Rendre compatible les techniques traditionnelles et les modernes ...

Rendre compatible les techniques traditionnelles et les modernesCompatibilizar técnicas tradicionales y modernasCombining traditional and modern techniquesPresent and Future of Solar Controlwith Photovoltaic Components inMediterranean Architecture in TurkeyMujde AltinI work as an Assistant Proffesor at Dokuz Eylul University Faculty ofArchitecture Department of Architecture Structure and ConstructionBranch. I had my B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees also in the samedepartment. My working area is solar architecture, use of shadingdevices in architecture, integration of photovoltaics into architecture.Address:Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Architecture Department ofArchitecture Tinaztepe Kampusu Dogus Cad. No: 209 Kurucesme 35160Buca Izmir TURKEYE-mail address:mujde.altin@deu.edu.trTelephone:00 90 232 412 84 481. Introduction:Buildings are constructed to be a shelter for people. They have toprovide comfort conditions for the people as well as being a shelter.This is due to the fact that human beings are not well protected againstenvironmental and climatic factors. Some animals have fur and this furprotects them from cold weather. But human beings are not as lucky asthose animals. They have to provide these conditions on the buildingsthat they design, construct and live in. Therefore these buildings shouldbe a shelter that protects them from cold weather in the winter andfrom hot weather in the summer.Sun is the source of life and we cannot live without it. But especiallyin some places, it becomes unbearable in the summer time becauseof the hot weather. Therefore, people developed some strategies toovercome this effect of sun on their buildings. These rules have becometraditional in time and they are still being used.One of these strategies is the “Solar Control”. Solar control has beenused for thousands of years by human beings for creating comfortconditions in building interiors. Especially Mediterranean architectureuses solar control a lot because Mediterranean countries have moresunlight than they need and this more energy is not wanted in theinterior places. Therefore we need to create spaces that will keep uswarm in the winter and calm in the summer. By the use of the solarcontrol devices, this is possible because the aim of the solar control is tobalance the solar energy which enters a building through its windows.Nowadays, it is possible to change this unwanted solar energy intodesired electrical energy by the use of “Photovoltaic Components”as solar control devices, because PV components are devices thatproduce electrical energy from solar radiation directly. It is also possibleto integrate them into existing buildings as shading devices with onlya little effort economically because the shading elements’ mountingsystems already exist on some of the buildings and only the claddingpanel should be replaced by new photovoltaic panels. For the ones thatdo not have any shading system, only the mounting system should beadded and then the photovoltaic panels can be placed on them. This isnot an uneconomical process due to the fact that new shading systemwill make the interior more comfortable than its present situation andalso will reduce its energy need considerably. Therefore, the aim ofthis study is to examine the use of solar control systems and to makea proposal for using photovoltaic components for solar control in theTurkish Mediterranean architecture. This will be done by examining solarcontrol in traditional Turkish architecture in Alacati-Izmir as case studyand use of photovoltaic (PV) panels for solar control, and by proposinga new method for Turkish Mediterranean architecture for the future.2. Solar Control in the Traditional Turkish Architecture in IzmirSolar energy is desired in the houses in the winter, but it is not wantedin the summer. Therefore windows have to be designed very carefully inorder to avoid overheating in the summer while getting the maximumsolar energy in the winter. Especially solar shading elements are beingused for that purpose. These shall be curtains, sun louvers, Venetianblinds, etc... These all have the same purpose: to protect the window,therefore the interior of the building from excess sunlight. But the onesthat are used inside are not as efficient as the ones that are used outsidedue to the fact that they stop the solar rays after entering the building.Therefore these rays still make interior hot because of the greenhouseeffect of the window-glasses: the solar rays which lose their energyafter entering the interior and hitting the solar control device insidecannot get out through the glass again and they begin to heat theinterior. Therefore shading elements that are used outside the buildingare more efficient.Shading elements should be designed very carefully. If the windowsare protected with them so strictly, interior cannot be heated with solarenergy in the winter. But if they do not protect the windows much,then they are not used efficiently. Therefore, there should be a verycareful designed balance when they are being used. For this purpose,masks and sun-path-diagrams are being used.The climate has a very important role in designing houses. Izmir hasMediterranean architecture. The summers in Izmir are hot and dry, andwinters are warm and rainy. Due to the fact that the weather is very hotin the summer, all the streets and roads are placed perpendicular to thesea. Therefore all the houses can have the summer breeze, especiallythe desired local wind of Izmir “imbat” is taken easily to the inner parts ofthe houses easily. The entrance (bottom) floor of the houses is generallyconstructed with stone and these walls are thick and massive with lowceilings. These floors are generally called as “winter floor”. Upper floor ofthe houses is constructed with light materials like wood and the wallsare thin with high ceilings. These floors are generally called as “summerfloor” 1 . Besides these, solar control has an important role in traditionalarchitecture in Izmir.As seen in these pictures 1 and 2, buildings are not declined outwards;in spite they are declined inside. That cannot be seen from thesepictures but there is a courtyard at the backside, inside the house. Thiscourtyard helps to protect people from excess solar energy by providingshades for them and let them spend most of their time outside the550