THE STAUGAITISLABORATORYCOLLABORATORSGene Barnett, M.D. 1Richard Ransohoff, M.D. 2Olga Tchernova, Ph.D. 1Bruce D. Trapp, Ph.D. 2Raymond Tubbs, D.O. 31Brain Tumor Institute, CCF2Dept. of Neurolosciences, CCF3Dept. of <strong>Clinic</strong>al Pathology,CCFMy research focuses on the molecularcharacterization of human neurologicaldisease. This approach includescharacterization of specific candidate targetmolecules identified through basic research onanimal models, screening of molecules identifiedthrough large-scale analysis gene expression, anddevelopment of clinical laboratory tests.Through my joint appointments in the Departmentsof Neurosciences and Anatomic Pathology,I facilitate the close lines of communicationsThe Department of NeurosciencesHuman Neurological Specimen<strong>Research</strong> Leads to <strong>Clinic</strong>al TestsUsed in Treatment Planningamong clinical, laboratory, and basic sciencedepartments that are essential to achieve correctdiagnosis and optimal utilization of excess tissuespecimens for research. My specific activitiesinclude genotypic and phenotypic analysis ofgliomas for use as clinical tests in treatmentplanning. In addition, I work closely with theMultiple Sclerosis research group in the Departmentof Neurosciences to facilitate acquisitionand analysis of human surgical and postmortemspecimens.Susan M. Staugaitis, M.D., Ph.D.Pedraza, L., Fidler, L, Staugaitis, S.M., and D.R. Colman (1997) The active transport of myelin basic proteininto the nucleus suggests a regulatory role in myelination. Neuron 18:579-589.Shoshan, Y., Nishiyama, A., Mork, S., Barnett, G.H., Cowell, J.K., Trapp, B.D., and S.M. Staugaitis (1999)Expression of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell antigens by gliomas: Implications for the histogenesis ofbrain tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:10361-10366.Staugaitis, S.M., Zerlin, M., Hawkes, R., Levine, J.M., and J.E. Goldman (2001) Aldolase C/zebrin II expressionin the neonatal rat forebrain reveals cellular heterogeneity within the subventricular zone and earlyastrocyte differentiation. J. Neurosci. 21:6195-6205.Trebst, C., Staugaitis, S.M., Kivisakk, P., Mahad, D., Cathcart, M.K., Tucky, B., Wei, T., Rani, M.R., Horuk,R., Aldape, K.D., Pardo, C.A., Lucchinetti, C.F., Lassmann, H., and R.M. Ransohoff (<strong>2003</strong>) CCchemokine receptor 8 in the central nervous system is associated with phagocytic macrophages. Am. J.Pathol. 162:427-438.Chahlavi, A., Kanner, A., Peereboom, D., Staugaitis, S.M., Elson, P., and G. Barnett (<strong>2003</strong>) Impact ofchromosome 1p status in response of oligodendroglioma to temozolomide: preliminary results.Neuro-Oncology 61:267-73.148
Experimental Therapeuticsin Parkinson’s Disease andRelated DisordersOur research focus is on neuroprotectionand recovery of function in the nervoussystem. Several neurological disordersare characterized by degeneration of neurons ortheir processes, resulting in loss of function anddisability. Such neurological disorders can bebroadly classified as primary neurodegenerativedisorders, e.g., Parkinson’s disease (PD), andsecondary neurodegenerative disorders, e.g.,neurodegeneration following central nervoussystem ischemia. Our laboratory is interested inthe pathophysiology of both primary andsecondary neurodegeneration and in experimentaltherapies that promote recovery of function orprovide neuroprotection.Cell Transplantation and Gene TherapyUsing specific targeted transplants of cellssecreting different neurotransmitters, directinfusion of neurotransmitters or neuroprotectivesubstances, we examine the behavioral, electrophysiological,neurochemical and moleculareffects in animal models of neuronal injury. Wehave shown that transplantation of retinalpigment epithelial (RPE) cells into the striatumin animal models of PD resulted in significantbehavioral recovery of function compared withanimals that received placebo transplants. Basedon these robust results, several PD patients havebeen transplanted with RPE cells into thestriatum in preliminary clinical trials, resulting insustained clinical benefits. In ongoing cell-culturestudies, we are evaluating the biochemical andmolecular properties of RPE cells to bettercharacterize these cells and perhaps improve theirtherapeutic efficacy. Our preliminary studiesindicate that RPE cells may secrete smallamounts of a dopamine-like substance and avariety of trophic substances that may prevent ordelay neurodegeneration. In parallel experiments,we are investigating the use of recombinantadenoassociated and lentiviral vectors totransduce glial derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF) expression in the brain and to examinethe neuroprotective effects of GDNF in PD.Intranigral TransplantationIt is probable that dopamine replacementin the striatum alone is not sufficient toameliorate all parkinsonian signs and symptoms.Replacement of dopamine or other neurotransmittersat sites outside the striatum in addition torestoration of dopamine inputs into the striatummay be a viable alternative to improve clinicaloutcome. One of the promising extrastriataltargets for dopamine replacement is thesubstantia nigra reticulata (SNr). Our electrophysiologicalstudies indicate that the primateSNr is involved in parkinsonian pathophysiology.The Department of NeurosciencesWe recently examined the effects of intranigralallogenic dopaminergic tissue transplantation inparkinsonian monkeys. The results from this pilotstudy suggest that the SN in primates may be auseful target for continuous dopamine replacement.We are also evaluating the role of SNr andthe subthalamic nucleus (STN) in the pathophysiologyof PD and the therapeutic efficacy of dualtransplants into the striatum and the SN toameliorate parkinsonism. These studies involvebehavioral training of animals, MRI- andmicroelectrode-guided mapping of the brain,single-cell neuronal recordings, cell transplantation,microdialysis and histological assessment ofthe brain after transplantation.Translational <strong>Research</strong>We are translating several preclinicalresearch studies through active clinical trials inpatients with primary and secondaryneurodegeneration. For example, in patients withmultisystem atrophy (MSA), we are assessing theeffects of oral administration of terazosin, anagent which has been shown to improvesymptoms in a mouse model of MSA by our coinvestigatorDr. Dianne Perez. In PD patients, weare testing the effects of rasagiline, a newlycharacterized monoaminooxidase inhibitor, toameliorate disability. In patients with dystonia,we are investigating the effects of botulinumtoxin injections to ameliorate symptoms and toassess the risk of developing neutralizingantibodies. In patients with post-stroke spasticity,we are assessing the effects of intrathecalbaclofen to improve function. This research studyuses a novel pump technology that we previouslytested in laboratory-based animal studies.THE SUBRAMANIANLABORATORYRESEARCH ASSOCIATEKala Venkiteswaran, Ph.D.POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWJai Perumal, M.D.RESEARCH SPECIALISTSErin Gilbert, B.S.Patrick Redman, B.S.RESEARCH STUDY COORDINATORRuthie KolbCOLLABORATORSMandar Jog, M.D. 1Bala S. Manyam 2Dianne Perez, Ph.D. 3Thomas Wichmann, M.D. 41Univ. of Western Ontario,London, Ont., Canada2Texas A&M Univ., Temple, TX3Dept. of Molec. Cardiol., CCF4Emory Univ., Atlanta, GAThyagarajan Subramanian,M.D.Wichmann, T., Bergman, H., Starr, P.A., Subramanian, T., et al. (1999) Comparison of MPTPinducedchanges in spontaneous neuronal discharge in the internal pallidal segment and in thesubstantia nigra pars reticulata in primates. Exp. Brain Res. 125:397-409.Starr, P., Subramanian, T., Bakay, R.A., and T. Wichmann (2000) Electrophysiological localizationof the substantia nigra in the parkinsonian primate. J. Neurosurg. 93:704-710.Subramanian, T. (2001) Cell transplantation for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: an update.Semin. Neurol. 21:103-115.Fowler, K.A., Huerkemp, M.J., Pulliam, J.K., and T. Subramanian (2001) Anesthetic protocol:Propofol use in Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) during magnetic resonance imaging withstereotactic head frame application. Brain Res. Brain Res. Protocols 7:87-93.Subramanian, T., Marchionini, D., Potter, E.M., et al. (2002) Striatal xenotransplantation of humanretinal pigment epithelial cells attached to microcarriers in hemiparkinsonian rats amelioratesbehavioral deficits without provoking a host immune response.Cell Transplant.11:207-214.149