tointeract with such social network).Fig 2. Model driven approach to Social BPM developmentRUNNING EXAMPLEWe will discuss our approach through a running example inspired from areal business case described in [CFB+02] and implemented using a modeldrivenapproach based on WebML.The business process of interest deals with the publication of contents in theB2C and B2B portals of a multinational company that sells branded PCs.The process actors comprise worldwide managers, country managers andemployees of the Marketing and Communication (MarCom) department.5

HEADINGFigure 3 shows the BPMN representation of the process: the content productionprocess can be initiated by the local employees that generate localizedcontent, which can be approved by the country manager and published locally.However, the country manager may also decide that the content can beof worldwide interest. In such case, the regional-level content becomes amaster copy proposal (written in English) candidate for global publication.The worldwide manager decides about the actual relevance and, based onthat decision, the document is promoted to master content (and thereforeassigned and translated into all the local languages) or kept at the local level(and thus approved only for local publication).Fig. 3. BPMN representation of the running example process withoutsocial aspects.We now extend the abovementioned process by introducing (simplified) socialinteraction requirements, to improve the effectiveness of the process for boththe internal personnel and the external customers. We restrict the exampleto two exemplary scenarios: B2E (Business to Employee) and a B2C (Businessto Consumer).B2E scenario (Content Management Process)Let’s assume the Company has setup an Enterprise Social Network (ESN),where all employees subscribe and interact, using blogs, wikis and other socialtools. The regional MarCom manager would like to take advantage of theESN to favor the emergence of quality content in a bottom-up manner. Tothis end, the revised process should allow master content proposals to becommented and enriched by managers and employees of other countries,who do not see the local approval process but only the resulting content proposal.The worldwide MarCom manager follows the feedbacks and may decideto promote a “popular” content proposal to master status based on thesocial activities that happened upon it. As an aside to the socialization of theeditorial process, the worldwide MarCom manager gets an idea of the intercountrycommunication paths and of the proactivity of national managers6

HEADINGfication services (e.g., through accounts at public social networks or standardopen accounts); they can perform the same tasks as the internal observersand influence case advancement only indirectly.Visibility of the process status. The interaction with cases and activity instancescan occur at different levels of control: an actor can interact via theexplicit publication and manipulation of the case and activity status (directaccess); via the right of publication and manipulation of a restricted set ofcase- and activity-related parameters (view access); or in an implicit and indirectway, via the publication and manipulation of objects or other derivedinformation (artifact-mediated access). When the access to process status isindirect, the influence on activity advancement can still take place, via themediation of a human task executed by an internal performer or a decisiongateway testing some condition formally expressed in the process modelLevel of social participation. The interaction of external social actors witha business process can produce different impacts on case advancement; externalusers can: be informed about the progress of a case or an activity;create comments used for (offline) process evaluation; create events that triggerthe state transition of activities; create data objects or modify parametervalues that alter the status of activities or the control flow of the case.Table 2 summarizes the social BPM dimensions relevant to the analysis ofthe running example.Actor CategoriesInternal performersInternal observersWorldwide manager, Country managers and Local employeesinvolved in a Content Management Process caseManagers and employees of other countries, not assignedto or owning the active Content Management Process caseExternal observers Customers self-registering in the portal for the CampaignManagement ProcessVisibility of Process StatusDirect accessWorldwide manager, country managers and employeesacting on activities of the Content Management Processcase they own/ participate inView accessManagers and employees of other countries viewing andcommenting content proposals produced in a non-ownedprocess caseArtifact-mediated Customers receiving campaign announcements (readaccess) and creating user invitations (write access)Level of Social ParticipationInformCommentGenerate a signalWorldwide managers receiving notifications of commentsto content proposalsCountry managers and employees reading and commentingcontent proposalsWorldwide managers promoting content proposals to mastercontent statusProduce dataPortal users creating friend invitationsTable 2. Social dimensions in the running example8

HEADINGSOCIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BPMNBPMN is one of the most complete visual languages for expressing businessprocess models. The current version (2.0) incorporates a native extensionmechanism that makes the language well suited for the adaptation to specialprocess requirements, like those arising in Social BPM.Tables 3, 4, and 5 illustrate how BPMN can be used or extended to representthe essential aspects of socially enacted processes. In particular, Table 3presents the requirements associated to the implementation of social actionsat large (at process and flow level); Table 4 describes the requirements at thesingle task level; and Table 5 describes the requirements at the event managementlevel.The main extension is the concept of Community Pool, which is defined asthe pool devoted to social activities: it may represent a public social networksor an enterprise social network.Requirement BPMN notation CommentActor category and communitypoolActivity inheritanceCommunity executed activityUser vs. Automatic GatewaysHierarchical definition ofuser rolesAd hoc Activity within acommunity poolAnnotation in the pool/laneheader, respectively for: Internalperformer, internalobserver, external observer.The last two categories characterizecommunity poolsTo avoid duplication of activities,hierarchies of roleswith inheritance of task executioncan be definedA sub-process or a task delegatedto a community of observerusers. Ad hoc markdenotes complex / nonstructuredinteractionsThe execution of the choiceis performed by a human orby an automatic procedure/ruleTable 3. Social requirements for BPMN at pool and process level.Table 3 describes social BPMN extensions at pool and process level: Actor categories are denoted by proper icons in the pool/lane header; The hierarchical definition of user roles is provided to avoid duplicationof activities across lanes. This is a general requirement, but getsparticularly critical in social applications where multiple roles mayperform social tasks; to avoid specifying activities repeatedly in everylane, a parent role factoring out the activities common to multiplesub-roles can be used, which makes the specification of social behaviormore compact. The BPMN 2.0 concept of ad hoc parallel task is proposed as an effectivesolution for describing social activities, which are inherently unstructured;9

HEADING User gateways are introduced to express human choices. The specificationof human-executed choices in BPMN is an open issue currentlyunder discussion in the BP analyst community 1 . Social applicationscorroborate the need of a better way to explicitly model humandecisions, which can be achieved simply by distinguishing user gateways,which entail a user’s decision; and automatic/service gateways,which entail a decision taken according to a rule (this is thestandard semantics for BPMN gateways) or performed by a service.Notice that the visibility of process status and the level of social participationdo not require an ad hoc notation because they can be inferred from theBPMN diagram, by looking at the flow, task, and event definitions.While most social interaction may be described with standard message flowswithin the community pool or between the community and the enterprisepool, a simplified notation may be convenient in several cases. Table 4 proposesa set of annotations describing social interactions at the task level.These annotations are a shortcut for social activities: they express thebroadcasting of messages/contents from a task to the entire social network(or a subset thereof), the posting of messages/contents to one member of thenetwork, the invitation of people from the social network to perform a specifictask, the invitation to comment or vote on a task or on its outcomes, thelogin of users in the BPM system using credentials from a social network,and the search for user’s skills or reputation within a social network (e.g., forchecking recommendations before assigning tasks to users). These annotationsgreatly simplify the expression of typical social activities, because theyavoid the visual clutter due to the introduction in the BPMN diagram of thecommunity pool and to the plethora of messages flowing into/from it.Finally, Table 5 shows the event types needed for supporting case advancementtriggered by social interactions. A generic social event conceptrepresents any kind of occurrence within the social network; this can bespecialized to express more detailed event types like: the addition of a newuser to the community, the establishment of a new social relationships, thenotification of acceptance/rejection of a social request (e.g., for friendship,invitation to groups or applications), and so on.1 The interested reader may refer to the online discussions proposed by Keith Swenson,Anatoly Belychook, Bruce Silver, and our own blog respectively at:http://social-biz.org/2009/04/06/representing-choice-in-a-process-diagram/,http://mainthing.ru/item/361/,http://www.brsilver.com/wordpress/2009/04/10/keiths-choice/, andhttp://marcobrambi.blogspot.com/2011/01/user-gateways-in-bpmn.html .10

HEADINGRequirement BPMN notation CommentTask Type: SocialbroadcastAnnotation of taskData flow to a communitypoolTask Type: Social postingAnnotation of taskData flow to a singleuser in a communitypoolTask Type: Invitation toactivityAnnotation of taskDynamic enrollment toa task in the processcaseTask Type: CommentingAnnotation of task Submission of commentsabout the activityTask Type: Voting Annotation of task Voting (y/n) on an activity,either within asocial network platformor directly in the BPMsystemTask Type: Login Annotation of task Use a social profile tologin into a systemTask Type: Invitation tojoin a network in acommunity (e.g.,friendship)Annotation of task Invitation betweencommunity members tojoin a specific network(e.g., friend network,group, and so on)Task Type: Search foractor’s informationAnnotation of taskLookup query to thecommunity to searchfor actor with specificprofile attributesTable 4. Social requirements for BPMN at task level.11

HEADINGRequirement BPMN notation CommentCommunity-generatedeventsEvent: New user engagedin the socialcommunityEvent: New social relationshiplinkEvent: Invitation acceptance/rejection(Generic) events raisedby the communityAn event is raised whena user dynamicallyenrolls to the processcaseAn event is raised whena user establishes a socialrelationship withanother userAn event is raised whena user accepts/rejectsan invitationTable 5. Social requirements for BPMN at event level.SOCIAL BPMN SPECIFICATION OF THE RUNNING EXAMPLETo exemplify social BPMN extensions, Figure 4 shows the BPM model of thesocial B2E scenario of the running example: with respect to the originalmodel, displayed in Figure 3, the process is extended with the publication ofthe Master content proposal to the social community. Notice that the activityis annotated with the social commenting stereotype (as from Table 3), to specifythat a request for comments is issued to the social network. The activityaccepts non-blocking social events (representing the received comments).The activity runs for a week (as marked by the temporal event). Furthermore,if the Master content is actually promoted, the new state is notified thecommunity through a social broadcasting stereotyped activity.Fig. 4. Social BPMN extensions applied to the B2E scenario(Content Management Process).12

HEADINGTo exemplify the B2C scenario, we describe two important processes of theCampaign Management Process presented in the running example. Figure 5shows the user registration process, representing the log on phase exploitinga social user profile. The user registers in the company portal using his credentialsin a social network; the company gets the enrollment social eventand automatically replies with a request for friendship (or authorization forany other kind of social interaction) posted in the user’s social network. Ifthe user accepts, the company updates his profile in its member directory(upon reception of a friendship confirmation event) and will exploit this informationfor future promotional campaigns.Fig. 5. User enrollment and authorization in the B2C example.Figure 6 shows the Social Campaign Management process, which implies anexplicit interaction between the company’s MarCom personnel and the observerusers clustered in a social pool. The process initiates when the company’smarketing manager decides that a new campaign has to be launched;a marketing employee prepares the campaign content and broadcasts theevent (together with the content) to the social pool with an explicit messageflow; as a consequence, each user that previously accepted to receive campaignannouncements will get a message in her favorite social network applications.The process then continues within the social pool. A social networkmember may comment back to the company, suggest the service/product tohis own friends, or invite new friends to the company network or socialgroup. As a result, new actors can enroll to the company’s portal and dynamicallybecome part of the social pool. Each action from a social pool actoris notified to the company, which in turn registers the events for the wholeduration of the campaign. If the user reaches the agreed objectives, a task isactivated that notifies the reward from the company to the user in the communitypool, by means of an individual communication in the user’s preferredsocial network(s). The campaign terminates at the end of a designatedtime interval; after the temporal event, the marketing manager can analyzethe final report on the campaign results.13

HEADINGNotice that en explicit BPMN representation of the social task is used in thiscase, to describe in detail what happens in the social community pool; thisrequires using a parallel ad hoc task inside the community pool. Messageflows are also shown explicitly to describe the message sources and contents.On the other hand, the “send rewards to user” activity is specified usingthe task stereotype notation, because the task behavior is standard andthe message follows can be deduced from the short notation and from rest ofthe process diagram.Fig. 6. Social Campaign Management in the B2C social example.14

HEADINGDESIGN OF SOCIAL APPLICATIONS WITH WEBMLAs shown in Figure 2, once the BPMN specification is completed, applicationmodels are designed that describe the software solutions required for enactingthe process; such application models specify, for each role involved in thesocial process, the interface, interaction commands, service calls, and dataexchange flow necessary to carry out the tasks specified for that role in theprocess. When the Web is elected as the platform of choice for the implementationof the process enactment solution, the application model can be naturallyencoded in the WebML notation [CFB+02], a visual language for designingdata- and service-intensive Web/SOA applications. A WebML model consistsof one or more site views, which represent hypertext application used topublish or manipulate data and interact with the back end business logic. Adifferent site views can be defined for each process actor; internally, a siteview consists of a set of pages, atomic units of interface, containing units,representing data publishing components. Units are related to each otherthrough links, representing navigational paths and parameter passing rules.Additionally, the WebML application model comprises the definition of Webservices (when needed) and their invocations.Starting from a BPMN specification, an automatic model-to-model transformationproduces the WebML model of the process enactment applications ofeach role, and a database schema for storing the case advancement data.The standard model-to-model transformation from BPMN to WebML is alreadysupported in the WebRatio BPM commercial tool suite [ABBB07]; thishas been augmented to cover the social extensions of BPMN described in thisChapter, thanks to three new features: 1) the social BPMN primitives of Table3, 4 and 5 are added to the BPMN editor; 2) novel components modelingthe application design patterns and software components for interaction withsocial networks are added to the WebML languages, using its native extensionmechanism; 3) the BPMN-to-WebML mapping rules are enriched to mapeach social BPMN primitive into the appropriate social WebML design pattern.Example of social BPMN to WebML mapping and quick prototypingTo exemplify how the social BPMN model is mapped to WebML, we show asimple activity with social effects, the WebML model produced from it, andthe quick prototype generated by WebRatio.Figure 7(a) shows the BPMN model of a task publishing some materials andwaiting for comments from a social network (for a period up to one week).Figure 7(b) shows the WebML application model generated for the task: theentry point to the task is expressed by the Input unit, which is the componentthat collects the input parameters of the task from the case enactmentdatabase. The Publish to the social community page denotes the home page ofthe task, which retrieves the task parameters from the input unit and displaysa form (Prepare content unit) allowing the user to enter the content tobe submitted to the social network. Once the content is ready, an outgoinglink from the Prepare Content unit permits the user to trigger a sequence ofoperations: the social network API is first invoked to publish the content;next the task parameters are updated and finally the task is suspended. Theuser can come back at any time and resume the task for looking at thecomments received so far (these are displayed in the Comments index unit15

HEADINGwithin the See Comments page). The activity terminates after 1 week as requestedin the BPMN model.(a)(b)(c)Fig. 7. (a) BPMN notation for a social-based activity; (b) CorrespondingWebML application model; (c) Visual rendering of an activity UI in theprototype generated by WebRatio.16

HEADINGFigure 7(c) shows the snapshot of the Publish to social community Web pagegenerated as a prototype from the WebML model of Figure 7(b). The user cansee: his name (Roland Still), his role (Worldwide Manager), the details aboutthe process and the task together with the correlated social history registeredso far (in the Process Details box). A link leads to the See Commentspage. The actual inputs required by the current process step must be submittedin the Prepare Content and Attachment boxes). The Social Activitybox contains the possible actions that can be performed at the communitylevel. In the example, the user can share the outcomes on Facebook (the socialnetwork of choice). The Activity Events box displays the list of BPMevents to be handled (in the example, the deadline for closing the activity).Finally, in the bottom part of the page, the list of all the social platforms involvedin the whole application is listed (and the one of the current task ishighlighted). By clicking on the various icons, the user can see the respectiveevents happened so far.Implementation within the WebRatio toolsuiteThe described generative framework has been implemented as an extensionof the WebRatio Model-Driven Web application environment, which enablesdevelopers to edit WebML models and automatically transform them intorunning applications for the JEE and Service Oriented Architectures. WebRatiois commercially available and has been used to produce large scaleWeb and BPM solutions; the BPM edition, presented at the BPM 2010 Conference(Hoboken, NJ) [BBF10], comprises: a BPMN editor, a code generatorthat includes the transformation from BPMN to WebML and a quick prototypingfunction that produces JEE-compliant process enactment applications(one-click prototyping). This functionality invokes in sequence the twotransformations from BPMN to WebML and from WebML to JEE, yielding adynamic, multi-actor enactment application with a default look & feel. Thegenerator creates a few exemplary users for each BPMN actor, which allowsthe analyst to impersonate each role in the process. We are now extendingthis framework to support the newly introduced social features: BPMN socialartifacts, new WebML components implementing the different behaviors andthe interaction with various social networks APIs, and the new model transformationrules that generate the WebML models from the social BPMN notation.As a result, the prototyping function will deliver in one-click socialprocess enactment applications, whereby the analyst can actuate both thestructured and the social part of the BPMN specification, impersonating allroles: internal performers, internal observers and also external users in a socialcommunity of choice. The rapid prototype validated in this way can thenbe evolved by the WebML designer into the final version of the processenactment applications, deployable on top of any industrial-strength JEEplatform.CONCLUSIONSThis chapter has discussed the levels of adoptions of social features insideorganizations and business process models, and examined the requirementsthat Social BPM poses to process specification languages. Based on that, wehave illustrated a set of extensions and exemplary scenarios for designingsocial BPM applications with BPMN 2.0 and briefly described the technicalarchitecture of a tool suite for the generation of rapid prototypes directlyfrom socially-extended BPMN models. Our future work will concentrate on17

HEADINGcompleting the implementation of the social extension of WebRatio BPM, validatingit on real-world industrial cases, and quantitatively measuring thebenefits that process socialization brings to organizations, by means of novelBusiness Analysis Monitoring dashboard applications that take into accountboth the structured and the social part of a business process.REFERENCES[ABBB07] Roberto Acerbis, Aldo Bongio, Marco Brambilla, and Stefano Butti.Webratio 5: An eclipse-based case tool for engineering web applications.In Luciano Baresi, Piero Fraternali, and Geert-Jan Houben, editors,ICWE, volume 4607 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 501-505.Springer, 2007.[BBF10] Marco Brambilla, Stefano Butti, Piero Fraternali. Business ProcessModeling and Quick Prototyping with WebRatio BPM. Proc. of BPM DemonstrationTrack 2010, Hoboken, USA, September 14-16, 2010, Vol. 615CEUR-WS.org. online: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-615.[CFB00] Stefano Ceri, Piero Fraternali, and Aldo Bongio. Web Modeling Language(WebML): a modeling language for designing Web sites. In Proceedingsof the 9th international World Wide Web conference on ComputerNetworks : the international journal of computer and telecommunicationsnetworking, pages 137-157, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2000.North-Holland Publishing Co.[CFB+02] S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, A. Bongio, M. Brambilla, S. Comai, and M.Matera. Designing Data- Intensive Web Applications. Morgan Kaufmann,USA, 2002.[IBM11] IBM. IBM BlueWorks Live, 2011. https://www.blueworkslive.com,Last accessed: May 2011.[Int11] Intalio. Intalio Social BPM, 2011. http://www.intalio.com/socialbpm,Last accessed: May 2011.[LRDtHM11] Marcello La Rosa, Marlon Dumas, Arthur H. M. ter Hofstede,and Jan Mendling. Configurable multi-perspective business processmodels. Inf. Syst., 36:313-340, April 2011.[Ora11] Oracle. Oracle Business Process Management Suite 11g, 2011.http://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/bpm, Last accessed: May 2011.[ORS10] Elise Olding, Carol Rozwell, and Jim Sinur. Social bpm: Design bydoing. Technical report, Gartner, May 2010. Gartner research ID Number:G00200281.[Rpowit11] Prowit Projecthttp://www.ariscampus.com/community/research/prowit[Sof11] SoftwareAG. ArisAlign space, 2011. http://www.arisalign.com, Lastaccessed: May 2011.[vdAPS10] Wil M. P. van der Aalst, Maja Pesic, and Minseok Song. Beyondprocess mining: From the past to present and future. In Barbara Pernici,editor, CAiSE, volume 6051 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages38{52. Springer, 2010.18

HEADINGEXAMPLE OF INDEXActor Category, 8Application model, 4BPMN, 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, 15Business Process ManagementSystem (BPMS), 1Enterprise Social Software, 1IBM Blueworks Live, 2Process Mining, 3Process model, 4reputation, 12Social BPM, 2social participation, 4, 8, 10Social process deployment, 5social relationship, 12social tool, 1Web Modeling Language (WebML),2, 4, 5, 6, 14, 15WebRatio, 1419