An Update Based on 2007 Aerial Photographs - Waikato Regional ...

Waikato Regional Council Technical Report 2011/29Geothermal Vegetation of theWaikato Region - <strong>An</strong> <strong>Update</strong><strong>Based</strong> on 2007 AerialPhotographswww.waikatoregion.govt.nzISSN 2230-4355 (Print)ISSN 2230-4363 (Online)

Prepared by:Wildland Consultants LtdFor:Waikato Regional CouncilPrivate Bag 3038Waikato Mail CentreHAMILTON 3240July 2011Document #: 2063137

Approved for release by:Ed BrownDate October 2011DisclaimerThis technical report has been prepared for the use of Waikato Regional Council as a referencedocument and as such does not constitute Council’s policy.Council requests that if excerpts or inferences are drawn from this document for further use byindividuals or organisations, due care should be taken to ensure that the appropriate contexthas been preserved, and is accurately reflected and referenced in any subsequent spoken orwritten communication.While Waikato Regional Council has exercised all reasonable skill and care in controlling thecontents of this report, Council accepts no liability in contract, tort or otherwise, for any loss,damage, injury or expense (whether direct, indirect or consequential) arising out of the provisionof this information or its use by you or any other party.Doc # 2063137

Doc #: 2063137

GEOTHERMAL VEGETATION OF THEWAIKATO REGION - AN UPDATEBASED ON 2007 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS

Geothermal Vegetation of the Waikato Region - <strong>An</strong> <strong>Update</strong><strong>Based</strong> on 2007 Aerial PhotographsContract Report No. 2348Project Team:Wildland Consultants LtdChris Bycroft - Report preparation, field work.Sarah Beadel - Peer review, report preparation.Lisette Collins - Report preparation, field work.Mieke Kapa - Report preparation, field work.Jo McQueen-Watton - Report preparation.Fiona Wilcox - Report preparation.Roger Bawden and Marle Rossouw - GIS.Geophysical AssessmentsManfred Hochstein (2007 assessments; University of Auckland)Juliet Newson (2010 assessments; Independent Consultant, Mt Albert, Auckland)Julian McDowall (2010 assessments; Independent Consultant, Herne Bay, Auckland)Prepared for:Waikato Regional CouncilPrivate Bag 3038Waikato Mail CentreHamilton 3240July 201199 SALA STREET, Whakarewarewa, 3010, P.O. BOX 7137, TE NGAE, ROTORUA 3042Ph 07-343-9017; Fax 07-343-9018, email ecology@wildlands.co.nz, www.wildlands.co.nz

SUMMARYThis study was undertaken for Waikato Regional Council and provides an updated inventoryof the current distribution and extent of geothermal vegetation, and assessment of the relativesignificance of each site based on 2007 aerial photographs and field survey of selected sitesduring 2010 and 2011. Approximately 70% of the extent of New Zealand‟s geothermalvegetation occurs within the Waikato Region. Associated with geothermal sites arecharacteristic plant species and vegetation types. These include plants capable of survivinghigh soil temperatures, disjunct populations found a considerable distance from other plantsof the same species which are usually confined to warmer climates, and local endemicspecies and distinct genetic forms arising where ground temperatures are sufficiently stable.Many geothermal sites are dynamic and unstable and changes in surface geothermal activityare reflected in changes in the extent and composition of geothermal vegetation. Thegeothermal vegetation of the Waikato Region includes populations of several plant specieswhich in New Zealand have a national threat ranking.For this survey, c.734 ha of geothermal vegetation (including nonvegetated raw-soilfield)over 64 sites in fifteen geothermal fields was described, mapped, and ranked from fieldsurveys and existing information. <strong>An</strong> additional c.106 ha was mapped as geothermal waterwhere it was an integral part of a geothermal site. The grouping of individual areas ofgeothermal habitats as sites can be somewhat arbitrary, however groupings are generallybased on areas of geothermal surface manifestations that are located nearby each other, andare easy to discuss together as a single unit. There are likely to be some small areas ofunmapped geothermal vegetation on hill slopes above Tokaanu that have not been mapped inthis report. Geothermal vegetation and habitats were mapped into three broad categories,nonvegetated raw-soilfield (c.92 ha in the Waikato Region), emergent wetland (c.81 ha in theWaikato Region) and terrestrial vegetation (c.561 ha in the Waikato Region). Terrestrialvegetation is all vegetation that was not mapped as geothermal wetland, and nonvegetatedraw-soilfield and includes (but is not limited to) forest, scrub, shrubland, fernland andmossfield. For 19 sites, a geophysical assessment was carried out.The vegetation of each site has been described and classified using predefined vegetationstructural classes and a protocol for assigning type names based on the dominant plantspecies. Site condition, current threats, modifications and vulnerability were assessed, andmanagement requirements outlined. Each site was assessed for significance and thenassigned a relative significance level of International, National, Regional, or Local.Significance and relative significance were assessed using the criteria in the WaikatoRegional Policy Statement (applying the guidelines delineated in 2002 updated in accordancewith the revised threat classification lists). Vegetation type boundaries have been digitisedand the extent calculated of each geothermal vegetation type. Topographical location mapsof each site are provided and vegetation maps of each site are presented in this report.Each of the 64 sites meets one or more of the criteria for ecological significance in theWaikato Regional Policy Statement and each site was ranked as being of International,National, Regional oror Local Significance. Four sites were ranked as being of InternationalSignificance and part of one of other site (with other parts of this site being ranked asRegional and Local Significance), encompassing c.205 ha or 24% percent of the geothermalvegetation in the Waikato Region. Eight sites were of National Significance, with two sites© 2011Contract Report No. 2348

eing partly of National Significance and partly of Local Significance encompassing c.382 haor 46% of geothermal habitat in the Waikato Region. Twenty-three sites were identified asbeing of Regional significance, with an additional two sites being partly of Regional andLocal significance. In total, c.242 ha or 29% of geothermal habitat in the Waikato Regionwas identified as being Regionally Significant. The remainder of sites (25) were identified asbeing of Local Significance (c.11 ha or c.1% of geothermal habitat).Wildland Consultants (2004) used Ecological Districts as the framework of the study. Whileecological districts are used to show the distribution of geothermal sites in the landscape,greater emphasis is placed on recognised Geothermal Fields in this report. Geothermal Fieldsare more likely to show differences in character between geothermal sites than ecologicaldistricts as sites within the same geothermal field are thought to be sourced from the samegeothermal reservoir, which is the source of water in geothermal surface manifestations. Thecharacter of 17 Geothermal Fields are described in this report, with geothermal vegetationmapped and described for sites. The following areas of geothermal vegetation were mappedin each geothermal field by size: Waiotapu (c.221 ha), Wairakei-Tauhara (c.151 ha),Rotokawa (c.104 ha), Tokaanu-Waihi-Hipaua (c.60 ha), Te Kopia (c.60 ha), Orakeikorako(c.58 ha), Tongariro (c.25 ha), Waikite (c.25 ha), Ohaaki (c.19 ha), Reporoa (c.7 ha), Mokai(c.3 ha), Ngatamariki (c.2 ha), Atiamuri (c.0.1 ha); two fields have less than 0.1 ha ofgeothermal vegetation (Horohoro and Whangairorohea), and two fields have no knowngeothermal vegetation (Mangakino and Horomatangi).The majority of geothermal vegetation in the Waikato Region occurs in Atiamuri EcologicalDistrict (c.86%), while Taupo and Tongariro Ecological Districts contain c.9% and c.5% ofthe vegetation of the region respectively. Geothermal vegetation in the Waikato Region isdistributed relatively evenly between two local authorities; Rotorua District (51%) and TaupoDistrict (c.49%).Historical site changes were assessed using a combination of historical photos and existingliterature. The extent of geothermal vegetation was found to have decreased in 23 sitesbetween the 1940s or 1960s and the present day. In six sites, the extent of geothermalvegetation has increased compared to what was historically present. There has been nodiscernible change to the extent in vegetation cover at eight sites. No information was able tobe found for the remainder of the sites.In the Atiamuri Ecological District there has been a significant decline, estimated to beapproximately 30%, in the extent of geothermal vegetation since European settlement.However there has been an estimated gain of approximately 4% in the Taupo EcologicalDistrict. The overall decline in geothermal vegetation is the result of a number of factors.These include energy and hot water draw-off from the geothermal fields, damming of theWaikato River to form Lake Ohakuri, clearance and burning of vegetation, weed invasion,livestock grazing, modification of groundwater tables, dumping of rubbish, and otheractivities associated with forestry, farming, tourism, and recreation. The ecologicalsustainability of geothermal vegetation in the Waikato Region is under ongoing threat fromplant and animal pests and from the activities of humans, especially on private land.Monitoring, protection, and restoration, wherever possible, are essential to halt the decline ofthese fragile and unique ecosystems.© 2011Contract Report No. 2348

CONTENTSSUMMARY 11. INTRODUCTION 12. PREVIOUS WORK 43. METHODOLOGY 53.1 Existing information 53.2 Ecological districts 53.3 Field survey 53.4 Geophysical properties 63.5 Vegetation and habitat types 73.6 Threats/modification/vulnerability 153.7 Site mapping 153.8 Historical site changes 153.9 Assessment of botanical significance by Given (1996) 153.10 Ecological evaluation 163.11 Data analysis data 163.12 Presentation of results 164. DEFINITION OF GEOTHERMALLY INFLUENCED VEGETATION 244.1 Basis of summarising extent of geothermal habitat, geothermalvegetation, and open water 244.2 Geothermal wetland vegetation 244.3 Nonvegetated raw-soilfield (Source: Merrett & Clarkson 1999) 254.3.1 Basis of mapping of nonvegetated raw-soilfield for thisstudy 265. GEOTHERMAL SITES IN THE WAIKATO REGION 266. GEOTHERMAL VEGETATION OF THE WAIKATO REGION - ANOVERVIEW 316.1 Assessment by geothermal field 316.2 Assessment by Local Authority District 426.3 Assessment by Ecological District 427. CHANGES IN EXTENT OF GEOTHERMAL SITES BETWEEN1940s/1950s AND 2007 438. CHANGES IN EXTENT OF GEOTHERMAL SITES (2002 AND 2007AERIAL PHOTOS) 459. NATURAL DYNAMICS 5310. HUMAN DISTURBANCE AND ASSOCIATED THREATS 53© 2011Contract Report No. 2348

11. FUTURE MANAGEMENT 5611.1 Regulatory controls 5611.2 Buffers and connections 5711.3 Land status and protection 5711.4 Ecological restoration 57ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 57REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 58APPENDICES1. Site descriptions 721.1 Horohoro Geothermal Field 741.2 Waikite Geothermal Field 781.3 Waiotapu Geothermal Field 1031.4 Mokai Geothermal Field 1571.5 Atiamuri Geothermal Field 1791.6 Te Kopia Geothermal Field 1911.7 Orakeikorako Geothermal Field 2321.8 Ngatamariki Geothermal Field 2651.9 Whangairorohea Geothermal Field 2751.10 Reporoa Geothermal Field 2791.11 Ohaaki Geothermal Field 3131.12 Wairakei-Tauhara Geothermal Field 3251.13 Rotokawa Geothermal Field 4021.14 Tokaanu-Waihi-Hipaua Geothermal Field 4141.15 Tongariro Geothermal Field 4522. Sites for which field inspections were made as part of this study 4683. Sites for which field inspections were not undertaken as part of this study 4704. Notes on the vascular flora of geothermal areas 4755. Bioclimatic zones (Source: Leathwick et al. 1995) 4826. Habitats for geothermal vegetation (Source: Merrett & Clarkson 1999) 4837. Vegetation classes (definitions for those classes used in this report)8. Abbreviations and symbols 4879. Common plant names used in text 48810. <strong>Update</strong>d Waikato Regional Council criteria for the evaluation ofindigenous vegetation and habitats of indigenous fauna 49111. <strong>Update</strong>d Waikato Regional Council criteria for the assessment ofrelative ecological significance of Indigenous vegetation and habitatsof indigenous fauna 50112. Threat classifications system 509INDEX 515© 2011Contract Report No. 2348

LIST OF TABLES1. Sites and dates for which geophysical assessments were carried out. Theassessments are included in the site reports contained in Appendix 1. 62. List of geothermal vegetation types and habitats. (Note this table includesvegetation types identified in Wildland Consultants (2004) and a study ofgeothermal vegetation in the Bay of Plenty Region (Wildland Consultants2005), not all of which occur in the Waikato Region. 73. Cover class index (from Allen 1992). 154. Format and categories for presentation of information on geothermalsites. 175. Breakdown of broad geothermal hydroclass and vegetation groupswithin each site ordered by geothermal field and ranked by area ofgeothermal vegetation, Waikato Region. 216. Ecological significance ranking of geothermal sites ordered by geothermalfield, Waikato Region. 277. Geothermal sites for which the level of significance has been revised between2007 and 2011. 308. Area of geothermal vegetation (includes terrestrial vegetation, nonvegetatedraw-soilfield and wetland, but not geothermal water) in the Waikato Region inthe Rotorua and Taupo Districts. 429. Area of geothermal vegetation (includes terrestrial vegetation, nonvegetatedraw-soilfield and wetland, but not geothermal water) and geothermal water inthe Waikato Region of the Atiamuri, Rotorua Lakes, Taupō, and TongariroEcological Districts. 4310. Summary of changes in extent and composition of geothermal vegetation andhabitats between historical photos and 2007 aerial photographs. 4411. Changes in extent of each site between 2002 and 2007 aerial photos (asmapped in Wildland Consultants 2004, 2006, 2007a & b and current report). 46© 2011Contract Report No. 2348

Reviewed and approved for release by:_______________________Sarah BeadelDirectorWildland Consultants LtdThis report should be cited as:Wildland Consultants 2011: Geothermal vegetation of the Waikato Region - <strong>An</strong> updatebased on 2007 aerial photographs. Wildland Consultants Ltd Contract Report No. 2348.Prepared for Waikato Regional Council. 515 pp.Wildland Consultants Ltd 2011This report has been produced by Wildland Consultants Ltd for Waikato Regional Council.Wildland Consultants accepts no responsibility for any use of, or reliance on any contents ofthis Report by any person other than Waikato Regional Council. This information may becopied or redistributed to others without limitation, provided Wildland Consultants Ltd isacknowledged as the source of information.© 2011 Contract Report No. 2348

1. INTRODUCTIONThis study was undertaken for Waikato Regional Council and provides an inventoryof the current distribution and extent of geothermal vegetation in the Region, andassessment of the relative significance of each site. This information will enablemanagement of the varied characteristics of the geothermal resource, as required bythe Waikato Regional Policy Statement. This report collates information from anumber of previous reports undertaken by Wildland Consultants for WaikatoRegional Council between 2004 and 2007, as well as updated information based onsite inspections of selected sites, improved knowledge about sites from other studies,and inspection of better quality aerial photographs (2007 WRAPS 1 ) than were presentduring the 2004 study (which was based on 2002 aerial photographs).The Waikato Region is located in the upper part of central North Island. It extendsfrom Coromandel-Colville in the north to Mt Ruapehu in the south; as far west asMokau, and east to include part of Kaingaroa Forest (refer to Figure 1). The WaikatoRegion comprises part or all of 34 ecological districts, three of which, AtiamuriEcological District, Taupo Ecological District and Tongariro Ecological District,contain all areas of geothermal vegetation larger than 1 hectare. While small isolatedsurface geothermal expressions occur elsewhere in the Waikato, in general they arevery small (usually small surface springs) and are not known to contain anygeothermal vegetation of ecological significance. Many of these have been convertedinto hot pools, while others are hot springs amongst sand on the ocean edge that donot support any vegetation.Wildland Consultants (2004) used ecological districts as the framework for the study.While ecological districts are used to show the distribution of geothermal sites in thelandscape, greater emphasis is placed on recognised geothermal fields in the updatedproject. Geothermal fields are more likely to show differences in character betweengeothermal sites than ecological districts as sites within the same geothermal field arethought to be sourced from the same geothermal reservoir, which is the source ofwater in geothermal surface manifestations. Assessments based on ecologicaldistricts become an issue where the same geothermal field extends across twoecological districts, as occurs at Tokaanu-Waihi-Hipaua geothermal field (Tongariroand Taupo Ecological Districts) and Wairakei-Tauhara Geothermal Field (Atiamuriand Taupo Ecological Districts).Almost 80% of New Zealand’s geothermal systems occur within the Waikato Region(Environment Waikato 1998). Associated issues and values range from exploitativeresource use, such as thermal energy extraction and the utilisation of mineralisedfluids, to historical, amenity, cultural, spiritual, conservation and scientific values(Environment Waikato 1998; Merrett & Clarkson 1999) and the environmentalmanagement objectives of Waikato Regional Council are derived from these. Theobjectives are to maintain the variety of characteristics and to achieve protection andefficient take of the regional geothermal resource (Environment Waikato 1998). Pestplants and pest animals are degrading ecological values at many sites and if these arenot controlled then the ecological values of these sites are likely to decline. Tourismoperations at geothermal sites are also of significant economic importance to the1WRAPS = Waikato Region Aerial Photograph Syndicate.© 2011 1 Contract Report No. 2348

egion. Other economic uses, such as power generation, may have negative impactson ecological and geophysical characteristics of geothermal sites, and aspects oftourism operations at sites also require monitoring to ensure sites are not degraded.Geothermal areas are often characterised by unusual assemblages of plants, such asdisjuncts which are normally found in climates warmer than that of the surroundingregion, plants capable of surviving high soil temperatures or hydrothermically alteredsoils (Given 1980) and local genetic forms arising where ground temperatures aresufficiently stable.This report updates the 2004 report (Wildland Consultants 2004), and incorporatesextra information about geothermal sites collected in 2006 and 2007 (WildlandConsultants 2006, 2007a&b). Selected sites were revisited in 2010 and 2011 for thisreport. Vegetation maps and descriptions have been updated using new vegetationdescriptions and codes, including the addition of broad vegetation classes. New codesfor sites have been used to replace the codes based on the New ZealandTopographical map series NZMS260, which is no longer in use. New site codesrelate to the geothermal field each site in located in. Threatened species rankingshave been updated using de Lange et al. (2009) for plants and Miskelly et al. (2008)for birds. Additional information has been included from the 2004 report, includinginformation on site changes (generally either since the last field survey, or within thelast ten years, if known); historical site changes; and incorporation of more faunainformation where available. Historical site change assessments were determinedthrough examination of aerial photographs held by Waikato Regional Council frombetween 1941-1961 and compared with recent (2007) aerial photographs to determinethe extent of change of geothermal sites over this timeframe. A summary of changesthat could be clearly identified are presented for each site.The ecological significance of each site was reassessed as either being ofinternational, national, regional, or local significance as determined by the updatedcriteria defined in the Waikato Regional Policy Statement (2002). This has beenrevised to reflect more recent changes to the New Zealand Threat Classification Lists(refer to Appendices 10 and 11). Ecosystem Ranking assessments were completed forall sites with a relative significance of Regional, National, or InternationalSignificance (see Wildland Consultants 2011a).The objectives of this project were to identify, map and classify known areas ofgeothermally-influenced terrestrial and emergent wetland vegetation in the WaikatoRegion. Relevant existing information was collated, and field investigations havebeen carried out for all sites (see Appendix One) between 2003 and 2011. Theexceptions are Hipaua and Ketetahi Springs, Maunganamu North, and parts ofTokaanu Lakeshore Wetland for which permission to undertake field survey waswithheld. Of the 64 sites reported on in detail in this report, 31 sites were re-surveyedin 2010/2011, including 13 sites which previously had not been surveyed in detail.Each site has been remapped using 2007 aerial photography and all boundaries havebeen checked at high resolution. <strong>An</strong>y parts of sites that were unsafe to access due tothe geothermal hazards were assessed based on aerial photographs and informationcollected elsewhere at the site. Threats, modifications, vulnerabilities, and the relativesignificance of each site have been assessed in a regional context.© 2011 2 Contract Report No. 2348

RanginuiEcological DistrictLocation MapTokoroaEcological DistrictHorohoroRotorua LakesEcological DistrictWAIKATOREGIONAtiamuriEcological DistrictWaikite ValleyMaungakakaramea(Rainbow Mountain)PureoraEcological District0 125 250kmTirohanga RoadUpper Atiamuri WestWhangapoa SpringsWhakamaruWaipapa StreamPaerata RoadNgapouriMatapan RoadMaungaongaongaWaiotapu NorthNorthern Paeroa RangeWaiotapu SouthTe Kopia NorthwestMurphy's SpringsTe Kopia Red StreamTe Kopia West Mud PoolsLongview RoadTe KopiaWharepapa RoadMangamingi StationWaihunuhunuAkatarewa EastAkatarewa StreamOrakeikorakoGolden SpringsRed HillsWhangairoroheaWaikato River SpringsNgatamarikiOhaaki Steamfield WestOhaaki Steamfield EastTe Rautehuia StreamTe RautehuiaUpper Wairakei Stream (Geyser Valley)Lower Wairakei StreamWairakei BorefieldRotokawa NorthTe Kiri O Hine Kai Stream Catchment/Wairoa HillLake RotokawaWaipouwerawera Stream/TukairangiHall of Fame StreamKarapiti Forest Craters of the MoonOtumuheke StreamSpa Thermal ParkBroadlands RoadCrown RoadWaipahihi ValleyCrown ParkKaingaroaEcological DistrictTaupoEcological DistrictHipauaTokaanu Thermal ParkTokaanu Urupa Mud PoolsTokaanu Tailrace CanalTokaanu Lake Shore WetlandMaunganamu North WetlandMaunganamu EastMaunganamu WestLegendKetetahiTongariroEcological DistrictTe Maari CratersEmerald LakesRed CraterKaimanawaEcological DistrictGeothermal Sites and Significance LevelInternationalInternational/Regional/LocalNationalNational/LocalRegionalRegional/LocalLocalWaikato Regional Council BoundaryEcological DistrictsData AcknowledgmentNZTopo250, Crown Copyright ReservedReport: 2348Client: WRCRef: 01 1212Path: E:\gis\EW_Geothermal_Sites_2003\2011\Report maps\File: Figure1. Location of geothermal sites.mxdFigure 1. Location and Ecological Significance ofGeothermal Sites in the Waikato Region0 7.515kmwww.wildlands.co.nz, 0508 WILDNZScale:Date:Cartographer:Format:© 20111:300,00026/07/11MRA3

This report includes an index of the geothermal sites, and the appendices includeinformation on sites for which field work was undertaken, unranked sites, vegetationcodes, a glossary of technical terms including threatened and uncommon plantcategories, and notes on the vascular flora of geothermal areas.A list of sites of geothermal surface expressions not known to comprise anysignificant geothermal vegetation, found elsewhere in the Waikato Region arepresented in Appendix 3. These sites are all generally small and many have beenaltered for recreational use, such as swimming, or have been altered for farming orcommercial uses. Several are also on the sea margin in sand and contain novegetation.Project AssignmentWaikato Regional Council commissioned Wildland Consultants to update the 2004Wildand Consultants (Report No. 896) on geothermal vegetation of the WaikatoRegion to the 2007 aerial photographs (WRAPs). This report incorporatesinformation from a series of other reports undertaken for Waikato Regional Councilbetween 2004 and 2007 (Wildland Consultants 2006, 2007a and 2007b). Informationcollected is compatible with the Waikato Regional Council biodiversity prioritisationproject.2. PREVIOUS WORKThe botany of many of the geothermal areas of the central North Island has beensurveyed, documented and assessed in numerous reports (see Bibliography).Rankings of the relative scientific or conservation significance of some sitescontaining geothermal vegetation and flora have been assigned in Given 1978 &1980a, Clarkson 1987a, and various other reports. Given (1989a & 1996) assessedthe relative botanical significance of geothermal sites in the Central Volcanic PlateauEcological Region within the Waikato Region.Merrett and Clarkson (1999) compiled an annotated bibliography of reports relevantto geothermal vegetation occurring within the boundaries of the Waikato Region.Beadel and Bill (2000) and Wildland Consultants (2004) provide important resourceson which future reports have been based.This report is an updated and expanded report of Wildland Consultants (2004),including additional sites updated and described in Wildland Consultants 2006, 2007aand 2007b. Selected sites have been resurveyed and 13 sites not previously includedin this study have been included. Some site names have been changed on occasion tobetter reflect Waikato Regional Council preferred place names (where a site name hasbeen changed, the site report has been annotated appropriately). Site numbers havealso been changed, as outlined above, and are now based on geothermal field. 2004site numbers are included in footnotes to allow cross referencing. The relativeecological significance of all sites has been re-evaluated.© 2011 4 Contract Report No. 2348

3. METHODOLOGY3.1 Existing informationExisting information on the distribution and botany of geothermal areas in theWaikato Region was compiled from published and unpublished sources (seeBibliography). Geothermal sites containing, or likely to contain, geothermalvegetation were identified from Cave et al. (1993), Mongillo and Clelland (1984),Leathwick et al. 1995, Given 1989a & 1995, Spring-Rice unpublished, Department ofConservation 1997, and personal knowledge. Department of Conservation staffprovided some additional information on geothermal sites for this 2011 study.For each geothermal site, existing information was compiled for the followingcategories; grid references, site names, local authority, ecological district, geothermalfield (from Merrett and Clarkson 1999), bioclimatic zone (from Leathwick et al.1995), tenure, altitude, notable indigenous flora, fauna, threats/modification/vulnerability, management requirements, significance/justification, and previousbotanical rank (from Given 1996), and Wildland Consultants 2004, 2006, and2007a&b.3.2 Ecological districtsThree ecological districts in the Waikato Region contain sites with geothermalvegetation. These are Atiamuri Ecological District, Taupo Ecological District (bothof which occur within the Central Volcanic Plateau Ecological Region) and TongariroEcological District (within the Tongariro Ecological Region). 1 A tiny portion ofMaungakakaramea occurs in the Rotorua Lakes Ecological District (

type of vegetation present; indigenous flora (including the presence of any threatenedplants); fauna present (which included a literature review for each site); currentcondition; invasive exotic plants; human impacts; grazing; adjoining land use andmanagement requirements.The year of field survey for each site is provided in Appendix 2. Known geothermalsites that were not field surveyed are listed in Appendix 3.3.4 Geophysical propertiesGeophysical assessments have been undertaken for all or parts of 19 sites (listed inTable 1). Specific methods for these assessments varied slightly between thegeophysical consultants, but generally the following methods were used. Locationsfor each feature were recorded using a GPS. Direct temperature measurements weremade with a thermocouple on a 4 4 m long wire, or a 100 100 mm long rigid probe,connected to a Fluke multimeter. If the surface to be measured was not accessible, aFluke IR thermometer was used, however this is subject to limitations, particularly ifsteam is present. The pH was measured with a Hanna Instruments pH meter with amaximum operating temperature of 50 C; if the spring temperature was > 50 C thewater was cooled to less than 50 C before the pH measurement was taken or a pHpaper strip was used. Further details are provided on each site sheet.Table 1:Sites and dates for which geophysical assessments were carried out. Theassessments are included in the site reports contained in Appendix 1.Site Number Site Name Date of AssessmentWAV02 Northern Paeora Range 29 & 30 June 2010WTV03 Waiotapu North 26 & 29 July 2010WTV05 Waiotapu South 27, 29 & 31 July 2010(about 1/3 of site)WTV04 Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) 26 July 2010(about 1/2 of site)MKV03 Tirohanga Road 5 February 2007ATV01 Upper Atiamuri West 5 February 2007ATV02 Whangapoa Springs 5 February 2007TKV04 Te Kopia West Mud Pools 29 June 2010TKV05 Te Kopia Red Stream 29 June 2010TKV03 Te Kopia Northwest 29 June 2010TKV02 Murphy‟s Springs 29 June 2010TKV06 Mangamingi Station 28 June 2010OKV03 Orakeikorako 1 August 2010(about 1/2 of site)RPV02 Wharepapa Road 30 July 2010TOV10 Maunganamu East 7 February 2007TOV07 Maunganamu West 13 February 2007TOV14 Tokaanu Tailrace Canal 7 February 2007TOV08 Tokaanu Thermal Park 7 February 2007(about 1/2 of site)TOV09 Tokaanu Urupa Mud Pools 7 February 20076Contract Report No. 2348

3.5 Vegetation and habitat typesThe previous editions of this report (e.g. Wildland Consultants 2004, 2007a&b) basedvegetation assessments on Merrett and Clarkson (1999), with some additional typesadded. This study bases its classification of geothermal vegetation and habitat typeson methods used in a similar study undertaken in the Bay of Plenty Region,specifically Wildland Consultants (2005a&b). This was based on methodologyoutlined in Wildland Consultants (2003) and Atkinson (1985). This report followsbroad types outlined in Wildland Consultants 2007b, as well as additional broad typesand structural types found during field survey for this report. These are listed belowin Table 2, by structural class and broad type.Table 2:List of geothermal vegetation types and habitats. (Note this table includesvegetation types identified in Wildland Consultants (2004) and a study ofgeothermal vegetation in the Bay of Plenty Region (Wildland Consultants2005), not all of which occur in the Waikato Region.VegetationStructuralClassBroadVegetationTypeDetailed Vegetation Types and Habitats01 01 Pohutukawa-dominant forest01 Pohutukawa × northern rata-kamahi forest02 Pohutukawa × northern rata/mingimingi-prostrate kanuka forest03 Pohutukawa forest04 Pohutukawa-kanuka forest05 Pohutukawa × northern rata/prostrate kanuka-mingimingi forest01 02 Wattle forest01 Black wattle forest01 03 Treefern-dominant forest01 04 Kanuka-dominant forest01 Kanuka/mingimingi forest02 (Eucalyptus)/kanuka-Tasmanian blackwood/mingimingi forest03 Kanuka forest04 Kanuka-kohuhu/koromiko-blackberry forest05 Kanuka-radiata pine/manuka-mingimingi forest06 (Rewarewa)/kanuka forest.07 Eucalyptus/kanuka forest08 Kanuka-pohutukawa forest09 Kanuka-grey willow-crack willow-arrow bamboo/broom-blackberry forest10 Kanuka-rewarewa forest11 Kanuka forest kanuka shrubland01 05 Exotic pines forest01 Radiata pine/kanuka/mingimingi forest02 Macrocarpa/prostrate kanuka forest03 Maritime pine -false acacia forest04 Radiata pine/mingimingi forest05 Radiata pine forest06 Maritime pine-radiata pine/manuka-mingimingi forest01 06 Willow-dominant forest01 Grey willow/Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani-raupo-swamp kiokio forest02 Grey willow/wheki forest03 Grey willow forest01 07 Kamahi-dominant forest01 Kamahi-pohutukawa/manuka forest02 Kamahi-kanuka-manuka forest01 08 Kahikatea-dominant forest01 Kahikatea forest01 09 Plantation-mixed indigenous forest01 Tasmanian blackwood-manuka-kanuka-whauwhaupaku-kamahitikouka/blackberry-rank exotic grasses forest7Contract Report No. 2348

VegetationStructuralClassBroadVegetationTypeDetailed Vegetation Types and Habitats02 01 Wattle treeland01 Silver wattle treeland02 Radiata pine-dominant treeland03 Pohutukawa-dominant treeland01 Pohutukawa/exotic grasses treeland04 Tree fern-dominant treeland05 Mixed exotic treeland01 Eucalyptus/mingimingi-manuka/mown lawn-nonvegetated raw-soilfieldtreeland02 (Alder)-(bamboo)/manuka-Histiopteris incisa treeland06 Silver birch-dominant treeland01 Silver birch/narrow-leaved carpet grass treeland07 Eucalyptus treeland01 Eucalyptus/nonvegetated raw-soilfield treeland08 Grey willow/mixed sedge treeland01 Grey willow/Baumea juncea-harakeke-Coprosma propinqua treelandmanuka-harakeke shrubland03 01 Japanese honeysuckle-dominant vineland01 Japanese honeysuckle-Paesia scaberula vineland02 Grape vine -dominant vineland01 Grape vineland03 Mixed exotic vineland01 Pohue-Japanese honeysuckle-blackberry vineland04 01 Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrub01 Prostrate kanuka scrub02 Prostrate kanuka-mingimingi scrub03 Prostrate kanuka-mingimingi-manuka scrub04 (Pohutukawa)/prostrate kanuka scrub05 Prostrate kanuka-manuka-mingimingi scrub06 (Dead pohutukawa x northern rata)/prostrate kanuka-mingimingi scrub07 Tasmanian blackwood/prostrate kanuka scrub08 Exotic pine/prostrate kanuka scrub09 Manuka/prostrate kanuka scrub10 Prostrate kanuka-manuka-Chinese privet scrub11 Maritime pine/prostrate kanuka-blackberry scrub02 Mingimingi-dominant scrub01 Mingimingi-manuka scrub02 Mingimingi-manuka-kanuka scrub03 Mingimingi-prostrate kanuka-manuka scrub Histiopteris incisafernland Hypolepis distans fernland gorse scrub.04 Mingimingi-kanuka scrub05 Mingimingi-kanuka-prostrate kanuka scrub06 Mingimingi-bracken-manuka scrub07 Dead pohutukawa × northern rata/manuka-mingimingi scrub08 (Dead pohutukawa × northern rata)-(wheki)/mingimingi-Histiopteris incisa-Gahnia setifolia-gorse scrub09 Black wattle/mingimingi-manuka scrub10 Mingimingi-Histiopteris incisa shrubland11 Mingimingi scrub manuka scrub12 Mingimingi scrub13 Exotic pine/mingimingi scrub14 (Radiata pine)/mingimingi-prostrate kanuka scrub15 Mingimingi-kanuka-manuka-karamu/bracken scrub16 Mingimingi-manuka-prostrate kanuka scrub12 Tasmanian blackwood/mingimingi scrub13 Mingimingi-manuka-blackberry-indigenous broadleaved species scrub14 Mingimingi-blackberry-manuka-prostrate kanuka scrub03 Manuka-dominant scrub01 Manuka scrub02 Manuka-mingimingi scrub03 Eucalyptus/manuka-mingimingi scrub04 Manuka-kanuka/mingimingi scrub8Contract Report No. 2348

VegetationStructuralClassBroadVegetationTypeDetailed Vegetation Types and Habitats05 (Grey willow)-(ti kouka)/manuka scrub06 Black wattle/manuka scrub07 Grey willow/manuka scrub08 Manuka mingimingi-broom scrub09 Manuka-Spanish heath scrub10 Manuka-kanuka-Spanish heath scrub11 Manuka-prostrate kanuka scrub12 Manuka-mingimingi scrub prostrate kanuka shrubland13 Exotic pine/manuka-mingimingi scrub14 Manuka-mingimingi scrub exotic pine/karamu-wheki-mamaku scrub15 (Scattered radiata pines)/manuka-mingimingi scrub16 Manuka-mingimingi scrub radiata pine-maritime pine/karamu-whekimamakuscrub17 Manuka-prostrate kanuka-Chinese privet scrub18 Manuka-mingimingi-blackberry-bracken scrub04 Kanuka-dominant scrub01 Kanuka scrub02 Kanuka/mingimingi scrub03 Kanuka-mahoe scrub04 Kanuka/prostrate kanuka scrub05 Eucalyptus/manuka mingimingi scrub06 Kanuka-kohuhu/koromiko-blackberry scrub07 (Silver birch)/kanuka-mingimingi scrub08 Kanuka/narrow-leaved carpet grass scrub09 Kanuka-pohutukawa-black wattle scrub05 Indigenous mixed shrubs-dominant communities01 Mingimingi-manuka-blackberry-indigenous broadleaved species scrub02 Whauwhaupaku scrub03 Whauwhaupaku-kanuka/mingimingi scrub06 Gorse-dominant scrub01 Gorse scrub07 Exotic and indigenous plantings scrub08 Blackberry-dominant scrub01 Blackberry scrub02 Blackberry-Himalayan honeysuckle-pohue scrub03 Silver birch-Chinese privet/blackberry scrub04 (Silver birch)/blackberry-manuka-prostrate kanuka scrub05 (Silver birch)/blackberry-prostrate kanuka scrub09 Exotic-dominant scrub01 Barberry/blackberry scrub02 Radiata pine-maritime pine/broom-manuka-mingimingi scrub10 Buddleia-dominant scrub01 Buddleia scrub11 Chinese privet-dominant scrub01 Chinese privet scrub12 Monoao-dominant scrub01 Monoao scrub05 01 Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrubland01 Prostrate kanuka shrubland02 Prostrate kanuka-mingimingi shrubland03 (Kanuka)/prostrate kanuka-mingimingi-Carex secta shrubland04 (Kanuka)/prostrate kanuka-rank grasses shrubland05 Prostrate kanuka-manuka-bracken shrubland06 Prostrate kanuka-mingimingi-monoao-toru shrubland07 Prostrate kanuka/narrow-leaved carpet grass shrubland08 Prostrate kanuka-manuka shrubland09 Prostrate kanuka-Hypolepis ambigua shrubland10 Prostrate kanuka/sweet vernal shrubland11 Prostrate kanuka/nonvegetated raw-soilfield12 Wilding pine/prostrate kanuka-mingimingi shrubland13 Prostrate kanuka-broom-blackberry shrubland14 Wilding pine/prostrate kanuka shrubland9Contract Report No. 2348

VegetationStructuralClassBroadVegetation Detailed Vegetation Types and HabitatsType15 Prostrate kanuka-mingimingi-manuka shrubland16 Prostrate kanuka/ exotic grass shrubland17 Wilding pine/prostrate kanuka-mingimingi shrubland18 Wilding pine/prostrate kanuka-mingimingi-manuka shrubland19 Prostrate kanuka-kamahi-wheki-whauwhaupaku/blackberry shrubland02 Mingimingi-dominant shrubland01 Mingimingi-Histiopteris incisa-bracken shrubland02 Mingimingi-manuka shrubland03 Mingimingi-prostrate kanuka shrubland04 Mingimingi-Hypolepis distans-turutu shrubland Hypolepis distansturutu-brackenfernland prostrate kanuka scrub05 Exotic pine/mingimingi-prostrate kanuka shrubland06 Mingimingi shrubland03 Manuka-dominant shrubland01 Manuka shrubland02 Manuka-(kamahi) shrubland03 (Emergent mixed exotic trees)/manuka-kanuka-mixed exotic speciesshrubland04 Manuka-mingimingi shrubland05 Manuka-kanuka-mingimingi shrubland06 Manuka-prostrate kanuka shrubland07 Manuka/bracken shrubland08 Manuka/narrow-leaved carpet grass shrubland09 (Silver birch)/manuka/Cyperus ustulatus-Hypolepis distans shrubland10 Manuka-prostrate kanuka/Lycopodiella cernua shrubland11 Manuka/gorse-creeping bent/nonvegetated raw-soilfield shrubland12 Manuka-kanuka/Histiopteris incisa shrubland13 (Manuka)-(monoao)-(Gaultheria paniculata)-(prostrate kanuka)/Racomitrium sanuginosum shrubland14 Manuka/Baumea rubiginosa shrubland15 Manuka-wheki/Histiopteris incisa-Hypolepis ambigua shrubland16 Manuka-mingimingi-monoao shrubland17 Manuka/Spanish heath-exotic grasses shrubland18 Manuka-mingimingi-Histiopteris incisa-bracken shrubland19 Manuka-mingimingi-broom shrubland20 Manuka shrubland↔raupo-Carex secta-Cyperus ustulatus reedland21 Manuka-harakeke shrubland22 Manuka-pampas shrubland23 Black wattle/manuka-blackberry-bracken shrubland24 Manuka/bracken-broom shrubland ↔broom-bracken-blackberryshrubland↔prostrate kanuka scrub25 (Maritime pine)/manuka-broom-blackberry-Himalayan honeysuckleshrubland26 Manuka-harakeke-Cyperus ustulatus shrubland27 Manuka/Histiopteris incisa-Carex secta shrubland28 Maritime pine/manuka-pampas shrubland29 Manuka-prostrate kanuka-mingimingi shrubland04 Kanuka-dominant shrubland01 Kanuka-mingimingi shrubland02 (Kanuka)/prostrate kanuka-rank grasses shrubland03 Kanuka/Mercer grass shrubland04 Kanuka-mingimingi-bracken shrubland05 Kanuka/Mercer grass-narrow-leaved carpet grass shrubland06 Kanuka shrubland07 Kanuka-manuka/oioi shrubland08 Wilding pine/prostrate kanuka shrubland09 Wilding pine/kanuka-mingimingi-manuka shrubland05 Pohutukawa-dominant shrubland01 Pohutukawa shrubland06 Gorse-dominant shrubland01 Gorse shrubland10Contract Report No. 2348

VegetationStructuralClassBroadVegetationTypeDetailed Vegetation Types and Habitats07 Planted indigenous shrubland01 Panted indigenous shrubland and manuka-mingimingi shrubland02 (Harakeke)-(kohuhu) shrubland/nonvegetated ground08 Mixed indigenous shrubland01 Kanuka/prostrate kanuka-blackberry-mingimingi-Carex virgata shrubland02 Rewarewa-kamahi-(toru)/prostrate kanuka-monoao shrubland03 Mixed indigenous shrubs/mixed fern species shrubland04 (Maritime pine)/kiokio-blackberry-bracken-buddleia shrubland09 Exotic planted shrubland01 Cultivar manuka-mingimingi-flowering cherry-red hot poker-harakeke (andother garden plants) shrubland.10 Mixed indigenous-exotic shrubland01 (Mingimingi)-(arrow bamboo)-(manuka)-(broom)-(silver birch)/narrowleavedcarpet grass-Mercer grass/raw-soilfield shrubland02 (Wheki-kohuhu-tī kouka)/wheki-kiokio-blackberry shrubland11 Mixed-exotic shrubland01 Gorse-blackberry/Yorkshire fog-Hypolepis ambigua-Histiopteris incisashrubland12 Monoao dominant shrubland01 Monoao-manuka-prostrate kanuka-mingimingi shrubland13 Blackberry-dominant shrubland01 (Grey willow)/blackberry-Carex geminata shrubland02 Exotic pine/blackberry-prostrate kanuka shrubland03 (Indigenous species)/blackberry-bracken-kiokio shrubland04 Blackberry (dead) shrubland05 Blackberry-broom/Yorkshire fog shrubland06 Blackberry- Cyclosorus interruptus shrubland07 Blackberry shrubland08 Blackberry-mingimingi-Nephrolepis flexuosa shrubland14 Ti kouka-dominant shrubland01 Ti kouka-kanuka shrubland15 Monoao dominant shrubland01 Monoao-manuka-prostrate kanuka-mingimingi shrubland06 01 Pampas tussockland02 Mixed pampas tussockland07 01 Dicranopteris-dominant fernland01 Dicranopteris linearis fernland02 Dicranopteris linearis-narrow-leaved carpet grass fernland02 Hypolepis dicksonioides-dominant fernland03 Bracken-dominant fernland01 Bracken fernland02 Wheki/bracken fernland03 Bracken-Japanese honeysuckle-Himalayan honeysuckle fernland04 (Dead manuka)bracken-mingimingi-gorse fernland05 Bracken-mingimingi-blackberry fernland04 Histiopteris incisa-dominant fernland01 Histiopteris incisa fernland02 Histiopteris incisa-narrow-leaved carpet grass-gorse fernland03 Histiopteris incisa-mingimingi fernland05 Mixed fernland01 Histiopteris incisa-bracken-mingimingi fernland02 Dead manuka/bracken-turutu-Histiopteris incisa-mingimingi fernland03 Histiopteris incisa-bracken-mingimingi-Mercer grass-Yorkshire fogfernland04 Histiopteris incisa-mingimingi-bracken fernland05 Hypolepis ambigua-Histiopteris incisa fernland06 Dicranopteris linearis- Christella aff. dentata ("thermal”)-Nephrolepisflexuosa fernland07 Histiopteris incisa-gorse-Hypolepis ambigua-Carex virgata fernland08 Bracken-kiokio-blackberry-wheki-Paesia scaberula fernland09 Histiopteris incisa-Cyperus ustulatus fernland10 Paesia scaberula-exotic grasses fernland11Contract Report No. 2348

VegetationStructuralClassBroadVegetationTypeDetailed Vegetation Types and Habitats11 Histiopteris incisa-bracken-wheki fernland12 Hypolepis distans-Gleichenia microphylla-Hypolepis ambigua fernland13 Bracken- Cyclosorus interruptus-blackberry-pampas/nonvegetated rawsoilfieldfernland14 Dicranopteris linearis-Histiopteris incisa fernland15 Mixed fernland16 Manuka-(makomako)/Hypolepis ambigua fernland17 Bracken-Baumea rubiginosa-mixed fern sedgeland06 Christella aff. dentata ("thermal”)-dominant fernland01 Christella aff. dentata ("thermal”)-fernland02 Christella aff. dentata ("thermal”)-blackberry-rank exotic grasses fernland03 Christella aff. dentata ("thermal”)-Nephrolepis flexuosa-blackberryfernland07 Lycopodiella-dominant fernland01 Lycopodiella cernua fernland08 Nephrolepis flexuosa-dominant fernland01 Nephrolepis flexuosa fernland02 Nephrolepis flexuosa-Dicranopteris linearis fernland03 Nephrolepis flexuosa-bracken-Christella aff. dentata ("thermal”)-blackberry fernland09 Hypolepis ambigua-dominant fernland01 Hypolepis ambigua-Histiopteris incisa fernland10 Nephrolepis cordifolia-dominant fernland01 Nephrolepis cordifolia fernland11 Paesia scaberula-dominant fernland01 Paesia scaberula fernland12 Deparia-dominant fernland01 Deparia fernland13 Cheilanthes-dominant fernland01 Cheilanthes sieberi-Mercer grass fernland02 Cheilanthes sieberi-buffalo grass fernland14 Cyclosorus-dominant fernland01 Cyclosorus interruptus fernland08 01 Yorkshire fog-dominant grassland01 Yorkshire fog grassland02 Prostrate kanuka/Yorkshire fog grassland03 Manuka/Yorkshire fog grassland02 Narrow-leaved carpet grass-dominant grassland01 Narrow-leaved carpet grassland02 Mosaic of narrow-leaved carpet grassland, manuka-mingimingi shrubland,and nonvegetated raw-soilfield03 Narrow-leaved carpet grass-exotic garden plants grassland04 (Manuka)-(prostrate kanuka)/narrow-leaved carpet grassland05 Narrow-leaved carpet grass-wild serradella grassland03 Creeping bent grassland04 Mercer grass-dominant grassland01 Mercer grass-Paesia scaberula grassland02 Mercer grass-narrow-leaved carpet grassland03 Mercer grass grassland04 Mercer grass-Cyclosorus interruptus-Hypolepis ambigua grassland05 Kikuyu grassland06 Mixed exotic-dominant grassland01 Mercer grass-creeping bent-Microlaena stipoides grassland.02 Sweet vernal-browntop grassland03 Mown and rank exotic grassland04 (Prostrate kanuka)/rank exotic grasses grassland05 (Baumea antrhrophylla)/mixed exotic grasses-raw-soilfield grassland07 Indian doab-dominant grassland01 Indian doab grassland08 Reed sweet grass-dominant grassland01 Reed sweet grassland02 Reed sweet grass-raupo-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani grassland12Contract Report No. 2348

VegetationStructuralClassBroadVegetationTypeDetailed Vegetation Types and Habitats03 Raupo/reed sweetgrass- Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani-swamp milletgrassland09 01 Carex geminata-dominant sedgeland01 Carex geminata sedgeland02 Cyperus ustulatus-dominant sedgeland01 Cyperus ustulatus sedgeland02 Cyperus ustulatus-Cortaderia fulvida-Juncus edgarae-Histiopteris incisasedgeland03 Cyperus ustulatus-Cortaderia fulvida-blackberry sedgeland04 Dead kanuka/Cyperus ustulatus-pampas sedgeland05 Wheki-ponga/Cyperus ustulatus-Cyclosorus interruptus sedgeland06 Cyperus ustulatus-raupo sedgeland03 Carex virgata-dominant sedgeland01 Carex virgata-Nephrolepis flexuosa sedgeland02 Gorse-Carex virgata-Cyperus ustulatus sedgeland04 Baumea rubiginosa-dominant sedgeland01 Baumea rubiginosa sedgeland02 Wheki/Baumea rubiginosa-kiokio sedgeland05 Mixed sedgeland01 Carex virgata-Carex secta-Cyperus ustulatus-Baumea articulatasedgeland02 Grey willow/Carex secta-raupo-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanisedgeland06 Carex secta-dominant sedgeland01 Carex secta-raupo sedgeland02 (Kanuka)/Carex secta sedgeland07 Isolepis distigmatosa-dominant sedgeland01 Isolepis distigmatosa sedgeland08 Oioi-dominant sedgeland01 Oioi sedgeland10 01 Juncus prismatocarpus-dominant rushland01 Juncus prismatocarpus-Carex geminata rushland11 01 Raupo-dominant reedland01 Raupo reedland02 (Ti kouka)-(grey willow)/raupo-harakeke-manuka/Juncus effusus-Isolepisdistigmatosa reedland03 Raupo-Cyperus ustulatus reedland04 (Grey willow)-raupo-Carex secta-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanireedland raupo-pohuehue-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani reedland05 (Grey willow)-raupo-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani-Carex sectareedland06 Raupo-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani-Carex secta reedland07 (Alder)/raupo reedland08 Raupo-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani-Japanese honeysucklereedland09 Raupo/Carex virgata reedland10 (Grey willow)-(silver birch)-(ti kouka)/raupo-blackberry reedland11 Raupo-blackberry reedland12 Raupo-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani-Carex secta-Baumea rubiginosareedland13 (Crack willow)/raupo reedland14 (Ti kouka)-(manuka)/raupo-Cyperus ustulatus-Schoenoplectustabernaemontani reedland15 Grey willow/raupo reedland16 Raupo-harakeke reedland Carex secta-Baumea rubiginosa-Baumeajuncea sedgeland02 Baumea articulata-dominant reedland01 Baumea articulata reedland03 Baumea arthrophylla-dominant sedgeland01 Baumea arthrophylla sedgeland04 Mixed Baumea sedgeland13Contract Report No. 2348

VegetationStructuralClassBroadVegetationTypeDetailed Vegetation Types and Habitats06 Baumea rubiginosa-dominant sedgeland01 (Manuka)-(wheki)/Baumea rubiginosa sedgeland12 Cushionfield13 01 Herbfield01 Polygonum maculosa herbfield02 Arrow grass herbfield14 01 Racomitrium-dominant Mossfield01 Racomitrium sanuginosum mossfield02 Campylopus-dominant mossfield01 Campylopus capillaceous mossfield02 Campylopus sp. mossfield15 Lichenfield16 Rockland17 01 (Sparse vegetation)/boulderfield01 (Prostrate kanuka)/boulderfield18 Stonefield/gravelfield19 Sandfield01 Geothermally heated sandfield20 Loamfield/Peatlfield21 Flaxland22 01 Geothermal water01 Geothermal water02 Mud pools03 Geothermal sands and hot springs04 Geothermal springs, mud pools, geothermal stream and sinter.23 01 Wheki-dominant treefernland01 Wheki/gorse-Histiopteris incisa treefernland02 (Dead pohutukawa × northern rata)/wheki-Gahnia setifolia treefernland03 (Dead pohutukawa × northern rata)/wheki-kamahi treefernland04 Wheki treefernland24 Mudfield25 Cliffland26 Turf27 Algalfield28 01 Nonvegetated raw-soilfield01 Nonvegetated raw-soilfield02 Nonvegetated raw-soilfield (mining operations)03 Geothermal sand04 Nonvegetated raw-soil field (geothermal and landslide debris)05 Bare ground06 Prostrate kanuka/nonvegetated raw-soilfield shrubland02 (Prostrate kanuka)/raw-soilfield01 (Prostrate kanuka)/nonvegetated raw-soilfield03 (Sparse indigenous vegetation)/raw-soilfield01 (Kanuka)-(pohutukawa)-(mingimingi)-(silver birch)/ nonvegetated rawsoilfield02 (Pohutukawa)-(manuka)-(Mercer grass)/ nonvegetated raw-soilfield03 (Manuka)-(Cyperus ustulatus)/ nonvegetated raw-soilfield04 (Prostrate kanuka)-(manuka)/ nonvegetated raw-soilfield05 (Manuka)/ nonvegetated raw-soilfield06 (Juncus edgarae)-(Carex virgata)-(Morelotia affinis)-(mixed exotic grasses)/nonvegetated raw-soilfield07 (Cyperus ustulatus)-(kanuka)-(Cortaderia fulvida)/nonvegetated raw-soilfield04 Exotic grasses/ nonvegetated raw-soilfield01 Dead kikuyu-dead narrow-leaved carpet grass/ nonvegetated rawsoilfield.29 01 Residential development-scattered geothermal vegetation01 Residential development-scattered geothermal vegetation30 01 Bamboo-dominant bambooland01 Arrow bambooland14Contract Report No. 2348

3.6 Threats/modification/vulnerabilityFor each site, current threats, modification and vulnerability were evaluated underfour categories:invasive exotic plant specieshuman threatsgrazingadjoining land useInvasive exotic plant species were assessed in terms of their abundance. A coverclass index based on Allen (1992) (see Table 3) was used to indicate the relativeabundance of weeds at each site.Table 3: Cover class index (from Allen 1992).3.7 Site mappingPercentage CoverCover Class

assessments. The sites were grouped into four categories (A-D), where 'A' is thehighest rank and 'D' is the lowest. These are listed in the notes section for each site.3.10 Ecological evaluationThe relative significance of each geothermal site (see Figure 1) was assessed as part ofthe current study using the criteria specified in Environment Waikato Regional PolicyStatement (2002). This has recently been updated to reflect more recent changes tothe New Zealand Threat Classification Lists (refer to Appendices 10 and 11). Usingthese criteria, each site was assigned to one of four levels of relative significance:Internationally Significant, Nationally Significant, Regionally Significant, or LocallySignificant. The rankings were completed in the pre-formatted Excel spreadsheetprovided by the Council.3.11 Data analysis dataData was generated from analyses of mapped vegetation for each site. The extent ofeach geothermal vegetation type (as per Table 2) in each site was calculated. Theextent of geothermal vegetation in each ecological district, geothermal field, and ineach administrative district was also calculated (see Tables 5, 9, 10, and 11). Thesetotals exclude geothermal water. A total is given for geothermal water, and terrestrialand emergent geothermal wetland habitats, at each site.Vegetation mosaics have been included in the site descriptions and accompanyingmaps for more accurate descriptions, however for GIS data compilation, the mosaicswere assigned to the vegetation type dominant in a mosaic, thereby providing a scaleappropriate for analysis at a regional level.3.12 Presentation of resultsGeothermal FieldsSite information is presented in order of geothermal field, generally following a Northto South alignment, and then a West to East alignment.The following information is presented for each geothermal field within the WaikatoRegion.1. A list of geothermal sites within the Waikato Region.2. A separate data sheet for each geothermal site (see Table 4 below).3. MapsTopographic maps showing the location of each geothermal site (scale1:20,000).Vegetation maps of sites overlain on aerial photographs (vegetation mapscales vary from 1:2,000 to 1:15,000 depending on the size of the site).4. All geothermal sites are listed in Table 5, within relevant geothermal fieldsand ecological districts. The area (ha) of geothermal vegetation at each siteand the significance ranking assigned to the site are provided in Table 6 (seeSection 5).16Contract Report No. 2348

Table 4:Format and categories for presentation of information ongeothermal sites.Site Number:Grid Reference:GPS Reference:Local Authority:Ecological District:Geothermal Field:Bioclimatic Zone:Tenure:Altitude:Extent of Geothermal Habitat:Extent of Geothermal Vegetation:Date of Field Survey:SITE NAMECode Type Landform ExtentGeophysical Assessment: 1Indigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition (Year of Most Recent Assessment):Threats/Modification/ Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants (Year of most recent Assessment):Human impacts (Year of most recent Assessment):Grazing (Year of most recent Assessment):Adjoining land use (Year of most recent Assessment):Site Change:Recent Change:Historical:Management Requirements:Significance Level:Significance Justification:Notes:References:1Selected sites only.17Contract Report No. 2348

Explanatory Notes for the Site Summary SheetExplanatory notes for the site summary sheet are provided below:Site Number: Number assigned to a site during the current survey. These have allbeen updated since the Wildland Consultants (2004) report, and previous site numbersare provided in a footnote for cross reference.Grid Reference: Central grid reference of the site from the relevant NZTopo50topographic map. The 2004 to 2007 reports were based on NZMS260, which are nolonger being used.GPS Reference: The grid reference is also provided as a GPS reference in NZTM(New Zealand Transverse Mercator).Local Authority: Local authority with jurisdiction over the area.Ecological District: Ecological district within which the site lies. Ecological districtseach have distinctive characteristics of climate, geology, landform, soils andbiological features (Myers et al. 1987). Three ecological districts in the WaikatoRegion contain sites with geothermal vegetation.Geothermal Field: Name of the geothermal field within which the site lies.Geothermal surface features are supplied with mineralised hot water or steam fromunderlying geothermal resevoirs, and one field may supply many discrete geothermalsites. Geothermal field names and the assignment of each site to a geothermal fieldwere undertaken by the Waikato Regional Council.Bioclimatic Zone: Bioclimatic zones follow Leathwick et al. (1995), and are definedin Appendix 5.Tenure: Tenure is shown as either protected or unprotected private land, or both ifapplicable. If the area is protected, the type of protection (e.g. reserve, covenant) isshown.Altitude: Altitude of the site given in metres, determined from topographical maps.For larger sites a range is given.Extent of Geothermal Habitat: Total area of geothermal habitat. This includesgeothermal water and geothermal vegetation in hectares (see geothermal vegetationbelow).Extent of Geothermal Vegetation: Total area of geothermal vegetation (see Table 2).This excludes geothermal water, but includes nonvegetated raw-soilfield in hectares.Date of Field Survey: Date of the most recent field survey.18Contract Report No. 2348

Vegetation Code: A numeric code based on structural class, broad vegetation type,and detailed vegetation type following Wildland Consultants (2005) ContractReports 1056 and 1072, and additional types included in Table 2.Vegetation Type: A vegetation classification using predefined structural classes and aprotocol for assigning type names based on the dominant plant species, as describedin Atkinson (1985), Wildland Consultants Contract Report No. 757, and additionaltypes observed during the current field survey (see Table 2).Landform: Describes the physical landform on which a vegetation type occurs.Geophysical Assessment: Describes the unique geothermal physical aspects of thesite (note that this assessment has only been carried out on selected sites and at somelarger sites, only parts of the geophysical aspects were assessed).Indigenous Flora: <strong>An</strong>y species characteristic of geothermal sites, and nationallythreatened or uncommon species (as per de Lange et al. 2009) are listed. Relevantinformation may also be provided about plant distribution (for more detail refer toAppendix 4).Fauna: A list of fauna known to occur at the site. Previous reports focussed onindigenous species only, but all fauna information has been included in this reportwhere possible. A literature review was undertaken for each site, although for mostsites, no further information was found.Current Condition: Comments on the overall current condition of the site asdetermined from field reconnaissance and existing information. May includecomment on features related to the character and history of the site which haveinfluenced vegetation composition.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability: <strong>An</strong>y current or potential threats to the indigenousvegetation and integrity of the geothermal ecosystem, particularly the occurrence andabundance of invasive exotic plants, potential and current human threats, and threatsfrom domestic stock or pest animals, and adjoining landuse.Site Change Recent Change: <strong>An</strong>y changes to the site since the last field visit (andgeneral comments about change in the last ten years) were noted, and any changesevident in the 2007 aerial photographs compared with recent earlier surveys. Changesthat are not a real change, but simply a result of better quality aerial photographs werenoted.Site Change Historical: Historical changes determined from 1940s to 1960s aerialphotographs and relevant literature. Aerial photograph codes recorded as follows, forexample a site with the code SN 172 Run 1176 Photos 5-6, 1946: SN = survey runnumber, Run = flight path number, Photos = number of photo(s) into the flight path,1946 = year of photograph.Management Requirements: Recommendations for action necessary to prevent,minimise or remedy any known threats or modification to the site.19Contract Report No. 2348

Significance Level: The significance level assigned to the site from the ecologicalevaluation criteria based on Waikato Regional Council Technical Report TR2002/15(Environment Waikato and Wildland Consultants 2002). Areas of SignificantIndigenous Vegetation and Habitats of Indigenous Fauna in the Waikato Region:Guidelines to apply Regional Criteria and Determine Level of Significance (refer toAppendix 11).Significance/Justification:particularsignificance level.A brief explanation of why a site was assigned to aNotes: <strong>An</strong>y further comments including and previous rankings of geothermalvegetation (e.g. Given 1995).References: References which are of direct relevance to the site.<strong>An</strong> index by site and page number has been prepared to make information in thisreport more readily accessible (presented at the end of the report).Location MapFigure 1 (scale c.1:300,000) shows the location of each geothermal site with itssignificance level(s).20Contract Report No. 2348

Table 5:Breakdown of broad geothermal hydroclass and vegetation groups within each site ordered by geothermal field and ranked by areaof geothermal vegetation, Waikato Region.Site NameSiteNumberEcologicalDistrictGeothermalWater(ha)Hydroclass/Vegetation GroupingGeothermal VegetationNonvegetatedRaw-Soilfield(ha)TerrestrialVegetation(ha)EmergentWetland(ha)TotalGeothermalVegetation(ha)Total Site Area(GeothermalVegetation andGeothermalWater)(ha)Horohoro Geothermal FieldHorohoro HHV01 Atiamuri

Site NameSiteNumberEcologicalDistrictGeothermalWater(ha)Hydroclass/Vegetation GroupingGeothermal VegetationNonvegetatedRaw-Soilfield(ha)TerrestrialVegetation(ha)EmergentWetland(ha)TotalGeothermalVegetation(ha)Total Site Area(GeothermalVegetation andGeothermalWater)(ha)Mangamingi Station TKV06 Atiamuri 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.5Total 1.1 5.6 49.8 4.4 59.8 60.9Orakeikorako Geothermal FieldWaihunuhunu OKV01 Atiamuri 2.3 0.3 2.7 3.0 5.3Akatarewa Stream OKV02 Atiamuri 1.4 1.4 1.4Orakeikorako OKV03 Atiamuri

Site NameSiteNumberEcologicalDistrictGeothermalWater(ha)Hydroclass/Vegetation GroupingGeothermal VegetationNonvegetatedRaw-Soilfield(ha)TerrestrialVegetation(ha)EmergentWetland(ha)TotalGeothermalVegetation(ha)Total Site Area(GeothermalVegetation andGeothermalWater)(ha)(Geyser Valley)Wairakei Borefield WKV04 Atiamuri

4. DEFINITION OF GEOTHERMALLY INFLUENCED VEGETATIONGeothermally influenced terrestrial and emergent wetland vegetationare plant communities that have compositional, structural, and/orgrowth rate characteristics determined by current or former inputs ofgeothermally-derived energy (heat) or material (solid, fluid, or gas).Merrett & Clarkson 1999Compositional, structural, and/or growth rate characteristics of geothermallyinfluenced terrestrial and emergent wetland vegetation include the unexpectedpresence of species found elsewhere in warmer climates or at lower altitudes orlatitudes (disjunct populations), prostrate or stunted growth forms, and reducedgrowth rates. Merrett & Clarkson (1999) classified geothermal habitats into fourbroad categories:heated groundgeothermal wetlandscooled hydrothermally altered soilsatmospheric influence from regular toxic gas emissions, or warm micro-climatescreated by hot-springs discharge.Refer to Appendix 6 for explanations of these terms. This was accompanied by ahierarchical classification of geothermally influenced terrestrial and emergent wetlandvegetation, of which detailed vegetation types and habitats are included in site reports.4.1 Basis of summarising extent of geothermal habitat, geothermal vegetation,and open waterThe broad summaries of geothermal vegetation and habitats in this report include allmapped geothermal habitat that includes vegetation dominated by vascular plants,non-vascular plants, nonvegetated raw-soilfield (which often contain scattered patchesof non-vascular and vascular plants), and emergent wetland vegetation. It does notinclude open geothermal water. Geothermal water was mapped if it was an integralpart of a geothermal site. Open water is included in “extent of geothermal habitat” insite reports, but not in “extent of geothermal vegetation”.4.2 Geothermal wetland vegetationAdapted from Wildland Consultant 2005 (Report No. 1072).The definition of geothermal wetland for this study follows Clarkson et al. (2002) andJohnson (2004).“A wetland hydrosystem where the dominant function is geothermally heated water.The RMA91 specifies geothermal waters as those heated by natural phenomena to30 degrees C or above. Geothermal wetlands may have water temperatures belowthis, but must be considered geothermal due to the chemical composition of the water.Geothermal wetlands are permanently or intermittently wet areas, shallow water, orland water margins that support a natural ecosystem of plants that have compositional,© 201024Contract Report No. 2348

structural, and/or growth rate characteristics determined by current or former inputs ofgeothermally derived water.” (Clarkson et al. 1992)“A hydrosystem where volcanic activity produces hot surface waters, or heated soils(30 o C or more) or where geothermal chemistry affects wetland habitats.” (Johnson2004)Wetlands habitats have been mapped as best as possible within limitations of time,difficulty of safe access and issues of very small scales. Many wetland vegetationtypes cover a very small area and are too small to be mapped.Examples where limitations of a single site visit approach and scale of mapping existsto determine geothermal wetland boundaries include:heated wet air (steam) from fumaroles and hot pools can extend for either smalldistances, or quite considerable distances from the surface geothermal activity,and are generally difficult to map.heated water flowing over waterfalls produces graduations of habitats affected bywater flow, splash, spray (Johnson 2004) and through seepages and associatedincreased air and soil temperatures providing habitat for plant species typical ofgeothermal activity.the presence of surface geothermal activity can fluctuate at a particular locationand across a landscape.Access to all parts of a geothermally active area is difficult in some locations,particularly in geothermal wetlands where isolated geothermal seepages andimmediate geothermal plants can be surrounded by cold water species (e.g. raupo(Typha orientalis) wetland). In this situation the vegetation is mapped as one broadclass. Generally the water present will have geothermal derived chemical inputs.Wetlands are quite varied both within and between geothermal sites, for example atWaiotapu South, there are extensive areas of wetland manuka (Leptospermumscoparium) scrub, with additional areas of raupo reedland, and Baumea junceasedgeland, while at Te Kopia Wetland areas are dominated by Baumea rubiginosa. Inthe Tokaanu Lakeshore Wetland, there are extensive areas of raupo reedland, withsmall areas of oioi (Apodasmia similis) rushland present at Tokaanu Thermal Park.Geothermal wetlands provide habitat for threatened fern species such as Thelypterisconfluens at Waikite and Cyclosorus interruptus at Waiotapu South.4.3 Nonvegetated raw-soilfield (Source: Merrett & Clarkson 1999)Areas that are bare of vegetation that are (i) too hot to support plant life, (ii) arecooled but hydrothermally altered, sinter pavements, or (iii) are subjected to regularmud ejection or gas emission that prevent colonisation and established plants. Theseareas are often small scale, and may not be visible on aerial photographs.Very hot soils are often associated with steam vents and/or boiling mud craters, andsoil temperatures at 10 cm depth are usually >90 o C.© 201025Contract Report No. 2348

Vigorously boiling mud pools and craters that regularly eject hot mud around marginseffectively prevent plant colonisation. Where toxic gas is emitted, vegetation is eitherabsent, or if present, killed.Hydrothermally altered soils often occur where geothermal expression has ceased,e.g. dried mud craters, which result in soils with unusual chemical composition.4.3.1 Basis of mapping of nonvegetated raw-soilfield for this studyThis study is based on both field survey and interpretation of vegetation cover basedon aerial photographs. At many sites, particularly large ones, not all units ofvegetation and habitats could be viewed in the field, nor was it safe to do so.Occasional scattered vascular and non-vascular plants are included in mapping,particularly in areas that appear as bare ground on aerial photographs, and in areasthat could not be viewed by field survey. On this basis, nonvegetated raw-soilfield isincluded in tallies of terrestrial geothermal vegetation in the summary of vegetationtypes by geothermal field.Large areas with open water and abundant mud pools were mapped as opengeothermal water, while small mud pools amongst nonvegetated raw-soilfield havebeen mapped as nonvegetated raw-soilfield. Open water areas containing abundantmud pools were given a separate vegetation code (22.01.02).5. GEOTHERMAL SITES IN THE WAIKATO REGIONA total of 64 sites have been described in Appendix 1 and are listed in Table 5. Theonly known major exception is the hill slopes above Tokaanu, which are likely tocontain some sites with significant examples of geothermal vegetation. Landownerpemission was not received to enable survey of these sites, so these sites were notsurveyed or mapped. While these sites are considered to be relatively small, fieldsurvey of them should be a high priority if access can be arranged. Details of thevegetation, condition, and significance of each site are presented in Appendix 1,together with vegetation type maps on an aerial photograph backdrop, andtopographic maps showing site boundaries. Each of the 64 sites meets one or more ofthe criteria for ecological significance in the Waikato Regional Policy Statement(refer to Appendix 10). Therefore, each site was assigned a relative significancelevel; International, National, Regional, or Local following the assessment method inAppendix 11. Four sites were identified as being of International significance(Te Kopia, Te Maari Craters, Emerald Lakes and Red Crater) and part of another site(Waiotapu South), encompassing c.205 ha or 24% of geothermal habitat in theWaikato Region (see Table 6). Eight sites were of National significance, with twosites being partly of National significance and partly of Local significance,encompassing c.382 ha or 46% of geothermal habitat in the Waikato Region.Twenty-three sites were identified as being of Regional significance, with anadditional two sites being partly of Regional and partly of Local significance. Parts ofWaiotapu South were identified as being of International, Regional and Localsignificance. In total, c.242 ha or 29% of geothermal habitat in the Waikato Regionwas identified as being Regionally significant. The remainder of the sites (25) were© 201026Contract Report No. 2348

Site Name(Site Number)EcologicalDistrictArea (ha) of Site According toEcological Significance RankingInternational National Regional LocalNgatamariki Geothermal FieldWaikato River Springs Atiamuri 0.6(NMV01)Ngatamariki (NMV02) Atiamuri 1.7Total 2.3Whangairorohea Geothermal FieldWhangairorohea(WGV01)Atiamuri

Site Name(Site Number)EcologicalDistrictArea (ha) of Site According toEcological Significance RankingInternational National Regional LocalMaunganamu West Taupo/ Tongariro 0.6(TOV07)Tokaanu Thermal Park Tongariro/ Taupo 7.8

Table 7: Geothermal sites for which the level of significance has been revisedbetween 2007 and 2011.SiteNo.Site NameAssessments ofRelative SignificancePreviousAssessment(2004-2007)2011AssessmentReason for Change ofSignificance RankingMKV03 Tirohanga Road Regional Local <strong>An</strong> „At Risk‟ species, prostrate kanuka(Kunzea ericoides var. microflora), ispresent, but the population is small.A number of sites have larger areasof vegetation dominated by thisspecies.MKV04 Paerata Road Regional (part)Local (part)Local<strong>An</strong> „At Risk‟ species, prostratekanuka, is present, but the site is notan important habitat for theconservation of this species.OKV02 AkatarewaStreamNational Regional Reclassification* of the threat statusof Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”).NMV02 Ngatamariki National (part)Regional (part)Regional Reclassification* of the threat statusof Cyclosorus interruptus.RKV02 Lake Rotokawa Regional National <strong>Based</strong> on ongoing improvements tothe condition of the site, size, the widediversity of geothermal habitatspresent, and the presence of a largeand important population ofCalochilus robertsonii, an „At Risk‟species.NMV01 Waikato RiverSpringsNational Regional Reclassification* of the threat statusof Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”).THV05 Crown Park Regional Local <strong>An</strong> „At Risk‟ species, prostratekanuka, is present, but the populationis small. A number of sites havelarger areas of vegetation dominatedby this species.WKV04WairakeiBorefieldRegional Local <strong>An</strong> „At Risk‟ species, prostratekanuka, is present, but the populationis small. A number of sites havelarger areas of vegetation dominatedby this species.WKV06 Lower WairakeiStreamNational Regional Reclassification* of the threat statusof Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”).WKV07 Karapiti Forest Regional Local <strong>An</strong> „At Risk‟ species, prostratekanuka, is present, but the populationis small. A number of sites havelarger areas of vegetation dominatedby this species.* In 2009, the threat classification of the New Zealand‟s vascular flora was revised and updated(de Lange et al. 2009). The ranking for many species was revised including several species present ingeothermal areas: Cyclosorus interruptus, Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) and prostrate kanuka wererevised from „Chronically Threatened‟ (de Lange et al. 2004) to „At Risk‟ (de Lange et al. 2009).These revised rankings resulted in the significance level for some sites being revised downward. SeeAppendix 4 for details of 2009 threat rankings for plant species typical of geothermal areas.© 201030Contract Report No. 2348

6. GEOTHERMAL VEGETATION OF THE WAIKATO REGION - ANOVERVIEWA total of c.734 ha of geothermal vegetation (including raw-soilfield) was mapped inthe Waikato Region in this study, with an additional 106 ha of open water mapped.This is an increase of c.21% to the area mapped in Wildland Consultants (2004),where c.579 ha was mapped. The increase reflects an increase to the scope of theproject rather than a real increase in the extent of geothermal vegetation and habitats.This is discussed in full in Section 8 below. Most of this change can be accounted forby the addition of existing sites to this project in Wildland Consultants 2006, 2007a,2007b, and the current study. Additional parts of sites were also found, most notablyat Waiotapu South where additional areas of geothermal wetland were found.6.1 Assessment by geothermal fieldHorohoro Geothermal FieldThe geothermal features of this field (an overflowing pool and a seepage) is mappedin this report as one site; Horohoro (HHV01). The site is currently surrounded bypasture, and values could be enhanced if the site were fenced to exclude stock.Species typical of geothermal habitat recorded in 2004 were Lycopodiella cernua,mingimingi (Leucopogon fasciculatus), and Gleichenia microphylla. Nephrolepisflexuosa has been recorded from this site in the past (Given 1995), but is presumedextinct at this site (Bycroft and Beadel 2007). This field has

Surface water draw-off to supply a public swimming pool is the only extractive use ofthe geothermal resource. Extensive areas to the north of the Waikite Swimming Bathsare farmed, and areas that were previously wetlands have been drained for farmingpurposes. Vegetation along most stream margins, and geothermal wetlands has beensubjected to grazing by both cattle and stock in the past. Most of the wetlands arenow fenced to exclude stock. Work is underway to restore a large geothermalwetland in the part of the site that is on the Waikite Landcorp Farm. The streambelow the Corbett Road Bridge is dominated by weed species, and the geothermalareas on the Waikite Scarp are surrounded by dense areas of blackberry (Rubusfruticosus agg.) scrub. The site contains important habitat for a number of „At Risk‟plant species including the second largest population of Christella aff. dentata(“thermal”) in New Zealand. Five other „At Risk‟ species (as per de Lange et al.2009) are known from this site; prostrate kanuka, Cyclosorus interruptus, Thelypterisconfluens, Nephrolepis flexuosa, Dicranopteris linearis, and Hypolepis dicksonioides.The Waikite Geothermal Field is classified as a „Protected Geothermal System‟ byWaikato Regional Council 1 .Waiotapu Geothermal FieldThe Waiotapu Geothermal Field contains the largest area of surface geothermalactivity in New Zealand (Cave et al. 1993). The vegetation of this field is mappedover five sites, although the boundaries of these sites are somewhat arbitrary, withgeothermal vegetation being almost continuous between these five sites. A total ofc.221.0 ha of geothermal vegetation was mapped, which comprises almost a third(c.30.1%) of the geothermal vegetation of the Waikato Region. As the sites arecurrently mapped, Waiotapu South is the largest of the sites in this field comprisingc.112.4 ha of geothermal vegetation, followed by Maungakakaramea (RainbowMountain) (c.50.6 ha), Waiotapu North (c.45.8 ha), Maungaongaonga (c.9.06 ha), andNgapouri (c.3.1 ha). Most or all of Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain),Maungaongaonga, and Waiotapu South are protected and administered by theDepartment of Conservation. A small part of Ngapouri Station is also protected as aCovenant. Other sites and parts of these sites are in private ownership and aresurrounded by farmland and plantation forests.The area mapped in the Waiotapu Geothermal Field comprises 176.7 ha of terrestrialvegetation, c.18.0 ha of nonvegetated raw-soilfield, and c.26.3 ha of geothermalwetland. All of the area mapped as geothermal wetland was in the southern part ofthe geothermal field in part of the area mapped as Waiotapu South. This is the bestgeothermal wetland vegetation in the Waikato Region with the wetland extendingbeyond the area mapped into non-geothermal wetland. The geothermal portion of thiswetland comprises c.32.4% of the geothermal wetland vegetation of the WaikatoRegion. While the wetlands present at Tokaanu are larger, they do not contain thediversity of habitat types, or the diversity of geothermal features of the Orutu Wetlandat Waiotapu. The areas mapped as nonvegetated raw-soilfield (c.18% of this type inthe Waikato Region) include some of the largest area of sinter terraces remaining in1http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/environmental-information/Geothermal-resources/Classifyinggeothermal-systems:Accessed 24 July 2011.© 201032Contract Report No. 2348

New Zealand, as well as extensive areas of geothermally heated bare ground. The sitecontains c.176.3 ha (c.31.4%) of the terrestrial geothermal vegetation in the WaikatoRegion. The field includes c.198.6 ha of indigenous geothermal scrub and shrubland(which includes some extensive areas of geothermal wetland mapped as manukascrub). Of this, 146.94 ha is dominated by prostrate kanuka scrub and shrubland(38.7% of the area dominated by this species in the Waikato Region), making this themost important field for this species and vegetation type in the Waikato Region.Taxa present in this geothermal field classed as „At Risk‟ in de Lange et al. (2009) areprostrate kanuka, Cyclosorus interruptus, Schizaea dichotoma (sparse), Nephrolepisflexuosa, Dicranopteris linearis, Calochilus paludosus, C. robertsonii, Petalochilusalatus, Stegostyla atradenia, and Korthalsella salicornioides. The population ofCyclosorus interruptus in Orutu Wetland is the largest population of this speciespresent at any geothermal site in New Zealand. Other species of interest areLycopodiella cernua, S. fistulosa and S. bifida, Psilotum nudum, Caladenia atradenia,Thelymitra carnea, T. decora, and T. ixioides.This geothermal field, particularly the parts protected in Scenic Reserves atMaungaongaonga, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountains), and the Waiotapu Southsite contains the greatest area of habitat of any geothermal field in New Zealand.Management of pest plants, particularly wilding pines is a priority in protected areas,and some control of these species has been undertaken by land managers and theDepartment of Conservation recently. Extensive damage by pigs through tramplingand making tracks thoughout the geothermal wetland vegetation was observed in theOrutu Wetland of Waiotapu South during the current study. The WaiotapuGeothermal Field is classified as a „Protected Geothermal System‟ by WaikatoRegional Council 1 .Parts of the geothermal vegetation and habitats that are not protected are subject tograzing and extensive areas are dominated by pest plants. These unprotected areas areimportant linkages between the protected areas of geothermal habitat, and regularmanagement of pest plants, particularly wilding trees should be undertaken. Theseareas should be regularly monitored for management issues and formal protection anda restoration plan for these areas would enhance and/or protect the highly significantecological values of this field.Mangakino Geothermal FieldAt least one boiling spring was known at Mangakino but was drowned during theformation of Lake Maraetai (Cave et al. 1993) and is not included in the currentstudy. No terrestrial geothermal vegetation is known to be present within thisgeothermal field. The Mangakino Geothermal Field is classified as a „DevelopmentGeothermal System‟ by Waikato Regional Council 1 .1http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/environmental-information/Geothermal-resources/Classifyinggeothermal-systems:Accessed 24 July 2011.© 201033Contract Report No. 2348

Mokai Geothermal FieldFour sites within the Mokai Geothermal Field were described in this study. Thesecomprise small areas of steam-heated activity and a small area (c.2.9 ha) of associatedgeothermal vegetation. This is c.0.4% of the geothermal vegetation in the WaikatoRegion. <strong>An</strong> additional area of c.0.4 ha was mapped as geothermal water. Thenorthern part of the Waipapa Stream site includes the third largest population of thefern, Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) (ranked as At Risk-Declining in de Langeet al. 2009) in New Zealand. Prostrate kanuka (another „At Risk‟ species) wasrecorded from Paerata Road and Tirohanga Road. Other plants characteristic ofgeothermal sites include Psilotum nudum which is uncommon in the Waikato Region,(formally an „at risk‟ species classed as „RRange Restricted‟ in de Lange et al. 2004,but now no longer considered threatened), Doodia australis, Lycopodiella cernua, andCampylopus capillaceus.A geothermal power plant began producing electricity at the Mokai Geothermal Fieldby drawing off geothermal fluid in November 1999 and now generates 96 MW(http://www.mightyriverpower.co.nz/Generation/AboutUs/Geothermal/Mokai.aspxaccessed 4 July 2011). All geothermal fluid is being re-injected 4 km from the site(Stretch 2000 in Merrett & Fitzgerald 2004). Monitoring is recommended to assessthe impacts of energy extraction on geothermal features in this field. This field isclassified as a „Development Geothermal System‟ by Waikato Regional Council 1 .Other key management issues include:Some geothermal features at Paerata Road are grazed by stock, and values wouldbe enhanced by fencing. Fences should be checked regularly at Tirohanga Roadto ensure stock are excluded from the site.Wildling pines are an issue at Waipapa Stream. Future plantation pine planting atthe site should allow a buffer between the plantation and geothermal features, andany wilding trees should be regularly removed from the site.Atiamuri Geothermal FieldSeveral hot springs and pools occur at the Whangapoa Springs and the Matapan RoadGeothermal sites, and several other surface expressions of geothermal activity arepresent at Upper Atiamuri West. There is evidence from past records that the areaonce had hotter temperatures (Cave et al. 1993), and two pools are known to havebeen submerged by Lake Atiamuri. There are similarities between the Atiamuri andHorohoro Geothermal Fields and the two fields may be connected (Cave et al. 1993).A small population of Nephrolepis flexuosa is present by one hot pool at WhangapoaSprings. This and the neighbouring pool at Whangapoa Springs have been fenced,and considerable weed control and planting of indigenous tree species has taken placeat this site since the 2004 study. The other two sites are within farmland, or in fencedgullies adjacent to farmland, with no significant ecological values found. This field1http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/environmental-information/Geothermal-resources/Classifyinggeothermal-systems:Accessed 24 July 2011.© 201034Contract Report No. 2348

contains c.0.1 ha of geothermal vegetation and is classified as a „LimitedDevelopment Geothermal System‟ by Waikato Regional Council 1 .Te Kopia Geothermal FieldGeothermal vegetation at Te Kopia Geothermal Field (c.59.21 ha) comprises c.8.2%of the geothermal vegetation of Waikato Region, which is the fifth largest area ofgeothermal vegetation within a geothermal field in the Waikato Region. Thisvegetation has been mapped over six geothermal sites, with most of the vegetationbeing present at Te Kopia (TKV01); c.58.8 ha. Most of this site is within theTe Kopia Scenic Reserve and is surrounded by a large area of indigenous vegetation;mainly forest within the Te Kopia Scenic Reserve. The geothermal vegetation ofTe Kopia (TKV01) is in good condition, and this site was identified as being ofInternational significance. The geothermal activity of this area is thought to resultfrom steam boiling off deep chloride water. All the features result from steamheating, although chloride springs are thought to have occurred here in the past (Caveet al. 1993).The vegetation at Te Kopia Geothermal Field is made up of 49.8 ha of terrestrialgeothermal vegetation, c.5.6 ha of nonvegetated raw-soilfield, and c.4.4 ha ofemergent wetland. <strong>An</strong> additional one hectare was mapped as geothermal water. Thefield has c.5% of the geothermal wetland and 8.8% of the geothermal terrestrialvegetation in the Waikato Region. Approximately 44 ha was mapped as indigenousscrub or shrubland, and c.20.5 ha of this was mapped as prostrate kanuka scrub andshrubland, which is about 5% of the total area of prostrate kanuka in the WaikatoRegion.This site contains very high quality examples of geothermal vegetation. One of thelargest populations in New Zealand of the fern Dicranopteris linearis (classed as „AtRisk‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) occurs here. D. linearis is known from c.24 sites inNew Zealand. Murphy‟s Springs contains a good sized population of Christella aff.dentata (“thermal”) (also classed as „At Risk‟) with about 100 plants present. Other„At Risk‟ species known from this field include Schizaea dichotoma, Calochiluspaludosus, C. robertsonii, Korthalsella salicornioides, and Nephrolepis flexuosa.Key management issues in Te Kopia Geothermal Field include fencing of geothermalhabitat where stock may have access to „At Risk‟ fern populations outside Te KopiaScenic Reserve (e.g. Mangamingi Station and Murphy‟s Springs). Pest plants shouldcontinue to be monitored and controlled in Te Kopia Scenic Reserve, particularlywilding pines. Formal protection (e.g. Covenant) should be considered forgeothermal areas outside of the Te Kopia Scenic Reserve. The Te Kopia GeothermalField is classified as a „Protected Geothermal System‟ by Waikato Regional Council 1 .Orakeikorako Geothermal FieldGeothermal vegetation at Orakeikorako Geothermal Field (c.58.2 ha) comprisesc.7.9% of the geothermal vegetation of Waikato Region, and is the sixth largest area1http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/environmental-information/Geothermal-resources/Classifyinggeothermal-systems:Accessed 24 July 2011.© 201035Contract Report No. 2348

of geothermal vegetation in the Waikato Region. <strong>An</strong> additional 2.5 ha was mapped asgeothermal water. The vegetation has been mapped over five sites with the largestareas of geothermal vegetation present at two sites; Orakeikorako (c.42.4 ha) and RedHills (c.11.4 ha). This includes c.2.3 ha of nonvegetated raw-soilfield, c.2.7 ha ofwetland, and the remainder as terrestrial geothermal vegetation. In this field, a totalof c.52.6 ha of vegetation has been mapped as indigenous scrub and shrubland, withc.10.4 ha being mapped as scrub and shrubland dominated by prostrate kanuka - thisis about 2.7% of the prostate kanuka dominated vegetation in the Waikato Region.Present day geothermal features and vegetation represent only part of what was once aspectacular geyser field (Cave et al. 1993). About three quarters of the geothermalfeatures were lost when the Waikato River was dammed and Lake Ohakuri wascreated in 1961 (Cave et al. 1993). Cave et al. (1993) note that any development forexploitation of the Te Kopia and Ngatamariki fields would need to be investigated toestablish the nature and extent of possible connections with Orakeikorako. Te Kopiais classed as a „Protected Geothermal Systems‟ by Waikato Regional Council 1 .Ngatamariki is a „Development Geothermal System‟ and Mighty River Power hasconsent to develop it, however early warning monitoring wells are being drilledbetween Ngatamariki and Orakeikorako which will be monitored for pressure changeswith protocols to ensure there is no effect on Orakeikorako (K. Luketina pers.comm.)..The two largest sites in the Orakeikorako Geothermal Field, Red Hills andOrakeikorako, contain large areas of good quality geothermal vegetation, arenationally significant sites, and are notable for a large population of the „At Risk‟fern, Dicranopteris linearis (classed as „At Risk‟ in de Lange et al. 2009). As well asD. linearis, there are a relatively high number of other at risk species including goodpopulations of several at risk ferns; Christella aff. dentata („thermal), Schizaeadichotoma, Nephrolepis flexuosa, Thelypteris confluens, and Cyclosorus interruptus;and the orchids Calochilus robertsonii and Prasophyllum pumilum (Given 1989).Other notable geothermal species present, include Lycopodiella cernua, arrow grass(Triglochin striata), Schizea bifida, sea rush (Juncus kraussii var. australiensis),Psilotum nudum, and the moss Campylopus capillaceus.The key management issue in this field is the management of pest plants, particularlywilding pines, Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense), and black wattle (Acacia mearnsii).Blackberry should be controlled where present in the eastern side of Lake Whakamaruwhere it is currently rare. Recent control work of wilding pines at Orakeikorako hasimproved the long-term viability of this site. Pampas (Cortaderia selloana) should becontrolled around any geothermal features, and royal fern in wetlands. Willowsshould be controlled in the geothermal wetland at Orakeikorako. Geothermalvegetation at Akatarewa East should be fenced to exclude stock.Ngatamariki Geothermal FieldThere is c.1.9 ha of geothermal vegetation in the Ngatamariki Geothermal Fieldcontaining small areas of nonvegetated raw-soilfield and geothermal wetland. The1http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/environmental-information/Geothermal-resources/Classifyinggeothermal-systems:Accessed 24 July 2011.© 201036Contract Report No. 2348

vegetation has been mapped over two sites. A high proportion of Ngatamariki(NMV02) is surrounded by pine plantation. The key geothermal features at this siteare the Orakonui hot springs, which are mostly protected in a DOC reserve. TheWaikato River Springs are a series of springs located on each side of the WaikatoRiver along c.200 m of river.About 30 plants of Cyclosorus interruptus (a Chronically Threatened species classedas „At Risk-Declining‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) are present at this site. Other speciescharacteristic of geothermal sites include prostrate kanuka, Campylopus, arrow grass,and Lycopodiella cernua. Psilotum nudum has also been recorded here (Ecroyd1979b). A small population of Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) was recorded fromWaikato River Springs in 2006 (Wildland Consultants 2006).The Ngatamariki Geothermal Field is classified as a „Development GeothermalSystem‟ by Waikato Regional Council 1 . <strong>An</strong> 82 MW electricity generatingdevelopment is planned in the Ngatamariki Geothermal Field possibly to beconstructed by the end of 2013 2 .Other key management issues in this geothermal field are the monitoring and controlof pest plants, and good practice in the management of surrounding pine plantations.Whangairorohea Geothermal FieldThis geothermal field has a 10 15 m wide geothermal spring surrounded by sedges,reeds and exotic terrestrial vegetation, the site being about 0.1 ha in size. The fewpest plants surrounding the pool should be removed (e.g. poplars (Populus sp.),Spanish heath (Erica lusitanica), blackberry, and buddleia (Buddleja davidii)).Reporoa Geothermal FieldReporoa Geothermal Field contains c.7.4 ha of geothermal vegetation spread overthree sites. Several unmapped areas of surface activity are also present in this field(e.g. Butchers‟ Pool), but are not thought to contain any geothermal vegetation. Themapped vegetation is made up of c.4.4 ha of terrestrial vegetation, c.0.3 ha ofemergent wetland, and c.2.6 ha of nonvegetated raw-soilfield.The atmospheric influence of the Golden Springs enables the occurrence of the fernChristella aff. dentata (”thermal”) (classed as „At Risk‟ in de Lange et al. 2009),which occurs only 14 geothermal sites in New Zealand. There is also a smallpopulation of prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) andsome Campylopus capillaceus, as well as areas of manuka/mingimingi shrubland, andarrow grass herbfield.Parts of the site at Golden Springs and Wharepapa Road are unfenced and grazed bystock, and values of the sites would improve if the sites were fenced. Geothermalfeatures have been impacted by drainage at all sites. It is recommended that no12http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/environmental-information/Geothermal-resources/Classifyinggeothermal-systems:Accessed 24 July 2011.http://www.nzgeothermal.org.nz/elec_geo.html: Accessed 24 July 2011.© 201037Contract Report No. 2348

further drainage of geothermal wetlands and features is undertaken at any of thesesites. The Reporoa Geothermal Field is classified as a „Research Geothermal System‟by Waikato Regional Council 1 .Ohaaki Geothermal FieldThe Ohaaki Geothermal Field has about 18.5 ha of geothermal vegetation which isc.2.5% of the geothermal vegetation in the Waikato Region. The vegetation herecomprises c.5.3 ha of nonvegetated raw-soilfield, and c.13.16 of terrestrial geothermalvegetation. About 10.0 ha is dominated by prostrate kanuka scrub and shrubland,c.2.6% of the prostrate kanuka dominant vegetation of the Waikato Region. Thevegetation has been mapped over two sites on each side of the Waikato River.The Ohaaki Geothermal Field is classified as a „Development Geothermal System‟ byWaikato Regional Council 1 . From 1989, Ohaaki Geothermal Power Station suppliedelectricity to the national grid, and this exploitation has affected the geothermalfeatures of both sites examined in the current survey. All geothermally influencedpools in this area are now dry and ground temperatures have decreased in places;however, in others they have increased resulting in an overall increase in the extent ofgeothermal vegetation (Merrett & Burns 1998a). However Merrett et al. (2003) foundno apparent evidence of any negative impact of geothermal fluid extraction ongeothermal vegetation overlying the Ohaaki Geothermal field between December1997 and July 2003.Other threats to geothermal vegetation in this field include the ongoing subsidence ofland and subsequent inundation of existing geothermal vegetation, and the spread ofwilding pines from surrounding plantation into geothermal sites. Overall the valuesof these sites could be enhanced through restoration including pest plant control andappropriate planting to enhance and maintain the ecological values present.Small areas of relatively undisturbed geothermal vegetation dominated by prostratekanuka are present. Scattered areas of monoao (Dracophyllum subulatum) is a featureof this geothermal field. Other species typical of geothermal habitat includeLycopodiella cernua, Campylopus capillaceus (a moss), and Dicranopteris linearis(known from c.24 sites in New Zealand). Arrow grass (Burns 1997a) and Psiloumnudum (Merrett et al. 2003) have been recorded in this geothermal field.Wairakei-Tauhara Geothermal FieldThe Wairakei-Tauhara Geothermal contains c.150.7 ha of geothermal vegetation,which is c.20.5% of the geothermal vegetation in the Waikato Region. The vegetationhas been mapped over 16 sites with the largest sites being Craters of the Moon(44.5 ha), Te Kiri O Hine Kai Stream Catchment/Wairoa Hill (40.09 ha), BroadlandsRoad (29.76 ha) and Crown Road (17.48 ha). A total of c.136.3 ha was mapped asterrestrial geothermal vegetation and c.14.42 ha of nonvegetated raw-soilfield. <strong>An</strong>area of c.122.2 ha was mapped as scrub and shrubland dominated by prostrate kanuka,1http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/environmental-information/Geothermal-resources/Classifyinggeothermal-systems:Accessed 24 July 2011.© 201038Contract Report No. 2348

which represents 29.0% of the prostate kanuka dominant vegetation of the WaikatoRegion.Geothermal features associated with the Wairakei-Tauhara Geothermal Field occur inboth the Atiamuri and Taupo Ecological Districts. This field is classified as aDevelopment Geothermal System by Waikato Regional Council 1 . Exploitation fromthe Wairakei Geothermal Power Station has resulted in the decline of chloride watersprings and geysers, and in shallow aquifers and hot ground. The result of this is thatsome sites are cooling, while others are becoming hotter, affecting the vegetationgrowing on the sites (Cave et al. 1993). The extent, distribution and composition ofthe geothermal vegetation of this field is continuing to change. Geothermalvegetation had decreased and/or declined in quality at most sites (e.g. Upper WairakeiStream (Geyser Valley)), however this has been partly compensated by an increase ofgeothermal vegetation at the Broadlands Road site (Burns et al. 1995). This reflects asimilar increase at Craters of the Moon, which has occurred due to draw-off from thepower station (Burns 1996).Other key threats to geothermal sites in the Wairakei Geothermal field are:The crecent loss of vegetation to both road and industrial development,particularly sites near Taupo Township at Crown Road and Broadlands Road.The sites near Taupo are also particularly vulnerable to fire, with a fire at CrownRoad in 2002.Grazing occurs at several sites in Wairakei Geothermal Field (e.g. parts ofTe Rautehuia, and Te Rautehuia Stream). It is recommended that these areas arefenced to exclude stock.Pine plantation is present to the margins of many sites in this field. These providea source of wilding pines, so all sites should be monitored for their spread. Pinesshould be felled away from geothermal areas when harvesting, and a buffer of atleast 10 m should be established around geothermal sites. Other pest plantsshould be controlled in geothermal sites, e.g. pampas at Otumuheke Stream andgrape (Vitis vinifera) vine at Upper Wairakei Stream (Geyser Valley).1At Broadlands Road, Craters of the Moon, Te Kiri O Hine Kai StreamCatchment/Wairoa Hill, and Crown Road there are relatively large areas of prostratekanuka (classed as „At Risk‟ in de Lange et al. 2009). Good populations of two ferns,Cyclosorus interruptus (a chronically threatened species classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) and Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) (classed as„At Risk‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) are present at Otumuheke Stream. A smallpopulation of Christella aff. dentata (”thermal”) is also known from Hall of FameStream, and a small population of Cyclosorus interruptus is present at WaipahihiValley. Relatively large populations of Nephrolepis flexuosa and Dicranopterislinearis are present between Te Kiri O Hine Kai Stream Catchment/Wairoa Hill,Te Rautehuia Stream, and Craters of the Moon. Other taxa present in the Wairakei-http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/environmental-information/Geothermal-resources/Classifyinggeothermal-systems:Accessed 24 July 2011.© 201039Contract Report No. 2348

Tauhara Geothermal field include Hypolepis dicksonioides, Campylopus capillaceus,Psilotum nudum, Lycopodiella cernua, and rock fern (Cheilanthes sieberi).Asplenium flabellifolium and Fimbristylis velata have also been recorded from the sitein the past (Given 1989a), but not in recent surveys.Rotokawa Geothermal FieldThe Rotokawa Geothermal Field contains c.103.7 ha of geothermal vegetation andhabitats, which is c.23.4% of the geothermal vegetation in the Waikato Region. <strong>An</strong>additional 67.9 ha has been mapped as geothermal water; specifically Lake Rotokawa.Of the c.103.7 ha, c.16.4 ha of this field was mapped as nonvegetated raw-soilfield;the extent of this type may reduce over time as the site recovers from pastdisturbances. The vegetation has been mapped over two sites; Lake Rotokawa(69.4 ha) and Rotokawa North (34.3 ha). The vegetation between parts of the twosites is continuous with the boundaries between them being somewhat arbitrary. Mostof the Lake Rotokawa site is administered by the Department of Conservation as LakeRotokawa Conservation Area. <strong>An</strong> area of c.64.9 ha was mapped as scrub andshrubland dominated by prostrate kanuka, which represents 17.1% of the prostatekanuka dominant vegetation of the Waikato Region.This field is characterised by collapse pits and eruption craters, one of which is filledby Lake Rotokawa. Large deposits of sulphur lie under and around the edge of thelake, and the surrounding area has been modified by sulphur mining. Furthermodification has occurred from harvesting operations in the surrounding pineplantations which dominate the northern end of this field (Cave et al. 1993).Considerable control of pest plants has been undertaken by the Department ofConservation in the Lake Rotokawa Conservation Area in recent years. Ongoingcontrol of pest plants in this reserve is recommended.The large area of prostrate kanuka scrub and shrubland is a key feature of thegeothermal field. Large areas of manuka scrub and shrubland are also present. Smallpopulations of Nephrolepis flexuosa and Dicanopteris linearis were recorded near onespring in 2004. A relatively large population of Calochilus robertsonii was recordedfrom the Lake Rotokawa site in November 2006 (Bycroft 2007). Within LakeRotokawa, two species of flagellate algae (Euglena anabaena andChlamydomonas sp.), a leech (Helobdella sp.), and larvae of Chironomuszealandicus, a chironomid have been recorded (Burns 2007). The blue-green algaCyanidium caldarum has been recorded in and around hot springs and their outflowsaround the lake and the Parariki Stream, and, associated with this, larvae of thethermal mosquito, Culex rotoruae and the thermal fly, Ephydrella thermarum (Burns2007).This field is classified as a Development Geothermal System by Waikato RegionalCouncil 1 . The 29 MW Rotokawa power station was commissioned in 1997 (andsubsequently expanded to 35 MW in 2003). Further development of the Rotokawafield has since taken place with commissioning of the 140 MW Nga Awa Puruapower station in 2010, which includes the largest single geothermal turbine in the1http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/environmental-information/Geothermal-resources/Classifyinggeothermal-systems:Accessed 24 July 2011.© 201040Contract Report No. 2348

world 1 . The impacts of this energy extraction on the vegetation and features in thisgeothermal field should be monitored to assist with future management of this field.Horomatangi Geothermal FieldThis geothermal field occurs on the bed of Lake Taupo. It comprises sinterdepositingsprings on the bed of the lake, sinter tubes and associated specialisedecosystems 2 . The Horomatangi Geothermal Field is classified as a „ProtectedGeothermal System‟ by the Waikato Regional Council 1 . As this Geothermal Field isunder Lake Taupo, no terrestrial or emergent wetland geothermal vegetation will bepresent in this geothermal field, and no sites are mapped and described in this reportand analysis.Tokaanu-Waihi-Hipaua Geothermal FieldThe Tokaanu-Waihi-Hipaua Geothermal Field contains c.59.5 ha of geothermalvegetation, which is c.8.1% of the geothermal vegetation in the Waikato Region. <strong>An</strong>additional c.3.5 ha has been mapped as geothermal water. This field contains anestimated 41.4 ha of geothermal wetland habitat; about 50% of the geothermalwetland vegetation in the Waikato Region. The boundaries of geothermal wetlandsare somewhat difficult to map, so the boundaries identified in this report may requireupdating in the future if more information becomes available. Regardless of the exactsize of the geothermal wetland it is of considerable ecological significance. Most ofthe area mapped as geothermal wetland was present at Tokaanu Lakeshore Wetland(c.39.1 ha). A small area was mapped as nonvegetated raw-soilfield (0.4 ha). About10.8 ha was mapped as prostrate kanuka dominant scrub and shrubland, which isabout 2.8% of this vegetation type in the Waikato Region.Geothermal activity at Tokaanu has changed and, historically, this site was moreextensive and spectacular than it is now. The cause of this decrease in activity isunknown, but may have been related to changes in the water level of Lake Taupo(Cave et al. 1993).The geothermal vegetation, most of which has developed during the last few decades,is of relatively good quality, with few weeds. A moderate-sized population of thenaturally uncommon, semi-parasitic mistletoe, Korthalsella salicornioides (an „AtRisk‟ species in de Lange et al. 2009), occurs at this site. Schizaea dichotoma (an „AtRisk‟ species in de Lange et al. 2009) is also present and there are historical recordsof the fern Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) and Nephrolepis flexuosa (both classedas „At Risk‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) from the site (Given 1995, de Lange et al. 2005).Oioi occurs at site Tokaanu Thermal Park, outside its normal coastal distribution.Tokaanu Lakeshore Wetland contains an extensive area of wetland, with steam seenrising through raupo at regular intervals throughout much of the mapped site. Most ofthe prostrate kanuka dominant vegetation occurs at Hipaua, however while it ispresumed to be of high quality, there has been no botanical survey here since 199612http://www.nzgeothermal.org.nz/nz_geo_fields.html#Rotokawa: Accessed 24 July 2011.http://www.nzgeothermal .org.nz/elec_geo.htmlhttp://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/environmental-information/Geothermal-resources/Classifyinggeothermal-systems/accessed24 July 2011.© 201041Contract Report No. 2348

(Given 1996). Hipaua was ranked highly by Given due to a high diversity of edaphicfactors, and for the overall integrity and maintenance of processes.Tongariro Geothermal FieldMt Tongariro has four areas of geothermal vegetation covering c.25.1 ha, or 3.4% ofthe geothermal vegetation in the Waikato Region. One site was not surveyed in thisstudy (Ketetahi) and its analysis was based on aerial photographs and descriptions ofGiven (1995). The other three sites (Red Crater, Emerald Lakes, and Te MaariCraters) were included in this project for the first time. <strong>An</strong> estimated c.25.1 ha ofgeothermal vegetation occurs in this geothermal field, the only subalpine geothermalvegetation mapped in this study. The three sites in Tongariro National Park(Te Maari, Emerald Lakes and Red Crater) are protected, and Ketetahi is protected bythe Māori owners as private land. Most of the geothermal sites are bare ground, withscattered Rytidiosperma setifolium in cooler areas. A small population ofLycopodiella cernua was found in Te Maari Crater. The nearest known population ofthis species is at Tokaanu Thermal Park.6.2 Assessment by Local Authority DistrictGeothermal vegetation in the Waikato Region is distributed relatively evenly betweenthe Rotorua and Taupo Districts with c.51.1% in the Rotorua District and 48.9% in theTaupo District (see Table 8).Table 8:Area of geothermal vegetation (includes terrestrial vegetation,nonvegetated raw-soilfield and wetland, but not geothermal water) in theWaikato Region in the Rotorua and Taupo Districts.Administrative District Area (ha) 1 Area (%)Rotorua 374.9 51.1Taupo 358.6 48.9Total 733.5 1006.3 Assessment by Ecological DistrictThe majority (85.9%) of geothermal vegetation in the Waikato Region occurs in theAtiamuri Ecological District (see Table 9). Taupo Ecological District and TongariroEcological District contain c.8.9% and 5.4% of the vegetation in the regionrespectively.1All areas (ha) given refer to the area of geothermal vegetation, not the area of the site.© 201042Contract Report No. 2348

Table 9:Area of geothermal vegetation (includes terrestrial vegetation,nonvegetated raw-soilfield and wetland, but not geothermal water) andgeothermal water in the Waikato Region of the Atiamuri, Rotorua Lakes,Taupō, and Tongariro Ecological Districts.EcologicalDistrictGeothermalWater(ha)Hydroclass/Vegetation GroupingGeothermal VegetationTerrestrialVegetation(ha)NonvegetatedRaw-Soilfield(ha)EmergentWetland(ha)TotalGeothermalVegetation(ha)Atiamuri 101.4 62.5 528.1 39.7 630.6 731.8Rotorua Lakes 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.6 1.0Taupo 3.5 3.3 21.1 41.3 65.7 69.2Tongariro 0.9 25.5 11.2 0.1 36.7 37.6Grand Total 106.2 91.8 560.5 81.1 733.66 839.7Total(ha)The change in extent of geothermal vegetation from the time of European settlementto the present day was estimated for each Ecological District. Estimations are basedon existing data and anecdotal evidence, and are only a rough indication of thechanges that have occurred. Within Atiamuri Ecological District, an overall loss ofc.30% of the geothermal vegetation has been estimated, compared with an estimatedgain of c.4% within the Taupo Ecological District (Wildland Consultants 2004).There has probably been little change in the extent of geothermal vegetation in theTongariro Ecological District.7. CHANGES IN EXTENT OF GEOTHERMAL SITES BETWEEN1940s/1950s AND 2007Historical photos of 52 sites held by the Waikato Regional Council library werestudied. Photos for 12 sites were not able to be located. Of the 52 sites studied,photographs for 15 sites were not clear enough to determine any site change due touncertainty of the surrounding landscape identification or cloud cover on the historicalphotograph or were simply too small to identify any changes in extent. Wherepossible, existing literature was used to fill information gaps. Using a combination ofhistorical photos and existing literature, the extent of geothermal vegetation hasdecreased in 23 out of the 37 sites able to be assessed (Table 10). In six sites, theextent of geothermal vegetation has increased compared to what was historicallypresent, and eight sites have no discernable vegetation change.Many of the historical photographs showed large light coloured patches, often notpresent in 2007 aerials. These light coloured patches may be bare ground, but couldalso be short-statured vegetation (reflecting light), or open water. Bare ground can beindicative of heated soils resulting in less vegetation cover. It is possible that manysites have cooled over the last 60 years as a result of geothermal extraction, resultingin a corresponding increase in vegetation cover. Causes of a reduction in geothermalvegetation cover include an increase in ground temperature beyond the capacity tosupport vegetation, vegetation clearance for e.g. roading, pasture, and spread ofweeds.© 201043Contract Report No. 2348

Table 10: Summary changes in extent and composition of geothermal vegetationand habitats between historical photos and 2007 aerial photographs. 1Site Name Site Number Type of ChangeHorohoro HHV01 Too small to assess.Waikite Valley WAV01 Decrease.Northern Paeroa Range WAV02 No historical photos.Maungaongaonga WTV01 No significant change could be detected.Ngapouri WTV02 Decrease.Waiotapu North WTV03 Decrease.MaungakakarameaWTV04 Decrease.(Rainbow Mountain)Waiotapu South WTV05 Decrease.Whakamaru MKV01 Too small to assess.Waipapa Stream MKV02 No historical photos.Tirohanga Road MKV03 No historical photos.Paerata Road MKV04 No historical photos.Upper Atiamuri West ATV01 No historical photos.Whangapoa Springs ATV02 No historical photos.Matapan Road ATV03 No historical photos.Te Kopia TKV01 No significant change could be detected.Murphy's Springs TKV02 No historical photos.Te Kopia Northwest TKV03 No historical photos.Te Kopia West Mud Pools TKV04 No historical photos.Te Kopia Red Stream TKV05 No historical photos.Mangamingi Station TKV06 No historical photos.Waihunuhunu OKV01 Decrease.Akatarewa Stream OKV02 Decrease.Orakeikorako OKV03 Decrease.Red Hills OKV04 Decrease.Akatarewa East OKV05 Too small to assess.Waikato River Springs NMV01 Too small to assess.Ngatamariki NMV02 Increase.Whangairorohea WGV01 No significant change could be detected.Longview Road RPV01 Decrease.Wharepapa Road RPV02 Decrease.Golden Springs RPV03 Too small to assess.Ohaaki Steamfield West OHV01 Increase.Ohaaki Steamfield East OHV02 Increase.Otumuheke THV01 Too small to assess.Spa Thermal Park THV03 Decrease.Broadlands Road THV04 Increase.Crown Park THV05 Decrease.Crown Road THV06 Decrease.Waipahihi Valley THV07 Decrease.Te Rautehuia WKV01 Decrease.Te Rautehuia Stream WKV01 Decrease.Upper Wairakei Stream WKV03 Decrease.(Geyser Valley)Wairakei Borefield WKV04 Too small to assess.Te Kiri O Hine Kai Stream WKV05 Decrease.Catchment/ Wairoa HillLower Wairakei Stream WKV06 Too small to assess.Karapiti Forest WKV07 Decrease.Hall of Fame Stream WKV08 Too small to assess.1Ordered by geothermal field.© 201044Contract Report No. 2348

Site Name Site Number Type of ChangeWaipouweraweraWKV09 Increase.Stream/TukairangiCraters of the Moon WKV10 Increase.Rotokawa North RKV01 No significant change could be detected.Lake Rotokawa RKV02 Decrease.Hipaua TOV02 No significant change could be detected.Tokaanu Lakeshore Wetland TOV03/ TOV04/ No significant change could be detected.TOV05/TOV06Maunganamu West TOV07 Too small to assess.Tokaanu Thermal Park TOV08 Decrease.Tokaanu Urupa Mud Pools TOV09 Too small to assess.Maunganamu East TOV10 Decrease.Maunganamu North Wetland TOV11 Too small to assess.Tokaanu Tailrace Canal TOV14 No significant change could be detected.Te Maari Craters TGV01 Too small to assess.Ketetahi TGV02 No significant change could be detected.Emerald Lakes TGV03 Could not assess geothermal features.Red Crater TGV04 Too small to assess.8. CHANGES IN EXTENT OF GEOTHERMAL SITES (2002 AND2007 AERIAL PHOTOS)The mapped extent of geothermal vegetation at 37 sites changed by less than 1 ha as aresult of better quality aerial photographs and field survey. Sites where real changesto the extent and quality of vegetation were anticipated since the last field visit werere-visited in the field where possible. Also, additions to sites were made based on newinformation about areas of geothermal vegetation at particular sites. Sites in thiscategory are Waiotapu South, Waiotapu North, Maungakakaramea (RainbowMountain), and Waipapa Stream. The changes in extent of mapped geothermalvegetation at Orakeikorako and Te Kopia were largely as a result of better qualityaerial photographs.There was a real increase in extent of geothermal vegetation at one site (WaikiteValley) while there was a real decline in the extent of geothermal vegetation atanother (Crown Road). Restoration works undertaken in one of the geothermalwetlands at Waikite Valley included increasing water table levels in this wetland andits surrounds (drains previously dug through this wetland had resulted in a loweredwater table in this wetland). Recent restoration has resulted in a significant increasein the area of geothermal habitat at this site, which is now c.7 ha larger than the 2004study. At Crown Road c.1.5 ha of geothermal vegetation was destroyed during landdevelopment for industrial use, and roading developments. Reasons for changes to theextent of geothermal vegetation are provided in Table 1, with more detailed notes foreach site in Appendix 1.© 201045Contract Report No. 2348

Table 11:Changes in extent of each site between 2002 and 2007 aerial photos (as mapped in Wildland Consultants 2004, 2006, 2007a & band current report). Reasons for change are noted in comments column. Other observed changes that have occurred at thesesites since 2000 are also noted.Site NameSiteNumberEcologicalDistrictHorohoro Geothermal FieldHorohoro HHV01 Atiamuri

Site NameSiteNumberEcologicalDistrictWaiotapu South WTV05 Atiamuri 69.5(WildlandConsultants2004)Area of GeothermalVegetation Mapped (ha)2004-2007 2011OverallRealChangeComments112.4 No change Extensive areas of geothermal wetland vegetation were identifiedin the 2010-11 survey and added to this site. Additional areas ofgeothermal vegetation were discovered near stream margins.However, the authors of this report do not consider that the overallextent of vegetation at this site has increased between the 2004and 2010-11 studies.Total 164.1 221.0Mokai Geothermal FieldWhakamaru MKV01 Atiamuri Not surveyed

Site NameSiteNumberEcologicalDistrictArea of GeothermalVegetation Mapped (ha)2004-2007 2011OverallRealChangeCommentsMurphy's Springs TKV02 Atiamuri Not surveyed 0.2 Unlikely Not previously included in study. Significant change unlikely.Te Kopia Northwest TKV03 Atiamuri Not surveyed

Site NameSiteNumberEcologicalDistrictArea of GeothermalVegetation Mapped (ha)2004-2007 2011OverallRealChangeCommentsWhangairorohea Geothermal FieldWhangairorohea WGV01 Atiamuri Not surveyed

Site NameSiteNumberEcologicalDistrictArea of GeothermalVegetation Mapped (ha)2004-2007 2011Broadlands Road THV04 Atiamuri 30.3(WildlandConsultants2006)Crown Park THV05 Taupo 0.7(WildlandConsultants2006)Crown Road THV06 Taupo 19.0(WildlandConsultants2004)Waipahihi Valley THV07 Taupo 0.2(WildlandConsultants2004)Te Rautehuia WKV01 Atiamuri 7(WildlandConsultants2006)Te Rautehuia Stream WKV02 Atiamuri 2.2(WildlandConsultantsUpper Wairakei Stream(Geyser Valley)2006)WKV03 Atiamuri 4.6(WildlandConsultants2004)Wairakei Borefield WKV04 Atiamuri

Site NameSiteNumberEcologicalDistrictLower Wairakei Stream WKV06 Atiamuri

Site NameSiteNumberEcologicalDistrictMaunganamu West TOV07 Tongariro/TaupoArea of GeothermalVegetation Mapped (ha)2004-2007 20110.6(WildlandConsultants2007a)Tokaanu Thermal Park TOV08 Tongariro 7.8(WildlandConsultants2007a)Tokaanu Urupa Mud Pools TOV09 Taupo

9. NATURAL DYNAMICSMany geothermal sites are very active and dynamic, and their habitats are thereforesomewhat unstable. Changes in geothermal activity tend to be reflected in changes inthe extent and composition of geothermal vegetation. Local increases in heat, steamproduction, and eruptions of mud and hot water often damage or kill surroundingvegetation, or cooling ground may lead to increased weed invasion and the decline ofheat tolerant species. These changes are an integral part of the natural dynamics ofgeothermal sites.10. HUMAN DISTURBANCE AND ASSOCIATED THREATSHuman disturbance and associated threats to the geothermal vegetation in the WaikatoRegion include a range of activities, as set out below:Exploitation of geothermal fields for energy production. This is one of thegreatest threats to the viability and sustainability of geothermal vegetation andassociated flora. Exploitation can cause changes to the underground geothermalsystem that can have the potential to change both the character of geothermalsites, and the distribution of species within them. Exploitation can result inincreases in temperature (e.g. Karapiti), or decreases in temperature which resultin the disappearance of species. Extraction of energy can have the potential toalter underground geothermal systems, and can both change the quality of thesesystems and the distribution and composition of species in vegetation of surfacegeothermal manifestations. For example, exploitation of the Wairakei-TauharaGeothermal Field for electricity generation has resulted in a lowering of the watertable and consequent loss of hot springs and geysers. Past collections indicate thatGeyser Valley at Wairakei supported colonies of nearly all the tropical ferns andfern allies associated with thermal areas in New Zealand (Given 1989b). Most arenow either completely absent or much reduced in abundance and distribution here.The cooler ground has also allowed the invasion of adventive weeds. However, innearby Karapiti, a ten-fold increase in heat output has occurred followingdevelopment of the Wairakei field (Huser 1989); botanical values for somespecies have been enhanced with considerable development of geothermalvegetation and large populations of plants characteristic of geothermal sites(Given 1989b).- Large scale energy development has been undertaken in the following fields;Wairakei-Tauhara, Mokai, Ohaaki, Ngatamariki, and Rotokawa Geothermalfields. These fields have been classified as Development Geothermal systemsby Waikato Regional Council 1 . The Waikato Regional Council allows largescaleuses as long as they are undertaken in a sustainable and environmentallyresponsible manner. Horohoro and Mangakino Geothermal Fields are alsoclassified as Development Geothermal Systems, but no large scaledevelopments have been undertaken in these geothermal resources to date. A1http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/environmental-information/Geothermal-resources/Classifyinggeothermal-systems/:Accessed 25 July 2011.© 201153Contract Report No. 2348

total of c.277.7 ha of geothermal vegetation was mapped in DevelopmentFields, comprising c.38% of the mapped geothermal in the Waikato Region.- Two geothermal fields (Atiamuri and Tokaanu-Waihi-Hipaua) are classified asLimited Development Geothermal Systems. The Waikato Regional Councilallows takes that will not damage surface features 1 . A total of c.59.6 ha ofgeothermal vegetation was mapped in Limited Development GeothermalSystems, comprising c.8% of the geothermal vegetation in the WaikatoRegion.- The Reporoa Geothermal Field is classified as a Research Geothermal System,because the Waikato Regional Council considers that not enough is knownabout the system to classify it as either Development, Limited Development,or Protected. In these systems, only small takes and those undertaken forscientific research into the system are allowed 1 . A total of 7.3 ha of geothermalvegetation was mapped in this Geothermal Field, which represents c.1% of thegeothermal vegetation in the Waikato Region.- Six Geothermal Fields are protected from development and classified asprotected geothermal systems by Waikato Regional Council. These areHoromatangi, Orakeikorako, Te Kopia, Tongariro, Waikite and WaiotapuGeothermal Fields. These fields contain vulnerable geothermal featuresvalued for their cultural and scientific characteristics. Their protected statusensures that their underground geothermal water source cannot be extractedand that the surface features are not damaged by unsuitable land uses. A totalof c.389.0 ha of geothermal vegetation was mapped in Protected GeothermalSystems, representing c.53% of the geothermal vegetation in the WaikatoRegion.Tourism and Recreation. Considerable damage can result from the constructionof facilities such as tracks, roads and buildings, and from the combined effects oflarge numbers of visitors, especially to popular tourist sites such as Waiotapu,Wairakei, and Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain), Craters of the Moon, andUpper Wairakei Stream (Geyser Valley, and Orakeikorako). Some sites such asCraters of the Moon have produced a plan to reduce the impacts of tourists tothese sites, by discouraging visitors from walking off formed tracks. Geothermalsites are particularly vulnerable to trampling damage, particularly populations ofthreatened ferns, and prostrate kanuka dominant vegetation.Attempts to „tidy‟ or otherwise „enhance‟ areas for tourism and recreation can alsodegrade the geothermal vegetation. Mowing or slashing geothermal vegetation,the indiscriminate use of herbicides for weed control, replacement of „scruffy‟geothermal vegetation with grass or other introduced plants and the application offertiliser to promote growth of non-thermal vegetation all threaten the viability ofgeothermal vegetation.Vegetation and features at Crown Road have been destroyed for motorcross trackconstruction.1http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/environmental-information/Geothermal-resources/Classifyinggeothermal-systems/:Accessed 25 July 2011.© 201154Contract Report No. 2348

Mountain bikers should be discouraged from riding in vegetation and features atCraters of the Moon and other Wairakei sites. This should also be the case if amountain bike track is constructed at Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain).Dumping of Rubbish. Dumping of garden refuse leads to the establishment ofgarden escapes and other weeds. Dumping of other rubbish is a problem at somesites, e.g. Wharepapa Road, Crown Park, Otumuheke, and Ngapouri, and itthreatens the viability of geothermal vegetation, as well as being unsightly.Pest Plants. Adventive plants, particularly blackberry and wilding pines, are themost obvious threat to most sites. While weeds will generally not survive onhotter sites, species such as blackberry, wilding pines, silver birch (Betulapendula), buffalo grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum), Montpellier broom (Telinemonspessulana), tree lucerne (Chamaecytisus palmensis), Himalayan honeysuckle(Leycesteria formosa), broom (Cytisus scoparius), Spanish heath, Cotoneasterglaucophyllus, and pampas (mainly Cortaderia selloana) readily invade coolerground around the margins of geothermal sites, e.g. Maungakakaramea (RainbowMountain), Te Kopia, Lake Rotokawa, and Waiotapu. Some pest plants are sitespecific and require urgent management, for example Cyperus involucratus andivy (Hedera helix) are a significant threat to populations of Nephrolepis flexuosaand geothermal vegetation at Waikite. Weed control methods need to avoid orminimise risk to geothermal vegetation. The protection of any rare and threatenedspecies present is important, e.g. Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) at WaikiteValley. Each site larger than 10 hectares (apart from those in Tongariro NationalPark) ideally should have a management plant for pest plants to monitor andcontrol pest plants at these sites.Domestic Livestock Damage. Where livestock have access to geothermalvegetation they are a major threat to its viability, and stock-proof fencing is a highpriority, e.g. the north-east area of Waikite Valley. Livestock cause damage tovegetation by grazing, trampling and pugging of the ground surface and open upsites for weed invasion. Stock can cause considerable damage to sites bycongregating in the warm areas during cold weather. Deer were noted to havecaused considerable damage to some units by trampling in prostrate kanukashrubland at Te Rautehuia Stream in 2006.Plantation Forestry and Shelterbelts. A number of geothermal sites in theWaikato Region are adjacent to plantation forest and wilding pines are invadingthe geothermal vegetation, particularly around the margins. For example sevenspecies of wilding pines are known from Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain),and earlier reports noted it covering 6-20% of the geothermal vegetation.However considerable pine control work has been undertaken at this site by theDepartment of Conservation. Pine control has also taken place at neighbouringWaiotapu, Te Kopia, Orakeikorako and several Wairakei sites. Where geothermalareas adjoin plantations, management and harvesting operations need to beundertaken with care to avoid damaging the geothermal vegetation or associatedbuffer vegetation. Such damage can allow weed invasion and wind access, andthreaten the viability of geothermal vegetation. The adverse effects of plantationforestry on geothermal sites needs to be addressed, as recommended by Given© 201155Contract Report No. 2348

(1995), who emphasised the importance of buffer zones for indigenous vegetation,of which there are currently few.Some sites (e.g. Northern Paeroa Range) are surrounded by shelter belts. Theseshould be managed to ensure that trees are not felled into geothermal sites.Introduced Pest <strong>An</strong>imals. <strong>An</strong>imal pests such as possums, deer and pigs canthreaten the viability of indigenous vegetation associated with geothermal sites.Control is required where pest animals are causing problems. Significant damageby pigs was noted at Waiotapu South in Orutu Wetland. This is the best qualitygeothermal wetland in New Zealand, and control of pigs should be undertaken toreduce their impacts on this site.Fire. Geothermal vegetation is frequently dominated by flammable species suchas prostrate kanuka and monoao and great care needs to be taken with fire in thevicinity of geothermal sites. Fire has been a problem at several sites in theWaikato Region including Crown Road. Smoking should be discouraged from allgeothermal sites.Genetic Pollution. The planting of indigenous species around geothermal areasusing plants sourced from other parts of New Zealand can result in genetic mixingof different ecotypes (e.g. see Wassilief and Timmins 1984, Simpson 1992). Onlylocally-sourced plants should be used, say from within the same ecological regionor district.Wetland Infilling and Drainage. Some geothermal activity is associated withfreshwater wetlands, and these sites are vulnerable to infilling and drainage, whichare common threats to wetlands. Wetlands have been much reduced in theWaikato Region and remaining wetlands deserve a high level of protection.Industrial/Residential/Roading Development: Sites near urban areas have beendestroyed by replacing vegetation for industrial, residential and roadingdevelopments. This has been particularly noted at sites near Taupo where the newState Highway 1 bypass around Taupo has passed through the Crown Road site,and areas to the south of the site have recently been converted to industrial landuse.11. FUTURE MANAGEMENT11.1 Regulatory controlsAll areas of geothermal vegetation ranked as being significant are worthy of formalprotection and management to protect them from the threats listed above. Some sitesthat have been assessed as locally significant, or regionally significant may improvein condition over time if protected, and could warrant a higher ranking in the future.© 201156Contract Report No. 2348

11.2 Buffers and connectionsProtective buffers enhance the viability of natural areas and are an importantmanagement issue. They buffer sensitive ecosystems from external modifyinginfluences such as wind and weed invasion. Geothermal habitats were previouslysurrounded by larger areas of non-geothermal indigenous vegetation, which alsopreviously provided connective links or corridors to other geothermal sites.Connections need to be protected or enhanced wherever possible. Many geothermalsites are relatively small and currently have inadequate buffers.The presence of surface geothermal activity can fluctuate at a particular location andacross the landscape. A good sized buffer is desirable around many geothermal sitesto allow for this variability.11.3 Land status and protectionPrivate LandMany sites containing geothermal vegetation with significant conservation values arelocated on private land. Formal legal protection (e.g. by covenant) would bewarranted for these sites. The current management of some privately-owned sites isecologically unsustainable, and land management agencies need to consideropportunities to promote and fund physical protection and restoration works (e.g.fencing) for geothermal features in private ownership.Protected SitesSome legally protected sites (e.g. reserves administered by District Councils or theDepartment of Conservation) require physical protection works, e.g. control ofwilding pines. Some reserves (or parts of them) may also warrant an upgradedclassification to reflect their relative significance for nature conservation.11.4 Ecological restorationEcological restoration of degraded geothermal sites would enhance the conservationvalues and viability of many areas - particularly the smaller areas.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the following people during the project.Landowners for allowing access to study areas and providing useful information.Katherine Luketina (Waikato Regional Council) for organising the project, and providingaerial photography and logistical support.Paul Cashmore and Pete Corson (Department of Conservation, Rotorua Field Centre) forproviding background information on existing and new geothermal sites. Paul Cashmore,Brendon Christensen, and Jolene Kelly (Department of Conservation, Rotorua Field© 201157Contract Report No. 2348

Centre), and <strong>An</strong>gela Padget and Harry Keys (Department of Conservation, Tongariro-Taupo Conservancy) provided assistance for permits to undertake this study.Jo<strong>An</strong>ne Evelyn (Waikato Regional Council) for assistance with finding historical aerialphotographs.Manfred Hochstein (University of Auckland), Juliet Newson, and Julian McDowell(Independent Consultants) for geophysical assessment of selected sites.REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYAllen R.B. 1992: RECCE an inventory methods for describing New Zealand's vegetationcover. Forest Research Institute No. 176.Allis R.G. 1979: Thermal history of the Karapiti area, Wairakei. Geophysics Division, DSIR,Report No. 137.<strong>An</strong>on 1990: Biological Survey of Upper Kiriohineki Stream Catchment. Unpublished Report.Department of Conservation, Tongariro/Taupo Conservancy Resource File: FLO=028.<strong>An</strong>on (no date): Biological Survey of Tokaanu Thermal Park. Unpublished Report.Department of Conservation, Tongariro/Taupo Conservancy Resource File: FLO=028.<strong>An</strong>on 2000: Rare Bits 36:4, Biodiversity Recovering Unit, Department of Conservation,Wellington.Atkinson I.A.E. 1985: Derivation of vegetation mapping units for an ecological survey ofTongariro National Park, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of BotanyVol. 23, No. 3: 361-378.Beadel S. 1986: The vegetation of the Ohaaki Steamfield and environs. Report prepared forEnvironmental Design Section, Rotorua Residency, Ministry of Works andDevelopment. 31 pp.Beadel S. 1988a: Botanical report on De Bretts Thermal Pools, Taupo. Wildland ConsultantsLtd Contract Report. 4 pp plus maps.Beadel S.M. 1988b: A register of threatened and local plant taxa in the Eastern Region,Department of Conservation: Their distribution and status. Technical Report SeriesNo. 6. Department of Conservation, Rotorua. 72 pp plus map.Beadel S. 1995a: Rotorua Lakes Field Centre field inspection. Wildland Consultants Ltd,Contract Report No. 135.Beadel S.M. 1995b: Vegetation and flora of lands administered by Bay of PlentyConservancy. Department of Conservation. Rotorua. Wildland Consultants LtdContract Report No. 130. 556 pp.© 201158Contract Report No. 2348

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Pardy G.; Bergin D.O. 1984: Advice on indigenous planting within the Ohaaki GeothermalField at Broadlands. In: Indigenous Forest Management. Unpublished file note18/6/0/2. Forest Research Institute, Rotorua.Rasch G. 1989: Wildlife and wildlife habitats in the Bay of Plenty Region. Regional ReportSeries No. 11. Department of Conservation, Rotorua. 136 pp plus maps.Risk G.F.; Bennie S.L.; Graham D.J. 1994: Resistivity resurvey of southern TauharaGeothermal Field. Proceedings of the 16 th N.Z Geothermal Workshop, University ofAuckland. Pp 145-150.Rotorua District Council 1994: Waikite Valley Thermal Reserve Management Plan. RotoruaDistrict Council, Rotorua.Rotorua Botanical Society 2006: Indigenous vascular plants of Rainbow Mountain(Maungakakaramea), SSE of Rotorua, 400-743 m. Rotorua Botanical SocietyNewsletter 47.Shaw W.B. 2003: Forest Stewardship Council criteria for the assessment of highconservation value forests. Wildland Consultants Ltd Contract Report No. 703.Prepared for Fletcher Challenge Forests. 20 pp.Shaw W.B. and Beadel S.M. 1998: Natural Heritage of the Rotorua District. WildlandConsultants Ltd Contract Report No. 176. 657 pp.Shaw W.B. and Beadel S.M. 1998: Trial assessment of criteria for determining areas ofsignificant indigenous vegetation and significant habitats for indigenous fauna.Wildland Consultants Ltd Contract Report No. 234.Simpson P. 1992: Sustaining genetic integrity through restoration using local plantprovenances. International Conference on Sustainable Land Management, Napier, NewZealand. November 18-22 1991. Proceedings pp. 336-342. Hawkes Bay RegionalCouncil 1992.Smith-Dodsworth J. 1993: Lake Ohakuri field trip: 7 March 1993. Rotorua Botanical SocietyNewsletter 28: 10-11.Spring-Rice B.N. 1996: Atiamuri Ecological District - survey report for the New ZealandProtected Natural Areas Programme. Unpublished draft report. Turangi, Departmentof Conservation.Stretch B. 2000: Mokai on the Map. IGA News 39: 8. Taupo, International GeothermalAssociation.Vaile E.E. 1939: Pioneering the Pamie, Christchurch. Whitcombe and Tombs.Waikato Regional Council 2011: Methodologies for ranking Significant Natural Areas of theWaikato Region within the following ecosystem types: Terrestrial, Wetland, Sanddune, Shingle beach and Offshore Islands. Waikato Regional Council UnpublishedReport, Doc. No. 1564829.© 2011 69 Contract Report No. 2348

Waikato Regional Council 2011: Proposed management of Otumuheke Thermal Streammargins. Waikato Regional Council Doc No. 1915706. 13 pp.Waikato Valley Authority 1987: Summary of field data. In: Geothermal managementplanning - an overview. Technical Publication No. 48. Waikato Valley Authority,Hamilton.Wassilieff M. and Timmins S. 1984: Register of protected natural areas in New Zealand.Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington. 468 pp.Watt Victoria J. 1986: Pine invasion on Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain). MSc(Biology) Thesis, University of Waikato.Whaley K.J.; Clarkson B.D. and Leathwick J.R. 1995: Assessment of criteria used todetermine ‘significance’ of natural areas in relation to section 6(c) of the ResourceManagement Act (1991). Landcare Research Contract Report prepared forEnvironment Waikato, Hamilton, LC9596/021.Wildland Consultants 2003: Geothermal vegetation of the Waikato Region - Revised andexpanded 2003. Wildland Consultants Ltd Contract Report No. 664. Prepared forEnvironment Waikato. 225 pp.Wildland Consultants 2004a: Ecological assessment of plantation harvesting and wildingpine removal at Waipapa Stream Geothermal Area, Kinleith Forest. WildlandConsultants Ltd Contract Report No. 855. Report prepared for Carter Holt HarveyForests. 8 pp.Wildland Consultants 2004b: Ecological values and management recommendations forgeothermal vegetation in Kaingaroa Forest. Wildland Consultants Ltd Contract ReportNo. 855. Report prepared for Kaingaroa Timberlands. 16 pp.Wildland Consultants 2004c: Geothermal vegetation of the Waikato Region - Revised 2004.Wildland Consultants Ltd Contract Report No. 896. Prepared for EnvironmentWaikato. 244 pp.Wildland Consultants 2006: Field evaluations of five geothermal sites, Waikato Region, June2006. Wildland Consultants Ltd Contract Report No. 1403. Prepared for EnvironmentWaikato. 28 pp.Wildland Consultants 2007a: Evaluation and mapping of selected geothermal sites for minorvariation to Waikato Regional Plan - Geothermal vegetation and geophysicalproperties: February 2007. Wildland Consultants Ltd Contract Report No. 1588.Prepared for Environment Waikato. 57 pp.Wildland Consultants 2007b: Field evaluations of nine geothermal sites, Waikato Region,June 2007. Wildland Consultants Ltd Contract Report No. 1619. Prepared forEnvironment Waikato. 56 pp.© 2011 70 Contract Report No. 2348

Wildland Consultants 2007e: Requirements for the protection and enhancement ofBroadlands Road Scenic Reserve. Wildland Consultants Ltd Contract ReportNo. 1789. Prepared for Department of Conservation. 37 pp.Wildland Consultants 2007d: Requirements for the protection and enhancement of ‘Craters ofthe Moon’ - a geothermal natural area and tourist attraction near Taupo. WildlandConsultants Ltd Contract Report No. 1785. Prepared for Department of Conservation,Turangi. 44 pp.Wildland Consultants 2009a: Orakei Korako Cave and Thermal Park - Interpretation andrestoration. Wildland Consultants Ltd Contract Report No. 2034. 23 pp.Wildland Consultants 2009b: Wilding pine control at Orakei Korako cave and thermal park.Wildland Consultants Ltd Contract Report No. 2333. Prepared for WairakeiEnvironmental Mitigation Charitable Trust. 12 pp.Wildland Consultants 2011a: Ranking of sites with geothermal vegetation and habitats forbiodiversity management in the Waikato Region. Wildland Consultants Ltd No. 2756.Prepared for Waikato Regional Council.Wildland Consultants 2011b: Priorities for pest plant control, pest animal control, andfencing at geothermal sites in the Waikato Region in 2011. Wildland Consultants LtdContract Report No. 2755. Prepared for Waikato Regional Council.Williams K. 2001: Volcanoes of the South Wind. A field guide to the volcanoes andlandscapes of Tongariro National Park. 4 th Edition. Published by the TongariroNational Park Society (Inc.). 148 pp.© 2011 71 Contract Report No. 2348

APPENDIX 1SITE DESCRIPTIONS© 201172Contract Report No. 2348

© 201173Contract Report No. 2348

1.1 HOROHORO GEOTHERMAL FIELDList of Geothermal SitesHHV01Horohoro© 201174Contract Report No. 2348

HHV01Horohoro 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10KmImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m±LegendGeothermal waterMercer grass grassland1:5,0000 50 100m

HOROHOROSite Number: HHV01 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 782 616GPS Reference:NZTM E1878243 N5761598Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:HorohoroBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private land (Waipupumahana C - Maori freeholdland)Altitude:340 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat:

Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2003 Assessment):Human impacts(2003 Assessment):Grazing(2003 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2003 Assessment):The geothermal pools are surrounded by exotic pasture species.Modified outlet trench with concrete platform and temporary pool forbathing facilities. <strong>An</strong> overflow trench is also present. Site has lost most ofits ecological values because pastoral farming operations have resulted inthe disappearance of indigenous vegetation cover.The site is not fenced to exclude livestock and livestock have modified thevegetation surrounding the hot pools.Farmland.Site Change:Recent change:Not assessed. Changes unlikely to be significant.Historical: This site is too small to identify any evidence of change since 1948(Historical photo SN 255 Run 715 Photo 69, 1948).ManagementRequirements:Site lacks characteristic geothermal species apart from Lycopodiella cernuaand mingimingi. Indigenous values could be restored by fencing the poolsto exclude grazing animals, and undertaking restoration planting.Significance Level: Local (Table 1 - Criterion 5; Table 2 - Factor 19).SignificanceJustification:Notes:The site is of local significance because it comprises a small example ofgeothermal habitat, a nationally uncommon habitat type.The small geothermal pools and small areas of geothermal substrate havepotential for restoration if stock are excluded.Given (1995 & 1996) assessed the botanical value of many of thegeothermal sites in the Waikato Region. In these studies, this site wasranked as „D‟ in 1995 and „C‟ in 1996 (an A ranking was given to the mostsignificant sites).Waikato Regional Council (unpublished) named this site asWaipupumahana. It is used for recreational bathing; water in the largerpool is 40-50ºC.References:Given 1995 & 1996; Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data 1995; WaikatoRegional Council unpublished; Wildland Consultants 2004.© 201177Contract Report No. 2348

1.2 WAIKITE GEOTHERMAL FIELDList of Geothermal SitesWAV01WAV02Waikite ValleyNorthern Paeroa Range© 201178Contract Report No. 2348

WAV01Waikite Valley 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10kmNZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m

WAV01! AWaikite Valley0508±WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz! A! B 0 0.5 1 2km! BMap Join LineLegendNephrolepis flexuosa-Dicranopteris linearis fernlandBarberry/blackberry scrubBlackberry scrubGeothermal waterGrey willow forestManuka-harakeke-Cyperus ustulatus shrublandMercer grass grasslandNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka/Yorkshire fog grasslandRaupo reedland±Raupo-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani-Carex secta-Baumea rubiginosa reedlandMap Join LineA See text1:12,5000 250500mAImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved

WAIKITE VALLEYSite Number: WAV01 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 890 529GPS Reference:NZTM E1889034 N5752934Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:WaikiteBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Waikite Stewardship Area; Otamakokore StreamMarginal Strip; Waikite Wildlife Management Reserve) andunprotected private land.Altitude:c.380-440 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.25.8 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.24.5 haDate of Field Survey:3 February 2011 (parts of this site were surveyed 17-29 May2007)VEGETATIONCODE TYPE01.06 Willow-dominant forest01.06.03 2 Grey willow forestGrey willow (Salix cinerea) forms a canopy over raupo,Carex secta, Baumea rubiginosa, Schoenoplectustabernaemontani, blackberry, water purslane (Ludwigiapalustris), swamp kiokio (Blechnum minus), swampmillet (Isachne globosa), bracken (Pteridium esculentum),and harakeke (flax; Phormium tenax). Several areas withelevated water temperatures (up to 24 ° C) were found. Inone of these areas, Cyclosorus interruptus was commonwith one small population of Thelypteris confluens.(Information collected in 2007).04.08 Blackberry-dominant scrub04.08.01 Blackberry scrubDense blackberry scrub is dominant beside manystreams and drains with this site. Scattered plants ofChristella aff. dentata (“thermal”) and occasionalCyclosorus interruptus are present. Other speciescommonly present include swamp kiokio, kiokio(Blechnum novae-zelandiae), bracken, Carex secta,Cyperus ustulatus, Histiopteris incisa, pohue (Calystegiasepium subsp. roseata), Hypolepis ambigua,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani and Mercer grass, andthere is occasional manuka, patches of Nephrolepisflexuosa, Baumea arthrophylla, Carex virgata, andBaumea juncea on open margins. (Information collectedin 2011).LANDFORMWetlandStreammarginsEXTENTc.2.0 hac.1.8 ha12Previously identified as U16/6 in Wildland Consultants (2004).Not surveyed in 2011.© 201181Contract Report No. 2348

VEGETATIONCODE TYPE04.09 Exotic-dominant scrub04.09.01 2 Barberry/blackberry scrubFor c.2.2 km west of the Corbett Road Bridge, themargins of Otamakokore Stream are dominated by adense cover of blackberry, barberry (Berberisglaucocarpa), and bracken. The barberry is up to c.4 mtall. Pohue, introduced grasses (including Mercer grassand Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus)), and Cyperusustulatus are common throughout. About 200 matureChristella aff. dentata (“thermal”) are scattered alongthe stream margins with local patches of Nephrolepisflexuosa. Other species occurring along the streammargin include Hypolepis distans, H. ambigua,Histiopteris incisa, kiokio, Deparia petersenii, Baumearubiginosa, Carex geminata, raupo, lotus (Lotuspedunculatus), ivy, feijoa (Feijoa sellowiana), Lawson‟scypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), pampas, andfleabane (Conyza sumatrensis), with local emergent greywillow, kohuhu (Pittosporum tenuifolium), karamu(Coprosma robusta), and ti kouka (Cordyline australis).Ten plants of Hypolepis dicksonioides are present. Thesite margins are mostly fenced on the true-right side ofthe stream, but on the true left stock have access to largeparts of the stream. Rank exotic pasture grassland iscommon along stream margins in places. (Informationcollected in 2007).05.0105.01.01The vegetation along several hundred metres of streammargin was illegally cleared west of the Corbett RoadBridge in 2007. The nearby terrace above the stream hasbeen replanted with indigenous species. Most Christellaaff. dentata (“thermal”) that was previously presentalongside the stream margins in this area have beendestroyed. (Information collected in 2007).Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka forms a low shrubland aroundloamfields, fumaroles and boiling mud, with scatteredmingimingi and Spanish heath. Mats of moss(Campylopus capillaceus and Sphagnum cristatum) withlocal patches of Nephrolepis flexuosa and wild portulaca(Portulaca oleracea) form a sparse groundcover.Dicranopteris linearis and Psilotum nudum wererecorded in this area in 1976 (Ecroyd & Coham 1976).In areas where this vegetation type merges with streammargins Baumea arthrophylla and Baumea juncea arepresent. (Information collected in 2011).05.0305.03.26 1 Manuka-dominant shrublandManuka-harakeke-Cyperus ustulatus shrublandManuka, harakeke, and Cyperus ustulatus, with smallLANDFORMStreammarginsGentle slopesat foot of scarpWetlandEXTENTc.2.5 hac.4.9 hac.1.1 ha1Not surveyed in 2011.© 201182Contract Report No. 2348

VEGETATIONCODE TYPEpatches of raupo, are dominant over Baumea rubiginosa,swamp kiokio, Carex secta, C. virgata, and watercress,with occasional grey willow. Blackberry, bracken,Hypolepis ambigua, creeping buttercup (Ranunculusrepens), and exotic grasses occur on dryer, cooler soils.Seepages of hot water are scattered throughout.Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) occurs near several ofthese seepages. Occasional plants of Cyperusinvolucratus are present near the northern margin of thisarea. (Information collected in 2007).07.08 Nephrolepis flexuosa-dominant fernland07.08.02 Nephrolepis flexuosa-Dicranopteris linearis fernlandA mosaic of several fern species, including Nephrolepisflexuosa and Dicranopteris linearis surrounding the Te-Manaroa Hot Spring and the stream that flowsdownstream. Several areas of Nephrolepis flexuosa andDicranopteris linearis occur near the Te-ManaroaSpring. Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) plants arescattered downstream of the spring. Lycopodiellacernua, bracken, Histiopteris incisa, kiokio, Depariapetersenii, Diplazium australe and Hypolepis ambiguaare also present in this area, with occasional kohuhu,karamu, whauwhaupaku (Pseudopanax arboreus), andkamahi (Weinmannia racemosa) on cooler sites.Blackberry becomes more abundant along streammargins downstream of the Waikite Pools. <strong>An</strong> exoticspecies, Cyperus involucratus, has spread fromornamental plantings into indigenous geothermalvegetation on stream margins, and surrounding wetlandsoutside of the area mapped as 07.08.02. (Information08.0108.01.0208.0408.04.0311.0111.01.01collected in 2007).Yorkshire fog-dominant grasslandProstrate kanuka/Yorkshire fog grasslandA newly fenced area next to the raupo reedland isdominated by Yorkshire fog with emergent prostratekanuka scattered throughout. (Information collected in2007).Mercer grass-dominant grasslandMercer grass grasslandMercer grass dominates this area. Other species presentinclude Indian doab (Cynodon dactylis), browntop, andYorkshire fog. Scattered prostrate kanuka occur close tothe margins of the hottest geothermal areas. Localpatches of blackberry are also present, with small areasof nonvegetated raw-soilfield. (Information collected in2011).Raupo-dominant reedlandRaupo reedlandRaupo dominates this area with harakeke, Carex secta,Cyperus ustulatus, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani,Baumea rubiginosa, Deparia petersenii, blackberry andbracken common around the margins. HypolepisLANDFORMStream gullyFlatFlat areas andgentle slopesat the foot ofscarpFlat/wetlandEXTENTc.0.3 hac.7.7 hac.0.4 hac.2.6 ha© 201183Contract Report No. 2348

VEGETATIONCODETYPEdistans, Juncus articulatus, Carex virgata and kiokio arealso present, and emergent kanuka (Kunzea ericoides) isscattered throughout. Nephrolepis flexuosa andChristella aff. dentata (“thermal”) occur locally wherehot water flows into the reedland. Until recently, cattleaccessed this wetland and trampling resulted in localdamage to the vegetation. (Information collected in2011).11.01.12 1 Raupo-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani-Carex secta-Baumea rubiginosa reedlandA large wetland surrounding several small ponds.Elevated temperatures were recorded in parts of wetland(up to c.25 ° C). The vegetation cover is quite varied,with raupo, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, and Carexsecta all locally dominant, in association withHistiopteris incisa, kiokio, and scattered Baumearubiginosa, and grey willow. Manuka, blackberry, andbracken are common in dry parts. A large population ofThelypteris confluens occurs in the north-west corner (anestimated 800 fronds over c.10 m 2 ).14.02 Campylopus mossfield14.02.01 2 Campylopus mossfield (not mapped)Small areas of Campylopus capillaceus are presentamongst prostrate kanuka shrubland.22.0122.01.0128.0128.01.01Geothermal waterGeothermal waterHot springs, geothermally influenced ponds and streams.Arrow grass is present in small thermal streams.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldThermally altered clay, sinter, hot springs, andfumaroles. Occasional Cheilanthes sieberi and wildportulaca are present in Area A, amongst thenonvegetated raw-soilfield.LANDFORMWetlandGentle slopesat foot of scarpFlat, gullyHillslopes,gentle slopeEXTENTc.1.0 hac.1.2 hac.0.3 haIndigenous Flora:A large population of Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) (classed as „AtRisk-Declining‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) is present. Some plants arethreatened by grazing stock. Bycroft & Beadel (2007) estimated that therewere c.400 plants at this site in 2007.Scattered populations of Nephrolepis flexuosa are present alongside streammargins, Waikite scarp, and beside geothermal wetlands at the site.N. flexuosa is also classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ by de Lange et al. (2009).Bycroft & Beadel (2007) estimated that there were c.100 clumps ofN. flexuosa at the Waikite site.Also present are small populations of Dicranopteris linearis and Hypolepis12Not surveyed in 2011.Areas of this vegetation type occur within the mapped area as 05.01.01, however they were too small to bemapped separately.© 201184Contract Report No. 2348

dicksonioides (both classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Langeet al. 2009). Bycroft & Beadel (2007) recorded ten plants ofH. dicksonioides from this site in 2007. All plants were downstream of theCorbett Road Bridge. The same survey estimated that there were about20 clumps of D. linearis spread between Te Manaroa Hot Spring andWaikite Scarp. D. linearis is known from only c.24 sites in New Zealand.Several populations of Cyclosorus interruptus and Thelypteris confluens(both classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) are present;generally these cover small areas but are often relatively healthy withinthose areas, e.g. over 800 fronds of Thelypteris confluens occurred in overtwo distinct areas of c.10 m 2 . Some of the Cyclosorus interruptus plants arethreatened by stock. Bycroft & Beadel (2007) identified two distinctpopulations of C. interruptus at this site. Sixteen clumps were recorded inWaikite Wildlife Management Reserve, while another eight clumps wererecorded on Waikite Landcorp Farm. The Landcorp Farm plants werethreatened by grazing, but more recently stock have been excluded frommost of this area, protecting most of these plants from grazing by stock.The same study found about 800 fronds of T. confluens in Waikite WildlifeManagement Reserve.Prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Langeet al. 2009) and Campylopus capillaceous, which are both endemic andrestricted to geothermal areas, occur at this site.Psilotum nudum has been recorded from this site (Ecroyd & Coham 1976),and Lycopodiella cernua, Cheilanthes sieberi, Baumea juncea, Baumeaarthrophylla, arrow grass, sea rush, and Doodia australis also occur here.These species are characteristic species of geothermal areas. Bycroft &Beadel (2007) found that L. cernua was common around Te-Manaroa HotSpring, and in prostrate kanuka shrubland habitats.Fauna:Current Condition(2011 Assessment):Spotless crake (classed as „At Risk-Relict‟ in Miskelly et al. 2008), NorthIsland fernbird and pied stilt (both classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ inMiskelly et al. 2008) are present at this site. Other common indigenous andintroduced bird species typical of the habitat include spur-winged plover,grey warbler, silvereye, greenfinch, yellowhammer, paradise shelduck,fantail, pukeko, welcome swallow, grey duck, mallard, blackbird andAustralian magpie.This site is highly significant in terms of its flora. The geothermalvegetation ranges from very high ecological quality to moderately poorquality. Whilst in places the geothermal vegetation is in excellentcondition, in other places quality is poor due to a high density of adventivespecies. The geothermal vegetation is discontinuous and is oftensurrounded by vegetation dominated by adventives. Although many keygeothermal areas are fenced, the margins are heavily infested withblackberry. Some populations of thermal ferns are open to stock access.A geothermal stream has been rediverted into an area of raupo reedland.This wetland area and an adjacent paddock have also been fenced toexclude stock. Change in vegetation composition is expected to occur overtime in this area. The location of the rediversion is thought to reflect theoriginal location of the stream prior to human modification. Blackberry islocally invading geothermal habitat around some drains, and completing for© 201185Contract Report No. 2348

habitat with „At Risk‟ ferns.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2007 and 2011Assessments):Human impacts(2007 and 2011Assessments):Invasive exotic plants are common and include blackberry (51-75% cover),broom (1-5% cover), barberry (1-5% cover), Spanish heath (1-5% cover),water purslane (

scrub. It is difficult to make out the boundaries between geothermallyinfluencedscrub and other scrub habitats on Waikite Scarp in 1961photographs. The wetlands on the Landcorp Farm, north of Waikite ValleyRoad, and the pool complex were grazed, with an extensive drain networksimilar to those observed in the field surveys undertaken in earlier 2000.The wetland above Corbett Road bridge and the vegetation aroundTe Manaroa Hot Spring appear similar to the current day. Below theCorbett Road bridge there has probably been little change to the extent ofthe geothermal vegetation between 1961 and the present day. It is likelythat the stream margins have been fenced at some locations, however thebuffer of scrub around the stream was wider in other locations in 1961 thanit is today. Only the top part of Otumakokore Stream was viewed on the1961 aerial photographs.ManagementRequirements:Blackberry and broom are now well established and are difficult to controlwithout damaging the indigenous vegetation. Rotorua District Council hasoutlined policies for the protection of the biological features of WaikiteThermal Valley Reserve, although weeds remain a problem. Areas wherewater tables are being restored should be monitored for impacts onthreatened fern populations. Ungrazed habitats where stock have beenremoved from stream margins should be monitored for pest plant invasionand management actions to control pest plants identified and implemented.Unfenced geothermal vegetation and habitats should be fenced to excludegrazing animals.Pest plants have become a major management issue downstream of TeManaroa Spring. Ivy is smothering populations of Nephrolepis flexuosa,and banks above the stream have become dominated by Cyperusinvolucratus. Both of these species require urgent control before theyspread further within this site and into other nearby geothermal sites.Significance Level: National (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 3, 5, 7, 9; Table 2 - Factor 6, 8).SignificanceJustification:Notes:References:This site is of national significance because it is a good quality,representative, example of a habitat type that is nationally uncommon. Itcontains a good population of an „At Risk‟ species (Christella aff. dentata(“thermal”) that is known at only 14 sites in the North Island. Six other „AtRisk‟ plant species are present: Cyclosorus interruptus, prostrate kanuka,Nephrolepis flexuosa, Thelypteris confluens, Dicranopteris linearis, andHypolepis dicksonioides. Spotless crake (classed as „At Risk-Relict‟ inMiskelly et al. 2008), North Island fernbird and pied stilt (both classed as„At Risk-Declining‟ in Miskelly et al. 2008) are also presentThis site comprises three areas ranked in Given (1996): “Waikite Valley”,“Paeroa Scarp” and “Otamakokore Stream”. Given ranked these areas as A,B, and B respectively.Beadel 1995; Beadel & Bill 2000; Bycroft & Beadel 2007; Ecroyd &Coham 1976; Given 1996; Miller & Ecroyd 1993; Rotorua District Council1994; Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2007b.© 2011 87 Contract Report No. 2348

WAV02Northern Paeroa Range 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10KmImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright ReservedCB0 250 500 1,000m±ADEFLegendNonvegetated raw-soilfieldG1:5,0000 100200ASee text: Manifestations A-Gm

NORTHERN PAEROA RANGESite Number: WAV02 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 891 497GPS Reference:NZTM E1889118 N5749700Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:WaikiteBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:520 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.0.3 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.0.3 haDate of Field Survey: 29 and 30 June 2010Code Type Landform Extent28.01c.0.3 ha28.01.01Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldSeven units of nonvegetated raw-soilfield which are described inunits as indicated on accompanying map from north to south.Area A: Nonvegetated raw-soilfield, surrounded by plantationpines with an understorey of manuka shrubland. Small patches ofYorkshire fog are present. While this area has been active in therecent past, there was no steaming evident. This unit was viewedwith binoculars from across the creek.Area B: Nonvegetated raw-soilfield with abundant pine needles,and several plants of prostrate kanuka. A concrete pipe is presentin the hottest area of geothermal activity. Occasional browntoppresent. Surrounded by maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) forest witha manuka subcanopy to c.3 m with occasional mingimingi, as wellas a stand of grey willow and patches of blackberry scrub.Area C: Nonvegetated raw-soilfield. The site is surrounded bypine plantation, manuka-mingimingi scrub with occasionalblackberry, broom and bracken. Several small patches ofYorkshire fog grassland. Most of this site is on the western side ofthe stream but a small portion is present on the eastern bank.Area D: The site is predominantly exposed geothermal clays,currently there is no elevated temperature noticeable at this site,but it has been actively geothermal in the past. The site issurrounded by planted exotic pines. Occasional manuka to 3 m onmargins. Histiopteris incisa and mingimingi are also present onthe margins beneath planted pines. A small wetland

Code Type Landform ExtentYorkshire fog, sweet vernal (<strong>An</strong>thoxanthum odoratum), manukaseedlings and four plants of prostrate kanuka on nonvegetatedraw-soilfield.Area F: Nonvegetated raw-soilfield. Surrounded by pines andeucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.) plantation. One monoao plant andfive prostrate kanuka plants present.Area G: Nonvegetated raw-soilfield. This area is surrounded byplantation radiata pine (Pinus radiata), and planted eucalyptus toc.12 m tall, with an understorey of manuka scrub and shrubland,with common broom and bracken. Occasional manuka andprostrate kanuka are present on margins. Occasional sweet vernaland browntop were present on cooler parts of raw-soilfield.Juncus prismatocarpus was present by a warm spring.GeophysicalAssessment: 1Area AViewed from other side of creek. Similar to sites B, D and E, but nogeophysical assessment undertaken.Area B This is a 25 15 m outcrop of poorly sorted, moderately rounded, andweakly cemented gravelly pumice with weakly defined bedding. Thisoverlies pinkish poorly sorted coarse clayey pumice sand. The entireoutcrop is >50% covered by pine needles.Unfortunately we did not record orientation data, but estimated north isshown on the sketch. The north end of the area is a roughly circularoutcrop, with the margins showing moderate silicification; there is astrongly silicified outcrop on the western margin of this structure.In the southern section of this area there is a 1 m diameter vertical concretepipe around 1.2 m high. In the ground enclosed by this pipe are two smallfumaroles with delicate sulphur structures (Plates 1 and 2). Within 2.5 meast and west of this pipe are two further fumaroles with sulphur encrustedwalls, and south of these is a sulphur-encrusted east-west vent (Plates 3and 4).On the western margin of the area opposite the pipe is a 2 m diametercracked and broken sinter mound (Plate 5).Area CGrid Reference: E1889201 N5749763This is an area of bare ground and exposed altered rock. The area measuresapproximately 20 15 m. There is a dry gully on its southern flank with asmall stream flowing past the northern boundary. A small lowflowing/stagnant stream runs along the western boundary. Soiltemperatures at 10 cm depth across the area were not elevated aboveambient temperatures - 12 o C. The exposed surface varies from altered1Geophysical assessment undertaken by Juliet Newson and Julian McDowell, 2010.© 201190Contract Report No. 2348

pumiceous rock which exhibit moderate alteration to brittle silicifiedgravelly soils/clay. There is evidence of sulphur deposition however nosteaming ground was observed. A moderate sulphur odour was presentalthough a source was not found. It could be diffuse H 2 S or simply relatedto the adjacent area (Paeroa North 2) with steaming ground. The area issurrounded by pine woodland and farmland. Photographs were not taken atthis site due to fading light.Area D This site measures approximately 28 40 m in area and comprises areas ofexposed ground, clay banks, marshland, two gas discharging cold pools andtwo streams which meet at the centre of the southern end of the area. Thereis a slight H 2 S odour at the area. The surrounding area is farmland and pinewoodland.On the western flank of the location is a clay slope or bank (Plate 6); soiltemperatures were not above ambient conditions. The upper half of theslope is composed of poorly sorted gravelly clay. The gravels are coarse,angular to sub rounded, highly weathered and brittle. The clay matrixexhibits some flow banding in places. This would point towards the bankbeing formed as a result of a land slump or collapse. The lower half of theslope is a composed of fine-grained gravelly clay. A stream flows from thenorthwest along the base of the slope and as such may erode and shape thisbank over time.There are two cold pools in the centre of the site which have vigorous gasdischarge (Plate 7). The gas is likely to be a combination of H 2 S and CO 2 .The temperature of the pools was 9.5 o C and the pH was 3.5. Both pools aresurrounded by a marsh/swamp area which includes various drainagechannels which lead into the main stream which originates in the northeast.The southeastern area of the site is dominated by a silt/sand bank withabundant rock outcrops and areas of fractured or broken sinter. Many of therocks include silicified wood and other organic matter (Plate 8). Alsopresent are rock outcrops with weakly cemented gravelly horizontally layerspumiceous rocks as well as occasional exposed welded ignimbrites withcarbonized wood fragments. There is some minor sulphur deposition on thesurface in this area (Plate 9). The main stream from the northeast flows pastthis area and joins the stream from the northwest at the southern end of thearea. The main stream has a pH of 8. The soil temperatures at 10 cm depthacross this area were not above ambient temperatures (11-12 o C).Area EArea FThis is an area of bare ground and exposed altered rock (Plate 10). The areameasures approximately 12 20 m. There is a dry gully on its southernflank with a small stream flowing past the western boundary (Plate 11). Soiltemperatures at 10 cm depth across the area were not elevated aboveambient temperatures and range from 9 o C to 12 o C. The exposed surfacesvary from altered pumiceous rock which exhibit moderate alteration tobrittle silicified gravelly soils/clays with dissolution features in the claymatrix. Organic material was also noted in the pumiceous rock (Plate 12).There is little or no evidence of sulphur deposition and no steaming groundwas observed.Grid Ref: E1889165 N5749531This is an easterly facing bank of bare rock partially covered by pine© 201191Contract Report No. 2348

needles (Plate 13). The bank is c.5 m high and 6 m wide.The exposed rock is moderately acid altered pumiceous rock. The southand east margins of the outcrop are moderately to strongly silicified.There is a stream running SW to NE along the base of the outcrop. Thewater temperature before and after it passes the outcrop is 12 C and the pHis 6.4 -6.5. There is no indication of any current thermal activity.Area GGrid Reference: E1889113 N5749294This site measures approximately 50 20 m and is an area of exposedground on the edge of a pine woodland area. The long axis of the area runsin an east-west orientation. The area consists of three main areas ofexposed lightly sulphur encrusted gravelly pumice (maximum thickness0.5 m) over pinkish poorly sorted pumice sandstone. There is minorsilicification of both clay soil and rock and some areas of intense sulphurdeposition around small warm vents. A small stream/drainage channeloriginates from two small pools on the southern boundary of the area.The eastern end of the site, nearest the road access point, is dominated by anarea of cold bare ground (temperatures of between 11-12 o C at 10 cm depth)(foreground Plate 14).In the centre of the site there are two small pools from which a small streamflows to the west along the southern boundary of the area (Plate 15). Thereis also an area of bare ground with minor sulphur deposition on top ofaltered/weathered clays.In the western end of the site is a third area of exposed ground with sulphurencrustedfissures with some small (

(2011 Assessment): Sites are surrounded by exotic plantation. One geothermal feature has beenaltered with a concrete pipe.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Most areas of geothermally-altered soils are largely devoid of vegetation.Blackberry and grey willow are common on margins in places. Howevermanagement of pest plants at this site is a low priority compared with othergeothermal sites in the Waikato Region.Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing (2011Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):A concrete pipe is present in Unit B.While all sites are fenced, stock sign was present in most sites.Plantation; farming; riparian margin vegetation.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:This site was not visited during the 2004-7 geothermal survey of geothermalvegetation in the Waikato Region. However the site is unlikely to haveundergone any significant change over this time period.Site not assessed, no historical photos found. Site margins are currentlyplantation and have been grazed in the past. As most sites are in gullies andrelatively small it is unlikely that changes will be visible on black and whiteaerial photographs.Fences should be maintained to ensure stock cannot access site.Significance Level: Local (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5; Table 2 - Factor 19)SignificanceJustification:References:Northern Paeroa Range is locally significant because it comprises severalsmall examples of a nationally uncommon habitat type (i.e. geothermalhabitat) and it includes a small population of an „At Risk‟ species, prostratekanuka.Background information on this site from Paul Cashmore (Department ofConservation, Rotorua).© 201193Contract Report No. 2348

Northern Paeroa Range Geothermal Area B. Plates 1 to 5: refer to Geophysical text forNorthern Paeroa Range Geothermal Area.1234© 201194Contract Report No. 2348

5Figure A1-1: Northern Paeroa Range Geothermal Area B. Field Sketch Mapindicating main features and photo locations at manifestation B onNorthern Paeroa Range Geothermal Area site map.© 201195Contract Report No. 2348

Figure A1-2: Northern Paeroa Range Geothermal Area C. Field Sketch Map indicating mainfeatures at manifestation C on Northern Paeroa Range Geothermal Area site map. The gridreference labelled here is NZMG.Figure A1-3: Northern Paeroa Range Geothermal Area D. Field Sketch Map indicatingmain features and photo locations at manifestation D on Northern Paeroa RangeGeothermal Area site map. The grid reference labelled here is NZMG.© 201196Contract Report No. 2348

6987Plates 8-9: Northern Paeroa Range Geothermal Area D. Area Photographs (clockwisefrom top left) - 6. Clay Bank/Slope, southwestern orientation: 7. Cold GasDischarging Pools northeastern orientation; 8. Silicified clay with silicifiedwood; 9. Exposed ground with rock outcrops, sulphur deposits and sinter,northern orientation.Figure A1-4:Northern Paeroa Range GeothermalArea E. Field Sketch Mapindicating main features and photolocations at manifestation E onNorthern Paeroa Range GeothermalArea site map. The grid referencelabelled here is NZMG.© 201197Contract Report No. 2348

101211Plates 10-12:Northern Paeroa Range Geothermal Area E. Photographs (clockwisefrom top left) - 10. Bare Ground and exposed altered rock; 11. DryGully with exposed rock on sides; 12. Pumiceous altered rock, top left,and more brittle/ weathered silicified soil/clay with organic materialbeneath© 201198Contract Report No. 2348

Figure A1-5: Northern Paeroa Range Geothermal Area F. Field Sketch Mapindicating main features and photo locations at manifestation F onNorthern Paeroa Range Geothermal Area site map. The grid reference labelled hereis NZMG.Plate 13: Northern Paeroa Range Geothermal Area F.© 201199Contract Report No. 2348

Figure A1-6: Northern Paeroa Range Geothermal Area G. Field Sketch Mapindicating main features and photo locations at manifestation G onNorthern Paeroa Range Geothermal Area site map. The grid reference labelledhere is NZMG.© 2011100Contract Report No. 2348

Pool 114Pool 21615Plates 14-16: Northern Paeroa Range Geothermal Area G. Area Photographs (clockwise fromtop left) - 14. Full area view from eastern end; 15. Pools and stream alongsouthern boundary; 16. Steam vent showing sulphur deposition around edgeand fissure through silicified rock.© 2011101Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011102Contract Report No. 2348

1.3 WAIOTAPU GEOTHERMAL FIELDList of Geothermal SitesWTV01WTV02WTV03WTV04WTV05MaungaongaongaNgapouriWaiotapu NorthMaungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain)Waiotapu South© 2011103Contract Report No. 2348

WTV01Maungaongaonga 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000m±LegendNonvegetated raw-soilfieldImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright ReservedProstrate kanuka scrub1:5,0000 100200m

MAUNGAONGAONGASite Number: WTV01 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 926 516GPS referenceNZTM E1892615 N5751642Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:WaiotapuBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Maungaongaonga Scenic Reserve)Altitude:c.540 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c 9.1 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c 9.1 haDate of Field Survey: 27 May 2004VEGETATIONCODE TYPE04.01 Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrub04.01.01 Prostrate kanuka scrubA dense canopy of prostrate kanuka up to 1.5 m highdominates this area, in association with locally scatteredmanuka, mingimingi, and local patches of monoao (up to50% cover in places). The groundcover is dominated bymoss (Dicranoloma billardierei and Sphagnum cristatum)with local scattered turutu (Dianella nigra) and hound‟stongue fern (Microsorum pustulatum). Manuka and monoaoform a dense scrub up to 2 m high, in association with pricklymingimingi (Leptecophylla juniperina subsp. juniperina) andlocally scattered whauwhaupaku. Kamahi and toru (Toroniatoru) occur on several rocky outcrops. The groundcoverassociated with these outcrops comprises scattered turutuwith local Gleichenia microphylla and a few examples ofhound‟s tongue fern. Small patches of Nephrolepis flexuosaand Dicranopteris linearis are present beneath the prostratekanuka canopy.05.01 Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrubland05.01.01 2 Prostrate kanuka shrubland (not mapped)Prostrate kanuka forms a low discontinuous canopy (c.0.1-1.0 m high) in association with scattered monoao andmingimingi. The groundcover comprises dense cushions ofmosses with Campylopus spp. (including C. clavatus)covering c.30% of the area. Dicranoloma billardierei,Sphagnum cristatum, and Cladonia capitellata (a lichen)(Beadel 1995a) are also present. Lycopodiella cernua islocally present in areas of relatively high geothermal activity.Histiopteris incisa is common near steam vents. Thisvegetation type occurs sporadically amongst the prostratekanuka scrub.LANDFORMHillslope androcky outcropsHillslopeEXTENTc.8.4 ha12Previously identified as U16/11 in Wildland Consultants (2004).Areas of this vegetation type occur within the area mapped as 04.01.01, however were too small to bemapped separately.© 2011105Contract Report No. 2348

VEGETATIONCODE TYPE28.01 Nonvegetated raw-soilfield28.01.01 Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldGeothermal clays, mud pools, geothermally altered soils, andfumaroles.LANDFORMHillslopeEXTENTc.0.7 haIndigenous Flora:Prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ in de Lange et al. 2009), aspecies endemic to geothermal areas, is present. A population ofKorthalsella salicornioides, a semi-parasitic mistletoe (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009), is also present.A few patches of Nephrolepis flexuosa, (classed as „At Risk-NaturallyUncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009), a species which in New Zealand isconfined to geothermal areas in the North Island, and at least 50 plants ofDicranopteris linearis (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ in de Lange et al.2009, and known from only c.24 sites in New Zealand), are present at thissite (numbers based on 2004 field assessment).Other species of interest present are Lycopodiella cernua (which is acharacteristic feature of geothermal areas) and Schizaea bifida (Beadel1995a). S. bifida was not recorded in the 2004 survey.Fauna:Current Condition(2004 Assessment):Common indigenous and introduced bird species typical of the habitat arepresent including tui, silvereye, and fantail.The geothermal vegetation is largely unmodified. It is relatively untrackedand adventive species are uncommon.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2004 Assessment):Human impacts(2004 Assessment):Grazing(2004 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2004 Assessment):Weeds are uncommon in this site. The main weed species present areblackberry (1-5%), radiata pine (

Historical:ManagementRequirements:It is difficult to determine the difference between geothermal and nongeothermalscrub on the historic black and white photos (Historical photo:SN 172 Run 1158 Photos 2-4, 1941). However, surrounding the geothermalvegetation, the vegetation has developed from scrub in 1941 to secondaryforest. There is considerably more bare ground visible historically, and thecooler geothermal soils have probably been invaded by blackberry in recentyears. Overall, based on the above assessment, we consider that no realchange can be proven in the extent of geothermal vegetation at this site,although invasion of pest plants on less active geothermal soils may havetaken place.Further use and establishment of informal tracks should be discouraged.Ongoing weed control, particularly of wilding pines, is needed.Significance Level: National (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 3, 5, 9, 10; Table 2 - Factor 6, 8).SignificanceJustification:Notes:This site is of national significance because it comprises a very high qualityexample of geothermal vegetation, a nationally uncommon vegetation type.The site is part of an ecological sequence that extends from geothermalvegetation (including prostrate kanuka shrubland and Lycopodiella cernuaherbfield) to tall forest (including tall podocarp-hardwood forest and earlysuccessional types; Nicholls 1974a; Clarkson 1981b; Beadel 1995a) (fromc.460 m to c.580 m). The vegetation is of good quality and is relativelyunmodified. Four „At Risk‟ plant species (prostrate kanuka, Korthalsellasalicornioides, Nephrolepis flexuosa and Dicranopteris linearis), arepresent, as well as several species which, within the central North Island,are limited to geothermal areas. It is protected as a Scenic Reserve.This site has been previously surveyed and mapped in 1995 (Beadel 1995a).Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region, and in this survey this site was classed asCategory A - the highest category.References: Beadel 1995a; Beadel & Bill 2000; Clarkson 1981b; Nicholls 1974;Wildland Consultants 1998 & 2004.© 2011107Contract Report No. 2348

WTV02Ngapouri 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10kmLegendBlackberry scrubGeothermal waterNonvegetated raw-soilfieldWhauwhaupaku-kanuka/mingimingi scrub0 250 500 1,000Bm±A See text: Significance Level1:7,5000 125250Imagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright ReservedmBBBBA

NGAPOURISite Number: WTV02 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 934 511GPS Reference:NZTM E1893493 N5751107Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:WaiotapuBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Ngapouri Covenant) and unprotected private landAltitude:c.400 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.3.6 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.3.1 haDate of Field Survey: 12 August 2004VEGETATIONCODE TYPE04.05 Indigenous scrub-dominant communities04.05.03 Whauwhaupaku-kanuka/mingimingi scrubWhauwhaupaku comprises the canopy (c.6 m high) withlocally scattered wheki (Dicksonia squarrosa), kohuhu andkamahi, the latter confined to the area north of WaikiteValley Road. The groundcover is dominated by brackenwith local patches of Paesia scaberula. The example ofthis vegetation type south of Waikite Valley Road is04.0804.08.0122.0122.01.0128.0128.01.01surrounded by blackberry.Blackberry-dominant scrubBlackberry scrubThis area comprises a dense cover of blackberry withwhauwhaupaku, kanuka and manuka (up to 4 m high)scattered throughout, and local patches of kanuka andbroom along the margin of SH 5. The groundcovercomprises local patches of bracken and Paesia scaberulaalong hot pool margins. To the south of Waikite ValleyRoad the understorey includes locally common Carex secta,Hypolepis ambigua and Juncus effusus. Throughout thearea extending parallel to Waikite Valley Road steamingvents are scattered on streamside banks.Geothermal waterGeothermal waterHeated pools.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldHeated soils, sinter and mud pools.LANDFORMSmall gullies,flat, andundulatingmarginal stripSmall gullies,flat andundulatingmarginal stripFlatCraterEXTENTc.1.0 hac.2.0 hac.0.5 ha

Fauna:Current Condition(2004 Assessment):Common indigenous and introduced bird species typical of the habitat arepresent including grey warbler, tui, fantail, pukeko and spur-winged plover.The vegetation is highly modified. Adventive plants are common and manyparts south of Waikite Valley Road are grazed.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2004 Assessment):Human impacts(2004 Assessment):Grazing(2004 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2004 Assessment):Large parts of this site are dominated by invasive exotic plants includingblackberry (51-75% cover), broom (1-5% cover), crack willow (Salixfragilis) (1-5% cover), Tasmanian blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon), wildingpines, and apple (Malus ×domestica) (all with

ecause they are small examples of geothermal habitat (some of whichis degraded), which is a nationally uncommon habitat.Notes:Parts of the geothermal vegetation and habitats that are not protected aresubject to grazing and extensive areas are dominated by pest plants. Theseunprotected areas are important linkages between the protected areas ofgeothermal habitat, and regular management of pest plants, particularlywilding trees should be undertaken. These areas should be regularlymonitored for management issues and formal protection and a restorationplan for these areas would enhance and/or protect the highly significantecological values of this field.References: Beadel 1995b; Beadel & Bill 2000; Wildland Consultants 2004.© 2011111Contract Report No. 2348

WTV03Waiotapu North 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10kmNZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m

WTV03 Waiotapu North0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nzEEF7aF7bEF7cEF1not viewed incurrent surveyBEF2ACDE F3EF8EDDEDF4EF5EEF9LegendEF1Geophysical (see text)DE!( Blackberry scrubExotic pine/manuka-mingimingi scrubGeothermal springs, mud pools, geothermal stream and sinterGeothermal waterManuka shrublandEF6Manuka-mingimingi scrubManuka-prostrate kanuka-mingimingi shrublandManuka/Histiopteris incisa-Carex secta shrublandMud poolsNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka-mingimingi scrubProstrate kanuka-mingimingi-manuka scrubProstrate kanuka-mingimingi-manuka shrublandWhauwhaupaku-kanuka/mingimingi scrubASee historical site change information in site report1:12,000Imagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.0 250500m

WAIOTAPU NORTH 1Site Number: WTV03 2Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 949 502GPS referenceNZTM E1894927 N5750233Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:WaiotapuBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private land and protected (Waiotapu ScenicReserve)Altitude:c.380-420 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.51.9 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.48.9 haDate of Field Survey: 26-29 July 2011VEGETATIONCODE TYPE04.01 Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrub04.01.02 Prostrate kanuka-mingimingi scrubProstrate kanuka and mingimingi (c.1-3 m high)form a dense cover, with manuka and kanukacommon throughout, and occasional kamahi andwilding pines. In wet areas and along streammargins, manuka becomes more common. Thegroundcover comprises scattered bracken andHistiopteris incisa. Wilding pines, Japanese cedar(Cryptomeria japonica), broom, and blackberrybecome common at the margins of this area. Atmany sites pine control has been undertaken since04.0104.01.0304.0304.03.0204.0304.03.132004.Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrubProstrate kanuka-mingimingi-manuka scrubProstrate kanuka 0.3-3 m tall with common areas ofmingimingi. Manuka dominates in wet areas.Similar to Type 04.01.02 in composition. These aregenerally large areas and only representative parts ofthe site were surveyed.Manuka-dominant scrubManuka-mingimingi scrubManuka and mingimingi (2-4 m high) dominate thecanopy with emergent wilding pines scatteredthroughout. The groundcover is sparse, withscattered Gleichenia microphylla, turutu andHypolepis distans. Several plants of Dicranopterislinearis are present in this vegetation type.Manuka-dominant scrubExotic pine/manuka-mingimingi scrubSimilar to Vegetation Type 04.03.02 describedLANDFORMSides of crater,flat and lakemarginsRiver terraces,flat, and gentlyundulatingRiver terraces,flat, and gentlyundulatingEXTENTc.8.8 hac.31.0 hac.0.7 hac.0.8 ha12This site was called Waiotapu 2 in Beadel & Bill (2000).Previously identified as U16/1 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011114Contract Report No. 2348

VEGETATIONCODE TYPEabove, but with a greater occurrence of wildingpines (radiata pine and black pine (Pinus nigra))which are both scattered throughout and locally formsmall groves. Black wattle, prickly mingimingi,wheki, wheki-ponga (Dicksonia fibrosa) and broomare also scattered throughout. Several heated pools,seepages, boiling mud and heated ground patchesoccur in this type.04.08 Blackberry-dominant scrub (not mapped)04.08.01 Blackberry scrubAbout 30 m north of the bridge to the northeast ofthe site (see F8 on map) near E1896462 N5751308.Steam was seen rising from blackberry. It was toodifficult to find the exact location to enable it to be05.0105.01.0122.0122.01.0122.0122.01.0222.0122.01.0428.0128.01.01described in more detail.Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka shrublandDense prostrate kanuka (c.0.3-4 m high) dominates,with mingimingi scattered throughout; also locallyscattered prickly mingimingi, monoao and wildingpines (e.g. lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)) withoccasional patches of Lycopodiella cernua.Geothermal waterGeothermal waterGeothermally-influenced lakes and pools, mudpools.Geothermal waterMud poolsMud pools surrounded by raw-soilfield, occasionalhot springs.Geothermal waterGeothermal springs, mud pools, geothermalstream and sinterNonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldThis includes heated ground, sinter pavements, hotwater springs and seepages, boiling mud andsteaming ground.LANDFORMHillslope, gentlyrollingFlat and cratersFlat, cratersRiver terraces,flat, and gentlyundulatingEXTENTc.2.7 hac. 1.8 hac.0.8 hac.0.4 hac.4.9 haGeophysicalAssessment 1Feature 1: Geothermal LakeGrid Reference: E1895238 N5752181This lake is located on the southern side of the access road and measuresapproximately 50 70 m. There are steaming parts of the lake near theroad. The vegetation cover did not allow an assessment of the source of thesteam. As such it could be coming from the surface of the lake or separatedischarges along the lake edge. The main stream enters at the north-westernedge of the lake. The temperature was measured (using the IR thermometer)1Geophysical assessment undertaken by Julian McDowell and reviewed by Juliet Newson,2010.© 2011115Contract Report No. 2348

at 44 o C. There was no access to take a pH reading.Plate 17:Steam rising from northern part of Lake, Feature 1, WaiotapuNorth.Feature 2: Hot Pools and Sinter TerraceGrid Reference: E1895436 N5751840Approximately 100 m to the south of the lake and access road there are anumber of hot pools discharging silica laden fluid forming a sinter terraceon the banks of the stream. Among the pools is a large mound of sinterwhich incorporates a large deep pool (2.5 1 m) of near boiling waterwhich discharges to the south (Plate 18). The water was clear with a bluetinge, indicating colloidal silica. The flow was estimated to beapproximately 1-2L/sec. There are a number of other small clear slightlyblue pools discharging small volumes into a channel which flowed into thestream to the west (Plate 19). Minor sulphur encrustation was noted alongthe channel from these pools. The temperatures of the pools ranged from85 o C to 97 o C. Both the IR thermometer and thermocouple device wereused. The pH in the large pool was 8.2.Plate 18: Large clear blue hot (boiling) pool. Note: Discharge was to the© 2011116Contract Report No. 2348

south, towards stream in the background. Sinter terrace alsovisible on lhs of photo, Feature 2, Waiotapu North.Plate 19: Small shallow pools discharging to the west. Note: minor sulphurdeposition and sinter terrace, Feature 2, Waiotapu North.Feature 3: Hot Pools and Sinter TerraceGrid Reference: E18960085 N5751239This feature comprises an area of sinter terrace with numerous small hotpools discharging a small volume of fluid into the adjacent stream. Asketch has been prepared indicating the main features (Figure 7). There areup to eight distinguishable hot pools with fluid temperatures ranging from40 o C to 90 o C. In the northern end of the area there is a large shallow poolwith diffuse degassing. The temperature in this pool ranges from 40 o C to65 o C. In the north-eastern corner there is a bank of steaming groundcomposed of silicified rock with sulphur encrustation.The discharge from the shallow pool flows to the south and passes other hotpools and small discharge channels. One hot pool in the centre of the areahad 80 o C fluid. The rim of this pool was raised and composed of dark greysinter and could be described as geyserite (Plate 21. There was no visibledischarge from this pool. Two pools nearby had a sheen on the watersurface (similar to a hydrocarbon sheen) (Plate 22). The majority of the areacomprised a sinter terrace. The full area of this site was approximately30 20 m.The main channel draining the area had a temperature of 58 o C and flow wasless than 1L/sec. The stream temperature upstream of the sinter terrace was34 o C while this had risen to 36 o C two metres downstream of the dischargechannel.© 2011117Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 20: View from southeast of sinter terrace and shallow pool area. Notestream flow from right to left in background and main dischargechannel on lhs of photo, Feature 3, Waiotapu North.Plate 21: Hot pool with geyserite structure rim, Feature 3, Waiotapu North.Plate 22: Small hot pool (90 o C) with sheen, Feature 3, Waiotapu North.© 2011118Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 23: Discharge fromsinter terrace andpools into stream,Feature 3, WaiotapuNorth.Figure A1-7: Field sketch of Hot pools and sinter terrace, Feature 3,Waiotapu North.© 2011119Contract Report No. 2348

Feature 4: Shallow Mud LakeGrid Reference: E1894833 N5750814This feature measures approximately 40 m 2 and comprises a shallow mudlake. There was no access to obtain temperature measurements. Thesoutheast corner of the lake contained the most significant activity withsignificant steam and gas discharge associated with two erupting mud pools(Plate 24). The southern of these was noted to erupt approximately every30 seconds. Diffuse steam discharge and degassing was noted across therest of the lake.Plate 24: Southeast corner of shallow mud lake with two areas of eruptingmud and significant steam discharge, Feature 4, Waiotapu North.Feature 5: Pale Green Steaming LakeGrid Reference: E1895025 N5750791The lake measures approximately 30 m 2 and has a minor steam discharge atits surface. It is cloudy and its pale green colour suggests a sulphuric input.Access was not sufficient to take a temperature measurement.Plate 25: Pale green lake with minor steam discharge, Feature 5,Waiotapu North.© 2011120Contract Report No. 2348

Feature 6: Hot Springs, Steaming GroundGrid Reference: E1895507 N5749948Approximately 10 m to the north of the bridge at this location there are anumber of hot springs discharging into a stream from its western bank.There was also a minor amount of steam discharge. The discharges aresmall

(c) Grid Reference: E1894996 N5752509. Small spring outflow at anoutcrop of silicified clay discharging 95 o C fluid into stream. Flow isapproximately 0.2L/sec.Plate 27: Area of hot pools discharging into stream (a), Feature 7,Waiotapu North.Plate 28: Small clear, nearboiling pool, 0.2L/secdischarge intostream (b),Feature 7, WaiotapuNorth.Feature 8: Steaming groundGrid Reference: E1896462 N5751308Approximately 30 m upstream from a bridge there is an area of steamingground. There was no access to this area due to think blackberry vegetation.The steaming ground is close to a stream.© 2011122Contract Report No. 2348

Indigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2011 Assessment):Prostrate kanuka and Dicranopteris lineraris (both classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) are present. A smallpopulation of Lycopodiella cernua, a species which is characteristic ofgeothermal areas, is present.Common indigenous and introduced bird species typical of the habitat arepresent, including tui, grey warbler, fantail, tomtit, silvereye, Australasianharrier, bellbird, and welcome swallow. Pied stilt (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ in Miskelly et al. 2008) were observed nesting on the site inBeadel & Bill 2000. Possum and pig sign was evident in 2004.Small to moderate sized areas of geothermal vegetation, many withimpressive geothermal features, separated by plantation forests, exotic scruband farmland. Whilst there is a relatively low diversity of some of thethreatened species that can occur at geothermal sites, the site is of highecological interest as a result of a wide diversity of geothermal habitatspresent. The site links the geothermal habitat of Waiotapu South with theMaungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) and Ngapouri sites.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2004 Assessment):Human impacts(2004 Assessment):Grazing(2004 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2004 Assessment):The margins of the geothermal vegetation is dominated by invasive exoticplants; wilding pines are still common, with a cover of 5-25%, despite theconsiderable control of wilding pines that has been undertaken since 2004.Also present is broom (6-24% cover), blackberry (1-5% cover), Spanishheath (1-5% cover), grey willow (1-5% cover), apple, climbing rose(Rosa sp.), and Cotoneaster glaucophyllus (all with

oundaries between geothermal vegetation and non-geothermal vegetation,particularly scrub and shrubland, is difficult to determine on aerialphotographs. On aerial photographs it is only possible to determinechanges to the larger geothermal sites. In the area identified as A on theaerial photograph, the southern part of the site is now in plantation. The sitein 2007 is only about two-thirds of the size of the site in 1941. Some of thebare ground has been invaded by shrubs and pine trees. These are probablyin areas of lower geothermally-active soils.It is difficult to determine change in the area marked C. Wilding pines haveestablished in parts of the site, but otherwise these areas are similar in 1941to the geothermal vegetation visible in the 2007 photos.The two areas identified as D on the accompanying map were in a poorcondition in 1941. It appears that stock had access to the western parts ofthese sites and vegetation had been cleared through part of the sites,possibly for power lines. However, the area of scrub around geothermalfeatures extends further around the site. There is also the possibility ofmore raw geothermal soilfield to the west of these units. This area is about5-20% larger than current size.Pines and shrubs have invaded further into raw-soilfield habitats in areasmarked as D. There has been a 10-25% reduction in raw-soilfields, mudpools, geothermal water habitat in this area, and a 25-50% reduction ofshrubland habitats because of plantation forestry, and wilding pines. Fewwilding pines were present in the southern part of this vegetation type in1941.Little change was evident in the area marked E.Overall, a crude estimate of loss of geothermal vegetation at this site since1941 would be in the order of 25%. Some vegetation would have alreadybeen cleared prior to 1941.ManagementRequirements:Wilding pines in core geothermal areas, particularly those in the prostratekanuka scrub, need to be removed. <strong>An</strong> infestation of African feather grass(Cenchrus macrourus) occurs near the mud pools to the southwest of thissite, adjacent to geothermal areas mapped as part of this study. Thisinfestation was reported to the landowner and the Waikato RegionalCouncil, and it has since been controlled by the Council.Care needs to be taken during plantation management and harvesting inadjacent plantation forests. The forest managers have taken steps to addressthese issues (see Beadel & Bishop 1997; Wildland Consultants 2004).Significance Level: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 3, 5; Table 2 - Factors 12, 14).SignificanceJustification:Waiotapu North is of regional significance because, in association with„Waiotapu South‟, is an important habitat of prostrate kanuka, which is an„At Risk‟ species. In addition, the site comprises a relatively large exampleof a nationally uncommon habitat type. Dicranopteris lineraris („At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟) is also present. If protected from the adverseeffects of plant and animal pests and of adjacent land use (e.g. discharges,erosion) the site will maintain its ecological sustainability over time.© 2011 125 Contract Report No. 2348

Notes:Ecological surveys and assessments were made of the parts of this sitemanaged by Kaingaroa Timberlands in April 2004 (see WildlandConsultants 2004b). It was determined that these areas were a “highconservation value forest” as defined by the Forest Stewardship Councilcriteria for assessment of high conservation value forests.Parts of the geothermal vegetation and habitats that are not protected aresubject to grazing and extensive areas are dominated by pest plants. Theseunprotected areas are important linkages between the protected areas ofgeothermal habitat, and regular management of pest plants, particularlywilding trees should be undertaken. These areas should be regularlymonitored for management issues and formal protection and a restorationplan for these areas would enhance and/or protect the highly significantecological values of this field.References:Beadel & Bishop 1997; Beadel & Bill 2000; Given 1995; WildlandConsultants 2004.© 2011 126 Contract Report No. 2348

WTV04Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10kmNZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m

WTV04Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain)0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nzLegendRegional Council BoundaryEF1Geophysical (see text)Geothermal wateriManuka shrublandManuka-prostrate kanuka-mingimingi shrublandManuka/Histiopteris incisa-Carex secta shrublandMingimingi-manuka-prostrate kanuka scrubMonoao-manuka-prostrate kanuka-mingimingi shrublandNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka-mingimingi scrubSee text1:10,0000 250500mB a y o f P l e n t y R e g i o niEF2i EF1EEF3F4EF5W a i k a t o R e g i o nE F6Imagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.

MAUNGAKAKARAMEA (RAINBOW MOUNTAIN)Site Number: WTV04 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 956 534GPS Reference:NZTM E1895633 N5753443Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:Atiamuri; Rotorua LakesGeothermal Field:WaiotapuBioclimatic Zone:Lowland - submontaneTenure:Protected (Rainbow Mountain Scenic Reserve) and unprotectedprivate landAltitude:c.400-740 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.53.97 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.50.57 haDate of Field Survey: 26 July 2010VEGETATIONCODE TYPE04.01 Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrub04.01.01 Prostrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka dominates the canopy (0.3-3 m high)with kamahi and kanuka scattered throughout; there islocally scattered mingimingi, prickly mingimingi,tawiniwini (Gaultheria antipoda), toru, rewarewa(Knightia excelsa) and toatoa (Phyllocladus toatoa). Thegroundcover comprises bracken, Gleicheniamicrophylla, and turutu.04.01.02 Prostrate kanuka-mingimingi scrubThis area is a mosaic of prostrate kanuka scrub(described above) and mingimingi scrub (dominated bymingimingi). Kamahi, rewarewa, manuka, and karamuoccur over mingimingi, turutu, Gleichenia microphylla,tawiniwini, and bracken in cooler areas. Fumaroles areabundant throughout this vegetation type. Wildingpines, particularly radiata pine, are establishing inplaces. Monoao occurs amongst patches of prostratekanuka scrub.05.0105.01.01Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka shrublandThe areas of geothermal activity are dominated by a lowcover of prostrate kanuka shrubland (0.3-0.75 m high),with patches of mossfield interspersed with areas ofnonvegetated heated ground and steaming ground.Monoao, mingimingi and Cladia retipora are locallyscattered in this area. Other vascular species presentinclude turutu, toru, Lycopodiella cernua, and kanuka inassociation with mingimingi, manuka, and pricklymingimingi. Kamahi, with prostrate kanuka, occurs atthe margins of the thermal areas. Local populations ofDicranopteris linearis and Nephrolepis flexuosa arepresent. Wilding pines are establishing in thisLANDFORMHillslope androad escarpmentHillslope andshallow basinHillslope, spurtops and cliffsEXTENTc.14.5 hac.6.2 hac.21.7 ha1Previously identified as U16/2 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011129Contract Report No. 2348

VEGETATIONCODE TYPEvegetation type.05.03 Manuka-dominant shrubland05.03.01 Manuka shrublandManuka is dominant over an understorey of mingimingi,bracken, turutu, and kiokio, with prostrate kanuka inmore geothermally active areas. In wet areas Sphagnumcristatum often forms the ground cover. Occasionalplants of wheki and kamahi are present. Histiopterisincisa and Carex geminata occur locally near areas ofhot water.05.03.27 Manuka/Histiopteris incisa-Carex secta shrublandThe canopy, 2-4 m high, is mainly manuka withprostrate kanuka and mingimingi scattered throughout.Other species present include wheki-ponga, wheki,karamu, broom, and grey willow. The groundcover isdominated by Histiopteris incisa and Carex secta, withlocal patches of raupo in the wetter geothermal areas.Whauwhaupaku, kohuhu and kamahi occur around themargins of this type, and locally throughout. Severalcrack willow are present.22.0122.01.0128.0128.01.01Geothermal waterGeothermal water (geothermal lake)Geothermally influenced lakes.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldGeothermally-altered soil, mud, sinter, explosion cratersand fumaroles.LANDFORMHillslopeWetland attoeslopeBasinsFlat, hill,hillslopeEXTENTc.3.2 hac.0.4 hac.3.4 hac.4.3 haGeophysicalFeature 1: Thermal Ground, Steaming Ground (see Plates 31-33)Assessment: 1 The feature comprises an area of bare ground with a silicified crustmeasuring approximately 65 40 m. Steam discharged in three areas, anarea near the western boundary, an area in the centre (Plate 31), and anelevated outcrop of pumiceous altered rock at the southern end (Plate 32).The outcrop area had significant steam discharge from numerous small(

Plate 31:View of thermal ground looking south from bund. Note outcropleft of centre, Feature 1, Maungakakaramea (RainbowMountain).Plate 32: Steaming outcrop, southern end of area, Feature 1,Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain).Plate 33:Cold lake adjacent to area. Note: water vapour in background isdue to sunlight heat, not caused by geothermal effects,Feature 1, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain).© 2011131Contract Report No. 2348

Feature 2: Cold Acidic LakeThis feature is a cold lake, 4 o C (air temp: 5 o C), with a pH of 3.3. At thenorthern end of the lake on the western side there is a small outcrop ofsilicified rock (Plate 34). Soil temperatures were not above ambienttemperatures at 10 cm depth in this area. No steam was noted on orsurrounding the lake, but there was a small area where the surface wasdisturbed by bubbling. In the middle of the lake on the western side there isan area of exposed face. No steam was noted in this area. At the southernend of the lake there is a steep cliff face (Plate 35). The lake had a greencolour and measures approximately 80 30 m.Plate 34: Relic altered rock on northwestern edge of lake, Feature 2,Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain).Plate 35: View of lake from north, Feature 1, Maungakakaramea (RainbowMountain).© 2011132Contract Report No. 2348

Feature 3: Northern Slope, Exposed thermal groundGrid Reference: E1895947 N5753865This feature consists of isolated areas of bare ground consisting of pink andwhite kaolinite clay (Plate 36). Ground temperatures at 10 cm depth areapproximately 12 o C. The areas range from 2 2 m to 4 1 m in size.Plate 36:Area of exposed groundconsisting of pink andwhit kaolinite clay,Feature 3,Maungakakaramea(Rainbow Mountain).Feature 4: Exposed SlopeGrid Reference: E1895977 N5753920This feature is a large face of altered white and red kaolinite clay (Plates 37-39). There was no evidence of steaming ground. Ground temperatures at10 cm depth were 12 o C. Within the clay matrix are angular pumicefragments which are highly silicified.Plate 37:View of exposed slope,Feature 4,Maungakakaramea(Rainbow Mountain).© 2011133Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 38: Close up of exposed slope, Feature 4,Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain).Plate 39: Kaolinite clay matrix with silicified pumice fragements,Feature 4, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain).Feature 5: Lake RotowheroGrid Reference: E1894921 N5752951This feature is a dark green lake with steam across the majority of itssurface. The temperature was 26 o C and the pH was 3.4 indicating an acidicinput. The eastern end of the lake had an area of increased steam dischargenear an area of exposed red/orange slope. The stream outflow(approximately 60-70 litres/sec) from the lake had a temperature of between28-32 o C and a pH of 3.4. A small hot pool with clear fluid and grey basewas located along the outflow channel closer to the lake at its southern end.It had a temperature of 83 o C and measured approximately 0.3 0.5 m.© 2011134Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 40: Lake Rotowhero. Steam and exposed slope in background,Feature 5, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain).Feature 6: Geothermal wetlandGrid Reference: E1895026 N5752555The outflow from Lake Rotowhero flows through an area of geothermalwetland to the east of the main stream. The area measures approximately20 20 m. The area consists of hot clear pools which are actively degassingH 2 S. The temperatures of the pools range from 34 o C to 65 o C. There isvarious geothermal and wetland vegetation mixed in with the geothermalfeatures (Plate 41). There are also areas of steaming ground associated withthis area. The outflow from this area is culverted beneath the access roadinto the main stream. The temperature of the outflow is approximately 46 o Cand the flow is in the region of 60L/sec.Plate 41: Geothermal wetland with numerous hot clear pools, Feature 6,Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain).© 2011135Contract Report No. 2348

Indigenous Flora:The following species characteristic of geothermal vegetation occur here:prostrate kanuka, Schizaea dichotoma and Dicranopteris linearis (allclassed „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009), a smallpopulation of Nephrolepis flexuosa (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ inde Lange et al. 2009), and Schizaea sp. (cf. S. fistulosa). D. linearis isknown from only c.24 sites in New Zealand. Four orchid species -Calochilus paludosus, C. robertsonii, Petalochilus alatus (recorded on10 October 2006; Bycroft 2006), and Stegostyla atradenia (all classed as„At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) - have beenrecorded at the site (Rotorua Botanical Society 2006) but were not recordedin 2004 or during the current study. Several populations of C. robertsoniiwere recorded at this site in November 2005 (Chris Bycroft pers. comm.).Other species of interest found in the reserve in previous surveys but notnecessarily in geothermal areas are Ileostylus micranthus (P. Cashmorepers. comm.), Thelymitra carnea, T. nervosa, T. ixioides, T. pulchella,T pauciflora, and Psilotum nudum (see species list, Rotorua BotanicalSociety 2006).Other species typical of geothermal habitats present include manuka, turutu,Lycopodiella cernua, Morelotia affinis, monoao, and bracken.(Note: All species mentioned above have been seen by one of the authors,between 2000 and 2011, unless referenced)Fauna:Current Condition(2011 Assessment):Common indigenous bird species typical of the habitat are present,including North Island robin, spur-winged plover, grey warbler, blackbird,Australian magpie, welcome swallow, fantail, and bellbird. Dabchick wererecorded at Feature 2 (F2 on map).The geothermal vegetation in this site is surrounded by a relatively largearea of indigenous vegetation within Rainbow Mountain Scenic Reserve.There are public access tracks to some of the geothermal areas, and thesetracks appear to be well maintained and adhered to. However, stock haveaccess to a new small area of geothermal activity recently found by theauthors to the north of the site. This small area is in a poor condition.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Wilding pines are the key invasive exotic plant species in areas ofgeothermal vegetation. Whilst geothermal hot spots appear to be resistantto weed invasion, wilding pines are a threat to the prostrate kanuka scrubwhich occurs on cooler soils and this is particularly apparent on the easternside. Pest gymnosperm species known from the reserve include bishop pine(Pinus muricata), lodgepole pine, European larch (Larix deciduas), blackpine, maritime pine, radiata pine, and strobus pine (Pinus strobus).Considerable pine control has been undertaken by Department ofConservation in recent years, and the current population of pines ingeothermal areas is now very small. Crack willow and grey willow arepresent alongside stream margins. In total, wilding pines cover

margins. Hakea salicifolia (1-5% cover) has become considerably morecommon on the north faces of the reserve. Chinese privet (

ManagementRequirements:Ongoing management of pest plants should continue. Fencing ofgeothermal features to the north of the site near SH38 should be considered.Stock have access to geothermal features in this part of the site.Significance Level: National (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 3, 5, 7, 9; Table 2 - Factor 8).SignificanceJustification:This site is of national significance because it is a good quality, relativelylarge example of geothermal vegetation - a nationally uncommon habitattype. It is a good quality representative example of an ecological sequencegrading from geothermal vegetation to tall forest - manuka-kanukashrubland, whauwhaupaku-kohuhu forest, kamahi forest, and totara(Podocarpus totara var. totara)-rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum)/kamahiforest (Nicholls 1974; Clarkson 1981b; Beadel 1995a), over an elevationgradient of 380-743 m.It has a high diversity of vegetation types related to thermal activity,subsequent cooling, and succession after periodic burning (Watt 1986). Thegeothermal vegetation is a good example of the distinctive vegetation zoneswhich progress over increasingly cool ground into indigenous scrub andforest. The variety of vegetation types is matched by few other reserves inthe South Auckland Land District (Clarkson, B.D. 1981a).Eight species classed as „At Risk‟ have been recorded at the site: prostratekanuka, Schizaea dichotoma, Nephrolepis flexuosa, Dicranopteris linearis,Calochilus paludosus, C. robertsonii, Petalochilus alatus, and Stegostylaatradenia.References: Beadel & Bill 2000; Burns 1997b; Bycroft 2006; Clarkson 1981a & 1982b;Merrett & Burns 1998a; Rotorua Botanical Society 2006; Watt 1986;Wildland Consultants 1998 & 2004.© 2011138Contract Report No. 2348

WTV05Waiotapu South 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10kmNZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m

WTV05 Waiotapu South0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nzBAABABBBAEF11ABEF14CEF12EEA F4 EEF6F7 F8E EF9EE F5F10F13AEEF1F2ABEBAF15EF16LegendAEgeophysical (see text)Blackberry scrubExotic pine/manuka-mingimingi scrubAGeothermal waterManuka scrubManuka-mingimingi scrubManuka-mingimingi-blackberry-bracken scrubF1(Maritime pine) prostrate kanuka-blackberry scrubMingimingi-blackberry-manuka-prostrate kanuka scrubMud poolsNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka-kamahi-wheki-whauwhaupaku/blackberry shrublandProstrate kanuka-mingimingi scrubProstrate kanuka-mingimingi-manuka scrubProstrate kanuka-mingimingi-manuka shrublandRaupo-harakeke reedland Carex secta-Baumea rubiginosa-Baumea juncea sedgelandWhauwhaupaku-kanuka/mingimingi scrubWilding pine/prostrate kanuka-mingimingi-manuka shrublandWetlandASee text: Significance levelImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.1:15,0000 375750m

WAIOTAPU SOUTH 1Site Number WTV05 2Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 945 487GPS reference:NZTM E1894491 N5748676Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:WaiotapuBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Waiotapu Stewardship Area, Waiotapu ScenicReserve )Altitude:c.320-380 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.129.9 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.05109.5 haDate of Field Survey: 9 December 2010, 10 July 2011VEGETATIONCODE TYPE04.01 Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrub04.01.11 (Maritime pine)/prostrate kanuka-blackberry scrubSeveral hot springs on margin of Waiotapu Stream.Scattered maritime pine overhangs the stream. Prostratekanuka is common on stream margins and springs.Blackberry and mingimingi dominate less geothermallyactive areas. Other common species include turutu,Histiopteris incisa, broom, harakeke, and Yorkshire fog.This vegetation type extends at least 50 m downstream04.0204.02.1904.0304.03.01and 20 m upstream of the bridge.Mingimingi-dominant scrubMingimingi-manuka-blackberry-indigenousbroadleaved species scrubThis vegetation occurs along stream margins. Blackberrybecomes dominant on cooler soils, but with abundantsteam. Histiopteris incisa, turutu, and bracken arecommon.This vegetation type was mostly viewed from a distance.Manuka-dominant scrubManuka scrubExtensive areas of wetland to south. Pig sign wasabundant throughout. Manuka 2-4 m tall dominates withBaumea rubiginosa, kiokio, Carex secta, Hypolepisdistans, and exotic grasses such as Yorkshire fog in drierareas. Free-standing water was present in most areasduring survey. Prostrate kanuka and mingimingi werecommon around sinter and hot springs. Patches ofSchoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Carex secta, and Carexvirgata are present. Arrow grass occurs in severallocations on sinter, and raupo reedland occurs locally.LANDFORMStreammarginsStreammarginsWetlandEXTENTc.0.2 hac.0.8 hac.23.912This site was called Waiotapu 1 in Beadel & Bill (2000).Previously identified as U17/1 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011141Contract Report No. 2348

VEGETATIONCODE TYPE04.03.18 Manuka-mingimingi-blackberry-bracken scrubA highly diverse vegetation type with large extensiveareas of manuka, scrub, mingimingi scrub, blackberryscrub, and bracken fernland. Broom is common inplaces, and wheki and wheki-ponga occur in wet areas.Scattered wilding maritime pines are present. Mud poolsand hot springs are common, with sinter present nearmany of the hot springs.05.01 Prostrate kanuka shrubland05.01.01 Prostrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka forms a low discontinuous canopy(c.0.1-1.0 m high) in association with scatteredmingimingi, and local Lycopodiella cernua in areas ofrelatively high geothermal activity.05.01.15 Prostrate kanuka-mingimingi-manuka shrublandA dense canopy of prostrate kanuka, mingimingi andmanuka, with locally dominant kanuka and local monoao.Maritime pine is locally common on cooler soils alongthe margins of these areas.05.01.18 Wilding pine/protstrate kanuka-mingimingi-manukashrublandWilding radiata and maritime pine occur over kanuka,mingimingi, manuka, broom, prickly mingimingi,Coprosma lucida, blackberry, and whauwhaupaku.Occasional black wattle is present. The groundcoverincludes bracken, Carex secta, turutu, Hypolepisambigua, kiokio, swamp kiokio and Paesia scaberula.This type forms a narrow strip along the margins ofheated streams, with local small areas of steamingground. In or near these areas wilding pines (mostlyradiata pine and maritime pine) occur over prostratekanuka (1-6 m high), mingimingi, prickly mingimingiand manuka. Local kamahi and whauwhaupaku arepresent. The groundcover is sparse and includes turutu,Lycopodiella cernua and Gleichenia microphylla.Boiling mud pools are scattered throughout this area.Blackberry is very dense in non-geothermal areas.05.01.19 Prostrate kanuka-kamahi-whekiwhauwhaupaku/blackberryshrublandProstrate kanuka, kamahi, wheki and whauwhaupakucomprise the canopy over blackberry with Hypolepisambigua and Paesia scaberula locally common aroundsteam vents.07.14 Cyclosorus-dominant fernland07.14.01 1 Cyclosorus interruptus fernland (not mapped)Cyclosorus interruptus occurs amongst raupo reedlandand on margins of sinter terraces, in association withheated areas.LANDFORMFlat, rollinghills, gentlyundulatingGentlyundulating, flatFlat area ,gently rollinghillsFlat areas,stream marginsand wetlandFlat area andgently rollinghillsStream marginWetlandEXTENTc.5.9c.11.9 hac.21.7 hac.27.7 hac.6.8 ha1Areas of this vegetation type occur within the area mapped as 10c, however were too small to be mappedseparately.© 2011142Contract Report No. 2348

VEGETATIONCODE TYPE11.01 Raupo reedland11.01.16 Raupo-harakeke reedland Carex secta-Baumearubiginosa-Baumea juncea sedgelandThis area comprises a mosaic of harakeke-raupo reedlandand Carex secta-Baumea rubiginosa-Baumea junceasedgeland with patches of manuka shrubland throughout.Blackberry is common in dry areas. Harakeke with raupoforms a reedland in association with Austroderia toetoe,koromiko (Hebe stricta var. stricta), Coprosmapropinqua, karamu, and kiokio. Carex secta, Carexvirgata, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Baumearubiginosa, and Baumea juncea dominate the sedgeland,in association with rushes and Eleocharis acuta.LANDFORMWetlandEXTENTc.2.4 ha22.0122.01.01Geothermal activity is evident in areas throughout thisvegetation type with occasional Cyclosorus interruptuspresent.Geothermal waterGeothermal waterGeothermally influenced pools and lakes.Open water22.01.02 Mud pools Mud pools,craters28.01Flat, gently28.01.01rollingNonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldIncludes craters, steaming ground, boiling mud, hotpools, and sinter terraces.c.20.4 hac.0.1 hac.8.0 haGeophysicalAssessment 1Feature 1: Steaming GroundThis is an area of steaming ground surrounded by thick vegetation includingblackberry (Plate 42). Access was not possible to identify the nature of thefeature. From a distance of 20 m the steam discharge was consideredmoderate and there was no audible bubbling.1Geophysical assessment undertaken by Julian McDowell and reviewed by Juliet Newson,2010.© 2011143Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 42: Steam rising from centre of densely vegetated area, Feature 1,Waiotapu South.Feature 2: Cool Slightly Acidic LakeGrid Reference: E1893847 N5748881This feature is a lake which is slightly warmer than ambient temperature at15 o C and had a pH of 4.1. This would indicate some geothermal inputaffecting both the temperature and pH, albeit rather small. Some minordegassing/bubbling was noted in one area of the lake.Plate 43: View from northern end of lake. Degassing was noted in middleground of photo, Feature 2, Waiotapu South.© 2011144Contract Report No. 2348

Feature 3: Geothermal Pools/Sinter Terrace/Shallow LakeGrid Reference: E1893775 N5748797This feature measures 40 × 15 m and comprises an area of near boilingpools which are actively depositing silica. The central area of the feature isa shallow lake. The pools have clear water and a blue/green tinge, anattribute created by the presence of colloidal silica. A sketch map of thearea has been prepared indicating the location of some of the mapped poolsand the photographs (Figure A1-8). Not all the areas were accessible andcaution was required around such unstable structures. The temperaturesranged from 80 o C to 99 o C; the hottest pools were found in the westernlimits of the area. These pools were discharging fluid; their discharge thendepositing silica forming an area of sinter terrace (Plate 47). The diffusedischarge and limited access allowed only visual estimates of the flow. Thiswas estimated to be in the order of 1-2 l/sec. The pH was found to be 7.6 inthe pools in this area. There was significant steam discharging from the areaand a moderate H 2 S odour. Measurements were taken using an in situthermocouple device where access was safe and using an IR thermometerwhere access was not considered safe.Plate 44: View of pool from northern edge, Feature 3, Waiotapu South.© 2011145Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 45:Hot Pools with very small discharge at northeastern edge ofarea, Feature 3, Waiotapu South.Plate 46:View from northeastern limit across shallow lake area and greenpool, Feature 3, Waiotapu South.© 2011146Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 47:View from western limit of feature showing two large boilingpools which discharge fluid forming a sinter terrace, Feature 3,Waiotapu South.Figure A1-8: Field sketch of area of hot pools and sinter terrace, Feature 3,Waiotapu South.© 2011147Contract Report No. 2348

Feature 4: Concealed Mud PoolsGrid Reference: E1893725 N5748742Up to three concealed mud pools were noted at this location. Access wasnot safe; however steam discharge and audible bubbling distinctive of mudpools were noted.Feature 5: Shallow LakeGrid Reference: E1893737 N5748532This feature is a shallow lake with grey cloudy water. The temperature atthe surface of the lake was 20 o C while the soil temperature at the lake edgewas 15.7 o C. No steam was observed at the lake and there was no evidenceof degassing. Some steaming ground was noted approximately 10 m southof the lake.Feature 6: Mud PoolGrid Reference: E1893611 N5748639A mud pool with significant steam discharge including an almostcontinuous „hissing‟ vent was observed. The pool measured approximately2 × 2 m. The base of the pool was 2 m below ground level. The surfacetemperature was between 60 o C and 64 o C.Plate 48:Mud pool. Note steam vent on right hand side of photo,Feature 6, Waiotapu South.Feature 7: Cool Mud PoolGrid Reference: E1893689 N5748532This feature comprised a cool mud pool that measured approximately 1 ×1.5 m and was approximately 1 m deep. The surface temperature was 39 o C.There was no steam discharge associated with this feature although therewas infrequent bubbling noted. The surrounding vegetation was coated in alight grey mud indicating that the pool was eruptive in the past (Plate 48).On one side the vegetation was noted to be flattened.© 2011148Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 48:Small mud pool in centre of photograph. Note mud coating onvegetation surrounding pit, Feature 7, Waiotapu South.Feature 8: Geothermal seepageGrid Reference: E1893742 N5748546A clear very shallow seepage was noted at this location. The temperaturewas 43 o C. The flow was very low

Feature 10: Geothermal PoolGrid Reference: E1893728 N5748481This feature is a large deep clear pool/lake 10 m 2 in area. The temperature atthe surface was 55 o C. There was no safe access to take a pH measurementas the margins of the lake were heavily vegetated over a soft substrate. Noevidence of silica deposition was noted. No outflow was noted.Plate 50: Clear deep pool with soft margins, Feature 10, Waiotapu South.Feature 11: Freshwater stream with geothermal inputsGrid Reference: E1893961 N5749308The stream which flows through the northern section of the Waiotaputourist park had a temperature of 26 o C near the visitors centre. At the gridreference listed above the temperature was 28 o C. This location is furtherdownstream to the west of the main surface features. There are numerousareas of steaming ground in the vegetation on the banks of the stream andthere are bathing areas where geothermal fluid inputs must raise thetemperature closer to 35 o C locally (common public hot spring bathingtemperature). The flow of the stream was estimated to be in the order 150-200L/sec.Feature 12: Mud poolGrid Reference: E1893477 N5748452A mud pool with a surface temperature of 60 o C was observed at thislocation. It contained a light grey liquid, measured 3 m 2 and was degassing.There was considerable vegetative cover.Feature 13: Warm LakeGrid Reference: E1893575 N5748330A warm lake was observed at this location with a temperature of 18 o C andpH of 4.9 at its western margin. <strong>An</strong> area at the southern end of the lake hadmoderate steam discharge (Plate 51) and as such an upwelling of hotter© 2011150Contract Report No. 2348

fluid is suggested. There is an outflow from the lake at its southern marginwhich had a temperature of 21 o C, pH of 4.8 and a flow of approximately 5-6L/sec. The water was clear.Plate 51:Warm lake with area of steam discharge at southern end,Feature 13, Waiotapu South.Feature 14: Hot SpringGrid Reference: E1893329 N5748493A hot spring discharging fluid of up to 40 o C was observed on the edge ofthe main stream running through the northern part of the Waiotapu touristpark (Plate 52). Green and orange algae were noted on the banks at the hotspring. The surface temperature of the stream at this point was 26 o C.© 2011151Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 52:Hot spring with orange and green algal growth on bank ofstream. View from road bridge, Feature 14, Waiotapu South.Feature 15: Exposed Warm GroundGrid Reference: E1894865 N5748370This feature is an area of exposed silicified soil and pumice measuringapproximately 20 30 m (Plate 53). There was widespread minor sulphurencrustation on the surface and occasional fragments of silicified organicmaterial. A small area of steaming ground was identified at the southern endof the site. The steam discharge was not significant and was surrounded bygeothermal vegetation. The soil temperatures at 10 cm depth here and in thesouth-eastern part of the site were around 32 o C, while the majority of theexposed area had soil temperatures between 15 o C and 18 o C.Plate 53:Exposed ground with silicified soil, pumice and organic material,Feature 15, Waiotapu South.© 2011152Contract Report No. 2348

Feature 16: Exposed ground, Steaming ground, mud poolsGrid Reference: E1894979 N5748228This feature is a series of large areas of exposed steaming ground withfumaroles depositing sulphur, mud pools/pits and numerous small hot greypools (Plate 55). The main area of mud pools measures approximately30 60 m and consists oftwo main pits of mud pools and an extensivesilicified crust. Sulphur encrustation was common across the area. Therewas moderate steam discharge and audible bubbling of the shallow watertable beneath the silicified crust. One clear grey pool measuring 0.2 0.2 mhad a fluid temperature of 90 o C.Plate 54: Main area of activity with two pits comprising mud pools seenin the foreground and background respectively (arrows),Feature 16, Waiotapu South.Plate 55: Small 90 o C clear grey pool, Feature 16, Waiotapu South.© 2011153Contract Report No. 2348

Indigenous Flora:Prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Langeet al. 2009), which is endemic and restricted to geothermal areas, occurshere.A large population of Cyclosorus interruptus (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ in de Lange et al. 2009), is present in the wetland to the south ofthe reserve. Hobbs (2002) recorded 329 plants in Orutu Wetland to thesouth part of this site in 2002. The population is likely to be considerablylarger than this, as much of this part of the site is inaccessible. One frond ofDicranopteris linearis (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ andknown from only c.24 sites in New Zealand) has been recorded near „TwinRivers‟ geothermal stream (Paul Cashmore pers. comm. 2007).Fauna:Current Condition(2004 Assessment):Two threatened bird species (spotless crake and North Island fernbird)classed as „At Risk-Relict‟ and „At Risk-Declining‟ respectively (inMiskelly et al. 2008) are present in the wetland at the southern end of thesite. New Zealand dabchick (Threatened-Nationally Vulnerable in Miskellyet al. 2008) are present on Lake Orutu. Other species present includeshining cuckoo, grey warbler, bellbird, tui, fantail, Australasian shoveler,grey duck, mallard, pied tit, North Island robin, greenfinch, house sparrow,and Australasian magpie.In the tourist area, areas around the key geothermal features are wellmaintained for public viewing; however the vegetation is modified by thepresence of maritime pine. Few other invasive exotic plants are present andoverall this site is in good condition, particularly at the southern end. Somemanagement of wilding pines has taken place in recent years, improving thequality of the site. Exotic pines continue to be a major threat, particularly inthe area between Waiotapu Loop Road and State Highway 5. Pigs have hada major negative impact on understorey vegetation in the wetlands to thesouth and southwest of the site. Despite the impacts of pest plants, largeareas of the site are in excellent condition, with a wide diversity of featuresand vegetation types present.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing(2011 Assessment):Wilding pines comprise c.6-25% cover. Several species are present, themost common of which is maritime pine with local radiata pine, black pineand strobus pine. However, the density of pines in the northern part of thesite has been significantly reduced through control since the 2004 survey.Other invasive exotic plant species present are blackberry (5-25% cover),black wattle (

fences. These have recently been replaced. Feral pigs have done a lot ofdamage in the southern and western wetlands, with tracks crossed every fewmetres when walking through wetland. Possum sign was also abundant.Deer are also likely to graze the site. The small area amongst NgapouriStation is grazed by stock.Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Plantation forests, farming, road, tourism land use.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:Most of the changes in site mapping since 2004 is related to new parts ofthe site only becoming known to the authors recently, and improved qualityof aerial photographs. Pest pines continue to degrade parts of the site wherecontrol has not taken place. In areas where pines have been controlled,particularly to the northeast of the site, the quality of the habitat present isgreatly improved, particularly its indigenous character. Overall, the extentof geothermal habitat at Waiotapu South is considered to be similar to the2004 study.<strong>An</strong> assessment was made comparing 1941 (Historical photos: SN 172 Run1158 Photo 6, 1941; SN 172 Run 1159 Photos 1-4, 1941; SN 172 Run 1160Photos 2-5, 1941) to 2007 aerial photographs. The most significant changein historical photographs from 1941 is the lack of wilding pines and trees in1941. In the south of the site, the wetland extended most of the way toState Highway 5 and the wetland may have been one-third larger than it istoday. However, most of this wetland would not have been geothermal.There was also a greater buffer between geothermal features and plantationforests in many parts of the site.A considerable change in geothermal vegetation and habitat has occurred inthe area marked as Whangaioterangi South on the accompanying map. Thisarea may now be only approximately half the size it was in 1941. The areaof raw-soilfield is also reduced by about half.Approximately 5-15% of the geothermal vegetation at this site may havebeen lost since 1941, and wilding pines may have caused degradation to25% of the site. Some of these pines have been controlled in recent years.ManagementRequirements:Weed spread should continue to be controlled, particularly within the mainarea of geothermal activity within the reserve. Given (1995) recommendeda 50 m buffer zone of indigenous forest should be established around themajor geothermal area to counter pine invasion. This should beimplemented. <strong>An</strong> area of high priority for exotic tree control is betweenWaiotapu Loop Road and State Highway 5.Significance Level: A: International (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 3, 5, 9, 10; Table 2 - Factor 5).B: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 5; Table 2 - Factor 9).C: Local (Table 1 - Criterion 5; Table 2 - Factor 19).SignificanceJustification:This site has been divided into three parts, A, B, and C (see site map).A: This part of the site (which includes most of Waiotapu South) containsthe best representative example of geothermal wetland and one of thebest areas of terrestrial geothermal vegetation in New Zealand.© 2011155Contract Report No. 2348

B: The remaining parts of this site are of regional significance because theyare within a scenic reserve protected under the Reserves Act (1977), orare relatively large good quality examples of geothermal vegetation andhabitats (e.g. Whangioterangi South).C: This area is of local significance because it contains a small degradedexample of geothermal habitat, a nationally uncommon habitat type.Notes:Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region and this site was classed as Category A - the highestcategory.Because of the size of this site, very broad classes of vegetation aredescribed. While small areas of most parts of the site have been visited in2004 and 2011, some parts are too dangerous to access. Areas where mostdoubt exists to exact boundary of geothermal habitat are the wetland to thesouth near Lake Orutu, and in the area between Waiotapu Loop Road andState Highway 5. There is no clear cut boundary between geothermalwetland and non-geothermal wetland in the south and southwest of this site.Parts of the geothermal vegetation and habitats that are not protected aresubject to grazing and extensive areas are dominated by pest plants. Theseunprotected areas are important linkages between the protected areas ofgeothermal habitat, and regular management of pest plants, particularlywilding trees should be undertaken. These areas should be regularlymonitored for management issues and formal protection and a restorationplan for these areas would enhance and/or protect the highly significantecological values of this field.References: Beadel & Bill 2000; Clarkson 1982; Given 1995 & 1996; Hobbs 2002;Miller & Miller 1983; Rasch 1989; Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data 1995;Wildland Consultants 1998 & 2004.© 2011156Contract Report No. 2348

1.4 MOKAI GEOTHERMAL FIELDList of Geothermal SitesMKV01MKV02MKV03MKV04WhakamaruWaipapa StreamTirohanga RoadPaerata Road© 2011157Contract Report No. 2348

MKV01Whakamaru0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km!!0 250 500 1,000m±!!Legend! Geothermal sandImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:5,0000 100200m

WHAKAMARUSite Number: MKV01 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF35 511 429GPS Reference: NZTM E1851114 N 5742958Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:WhakamaruBioclimatic Zone:LowlandTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:c.220 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat:

Grazing(2008 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2007 Assessment):This site is not grazed by stock.Lake Whakamaru; iindigenous forest and scrubSite Change:Recent change: Unknown; this site was only surveyed in 2008.Historical:Part of the site is likely to have been drowned when the Whakamaru Dambecame operational in 1956 (http://www.mightyriverpower.co.nz/Generation/AboutUs/HydroStations/Whakamaru/Technical.aspx. Accessed27 June 2010).This site is too small to see any evidence of change since 1949 (Historicalphotos: SN 258 Run 1071 Photos 72-73, 1949).ManagementRequirements:None notedSignificance Level: Local (Table 1 - Criterion 5; Table 2 - Factor 19)SignificanceJustification:Notes:Whakamaru is a locally significant site because it comprises a smallexample of a nationally uncommon habitat type.The above information is based on a site visit with the Rotorua BotanicalSociety on 17 February 2008.References: Department of Conservation 1998; Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data 1995;Wildland Consultants 2004.© 2011160Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011161Contract Report No. 2348

MKV02±Waipapa Stream 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz±0 2.5 5 10kmImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m±ABLegendA(Wheki-kohuhu-ti kouka)/wheki-kiokio-blackberry shrublandSee text: Significance level1:5,0000 100200m

WAIPAPA STREAMSite Number: MKV02 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF36 577 393GPS Reference:NZTM E1857719 N5739348Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:MokaiBioclimatic Zone:LowlandTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:286 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.1.1 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.1.1 haDate of Field Survey: 30 March 2011Code Type Landform Extent05.1005.10.02Mixed indigenous-exotic shrubland(Wheki-kohuhu-ti kouka)/wheki-kiokio-blackberryshrublandTall wheki (c.2-3m tall), kohuhu and ti kouka are emergentover kiokio, wheki, whauwhaupaku, blackberry and brackenalong the stream margins. Tutu (Coriaria arborea var.arborea), koromiko, mahoe (Melicytus ramiflorus subsp.ramiflorus), Austroderia fulvida, buddleia, and fleabane arescattered throughout. There is also local Cyperus ustulatus,Paesia scaberula, and Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”).Occasional pampas and grey willow are present.Alluvialterracec.1.1 ha05.1305.13.03At least two geothermally heated tributary streams, c.75 mlong, flow into the main stream through cutover plantation.Vegetation includes the above species, but the canopy coveris younger and lower, and there are dead and fallen radiatapine and localised patches of greater bindweed (Calystegiasilvatica). Occasional radiata pine seedlings occur on theouter margins of this vegetation type.Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) occurs on the margins ofthe stream, and springs, hot steam vents and smallgeothermally heated tributary streams that feed into the mainstream. Apart from one plant at the southern site, theChristella aff. dentata (“thermal”) occurs at the northern site.Blackberry dominant shrubland(Wheki-mingimingi)/blackberry-bracken-kiokioshrubland (not mapped)Blackberry is dominant in association with bracken andkiokio, on the margins of a small, heated pool. Green andyellow algae are present on the pool surface. Fern species onthe margins include Gleichenia microphylla, wheki, Paesiascaberula, and Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”). Karamu,kanuka, harakeke, koromiko, mingimingi, and Cyperusustulatus are scattered throughout, with local patches ofLycopodiella cernua.Streamgully1Previously identified as T17/1 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011163Contract Report No. 2348

Code Type Landform Extent07.0607.06.01Christella aff. dentata ("thermal”)-dominant fernlandChristella aff. dentata ("thermal”) fernland (not mapped)Small populations of Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) occuralong stream banks adjacent to hot steam vents and seepages.These populations occur on both sides of the Waipapa Streamover a distance of c.1 km.StreamgullyIndigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2011 Assessment):A large population of c.400 plants of Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”)(classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) was recorded in2004, and c.200-300 plants were recorded in other surveys (Beadel &Clarkson 1986, Beadel & Bill 2000, Merrett & Fitzgerald 2004). Christellaaff. dentata (“thermal”) populations appear to be stable in 2011 (currentstudy) although the number of plants was not counted. Lycopodiella cernua(recorded in this survey) and Psilotum nudum (not recorded in the currentsurvey (Beadel & Clarkson 1986)), which are both characteristic species ofgeothermal areas, occur at this site.Common indigenous and introduced bird species, including fantail,whitehead, North Island robin, Californian quail, magpie, blackbird,Australasian harrier hawk and other species typical of these habitats arepresent.Several areas of geothermal vegetation occur in association with hot springsand seepages. Although there are areas of indigenous vegetation along thestream margins, which provide a buffer between the plantation and thethreatened fern populations, it appears that recent harvesting has disturbedthe indigenous vegetation with tree fall across the stream. There is a logjam at one place in the stream.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Invasive pest plants include blackberry with a cover in localised patches of6-25% (overall cover is 1-5%). Radiata pine, buddleia, Himalayanhoneysuckle, Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) and mint(Mentha sp.) have a cover of less than 1%. Australian fireweed (Seneciobipinnatisectus) and fleabane are present in the harvested areas, and areencroaching into open areas of this site (however cover of these species isless than 1% in the site at present). Waikato Regional Council has recentlyundertaken control of pines, broom, and buddleia at this site.In the 1970s the pine plantation at the southern half of the site washarvested. Following this, the populations of Christella aff. dentata(“thermal”) were disturbed for several years (Beadel & Clarkson 1986).Recent harvesting to the west of the stream may have impacted on thepresence of Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) as only one plant was locatedhere during this survey. Elsewhere the population appears to be stable.It is unclear if the Mokai geothermal field extraction continues to have littleeffect on the seepages and springs of this site as reported by Merrett &Smale (1999). There is a well used track leading to the key geothermalsites.© 2011 164 Contract Report No. 2348

Wilding pines in the northern site have been controlled. However, the siteshould be inspected regularly for threats and management requirements, andfurther control of pest plants should be undertaken in the future.Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Domestic livestock are not a threat to this area but feral goats have beenrecorded at this site in the past (Beadel & Bill 2000).Plantation forestry surrounds this site.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Recent harvesting operations adjacent to the southern part of the site hasimpacted negatively on the stream and adjacent vegetation with tree fallsaltering natural water flows and damaging the stream banks. It appears thatpopulations of Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) may have been negativelyaffected. However, the narrow indigenous buffer will allow habitat for thisspecies to remain, and a recovery as recorded in 1986 (Beadel & Clarkson1986) is likely to occur. Management of wilding pines at the site has beenundertaken by the landowner since 2004. Changes were evident with someof the geothermal pools on the eastern side of the stream at the northern partof the site being partly damaged by floods and sediment deposition. Thecondition of the southern part of the site prior to the 2011 survey isunknown, as this part of the site has not been previously assessed.Site not assessed, no historical photos found.Harvesting operations and subsequent management of the surroundingplantations require care to ensure that this site does not continue to bedisturbed. Monitoring of any impacts relating to power draw-off from theMokai geothermal field should continue. Ongoing protection of Christellaaff. dentata (“thermal”) from the potential impacts of wilding and plantedradiata pine trees (outlined in Wildland Consultants 2004a) will assist in thestabilisation of these populations.Significance Level: A: National (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5, 9; Table 2 - Factor 7).B: Local (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5; Table 2 - Factor 19).SignificanceJustification:Notes:A: The part of the site identified as A on the map is of national significanceas it comprises the third largest population of Christella aff. dentata(“thermal”) (an „At Risk-Declining‟ species) in New Zealand. This speciesis known from only 14 other sites in New Zealand.B: The part of the site identified as B is of local significance as it comprisesa small example of geothermal habitat - a nationally uncommon vegetationtype.Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region, and this site was classed as Category B - the secondhighest category.References: Beadel & Bill 2000; Beadel & Clarkson 1986; Given 1989a & 1996;Merrett 2001a & 2001b; Merrett et al. 1999; Merrett & Fitzgerald 2004;Merrett & Smale 1999; Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data 1995; WildlandConsultants 2004a.© 2011 165 Contract Report No. 2348

MKV03Tirohanga Road 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10km0 250 500 1,000m±Imagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright ReservedLegendBlackberry (dead) shrublandGeothermal waterNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka scrub1:5,0000 50100m

MKV03±Tirohanga Road - 2007 Geophysical Assessment0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nzManifestation 5iviiiiiManifestation 4Manifestation 3iiiiiiPond 3bPond 3aManifestation 2iHot LakePond 1bPond 1aManifestation 1iImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.Legend2007 Geophysical AssessmentNonvegetated raw-soilfieldGeothermal waterBracken fernlandProstrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka scrubi-iv See textManifestation 1-51:5,0000 100 200m

TIROHANGA ROADSite Number: MKV03 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF36 533 342GPS Reference:NZTM E1853319 N5734204Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:MokaiBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:498 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c. 0.4 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation:

Tirohanga Road - 2007 Geophysical Assessment). The sky was overcastand air and surface (ground) temperatures were between 18 o and 20 o C.These manifestations comprise a number of north-south aligned, oftennorth-south elongated craters and small canyons which occur over adistance of c.300 m. In the past, steam was discharged along this fracturezone segment which derived from boiling of thermal water at a fewhundreds of meters depth. Some of the acid condensates accumulated in afew muddy pools. When the Mokai Field was developed for electric powerproduction in 2000, the separated thermal waste water from the powerhouse was re-injected into a few drill holes c.500 m to the east of the thensteaming mud pools. This led most likely to some quenching ofunderground vapour ascending in the fracture zone and thermal steamdischarges ceased during 2005. All water-filled craters had cooled andexhibited ambient temperatures (c.20 o C) when visited the previous time byM. Hochstein on 30 March 2006 (see Hochstein 2006).During our visit on 5 February 2007 it was found that thermal water (notsteam) is again entering most of the pools which had cooled down to quasiambienttemperatures a year ago. The findings of the visit are listed insequence, going from south to north along the c.300 m long segment ofmanifestations.Manifestation 1A -Crater and Pond 1A:Manifestation 1B -Crater and Pond 1B:Manifestation 2 - HotLake:This is the southern most, water-filled crater. It exhibits at present a thinstrip of black mud along its margin. The pond surface covers an area ofc.300 m 2 (all areas cited in this report are order of magnitude estimates onlyusing stepped out distances). Its present level is significantly higher thanthat observed a year ago when the pond area was much smaller (

Manifestation 3A -Large Mud Pool 3A:About 50 m north of the new hot lake lies the old, large mud pool (3A),used in the past as a rubbish tip but now almost cleared of rubbish. Thepool area is covered by a muddy grey-brown coloured lake with anestimated surface area of c.500 m 2 . The maximum surface temperature inthe centre of the lake was c.30 o C, observed within a large discoloured waterpatch (up-flow?) near its centre (elsewhere the surface lake temperature was28 o C). The present day colour of the lake water is quite different from thatobserved 10 months ago when it was a dark-brown (humic-acid coloured?)stagnant water. In comparison to a survey in March 2006, the present-daylake surface area of 3A has not increased significantly (although a minorincrease was noticed along its western shore).On top of the western rim of Pool 3A, a small strip of thermally alteredground is exposed. Its ground temperature at 0.2 m depth was found to be19 o C (i.e. non active ground).Manifestation 3B -Adjacent SmallerMuddy Pool 3B:A Deep Pit (AcidLeaching?):Manifestation 4 - DeepCanyon:Manifestation 5 -Canyon at the NorthernEnd of the TirohangaRoad Manifestations:Directly adjacent to the southeast margin of Pool 3A lies a smaller (c.150m 2 large), water-filled, almost circular crater (Pool 3B), exhibiting a surfacetemperature of 35 o C (36.0 o C when measured with a thermocouple at 0.2 mdepth). The elevated temperatures point to some significant input ofthermal water. The level of the smaller pond (3B) was c.1 m above that ofthe larger Lake 3A. Some water of the smaller pond appears to seep througha small, c.1 m wide dam which separates the two and which could bebreached at any time. The surface temperature of the larger lake (3A) wasc.34 o C just adjacent to the dam. In March 2006, the surface level of Pool3B was below that of the larger Pool 3A (Hochstein 2006).About 35 m to the south-west of Pool 3A was a c.2.5 m deep, almostcircular pit (c.3 m diameter), which exhibits almost vertical walls(E1853320 N5734250). The temperature on the dry bottom was c.20 o C (i.e.non active feature). Pits with a similar wall structure occur in the Waiotapugeothermal field where they are caused most likely by slow dissolution ofpumice layers involving acid (steam) condensates. It is possible that somepits and canyons of the Tirohanga Road manifestations are also caused by„acid leaching‟.<strong>An</strong> almost 15 m deep and c.40 m elongated (in north-south direction)„canyon‟ lies c.100 m north of Manifestation 3. The bottom of the gully(Feature 4) is covered by a small lake. The surface temperature of thenorthern part of the lake was c.28 o C. There is a small, up-welling, muddypool at the south end, associated with some wafting steam. The temperatureat its southern margin was between 30 o and 50 o C when measured from therim with the IR gun. The walls of the canyon were too steep to climb to thebottom for closer inspection. However, some thermal water is obviouslyentering the bottom of this canyon.<strong>An</strong>other c.50 m long, deep canyon (Feature 5) lies at the north end of thenorth-south aligned craters and canyons. This feature contains no pools nordoes it exhibit any visible thermal activity. However, at the northern end ofthe deep, elongated structure lies an old Maori „steam pit (umu)‟ where theground temperature at the bottom was c.38 o C (0.4 m below surface). Someresidual prostrate kanuka shrubs were found along the northernmost westernrim. However, ground temperatures at 0.2 m depth beneath 1.0-1.5 m highprostrate kanuka was c.18 o C (i.e. non-thermal ground).© 2011170Contract Report No. 2348

Interpretation ofFindings:It is likely that the thermal water now emerging in five manifestations(Features 1A, 2, 3A, 3B, and 4) derives from thermal waste fluidsdischarged by the geothermal power station (located c.3.5 km to the southeastof the Tirohanga Road manifestations), from where they are transmittedby surface pipes to three re-injection wells (MK 4, 8, 9) which lie c.400 to500 m east of the Tirohanga Road craters and pools. Since thecommissioning of the plant in 2000 until 2005, c.800 t/hr of separatedthermal waste water was injected into two of the three re-injection wells,down to depths of about 400 m. This rate was increased to c.1,400 t/hrfrom May/June 2005 onwards when the abstraction rates from hot boressupplying hot fluids to the power station were increased. During the firstperiod of re-injection (i.e. from 2000 to c.2004) the injected wastes startedto accumulate at depth and around the injection wells, which led to thequenching of naturally discharging steam beneath and within the TirohangaRoad thermal manifestations, which ceased to discharge steam by 2004/5.All manifestations then cooled down and elevated ground temperaturescould no longer be observed at the beginning of 2006. When the injectionrate of the plant was increased in 2005 and after the quenching of ascendingsteam, thermal waste water must have started to ascend to the surface, as itwas noticed during our visit on 5 February 2007.The Mokai Geothermal Power Plant managers must have been aware aboutthe underground pressure build-up around the re-injection wells, sincedeeper re-injection has been considered. One of the new, deep re-injectionwells is presently being drilled near one of the old injection wells. Sincerapid changes in the natural discharge rate of the injected waste fluids mightoccur, some detailed monitoring of the Tirohanga Road manifestationsshould be considered.Indigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2011 Assessment):Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing(2011 Assessment):Prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Langeet al. 2009) is present on the crater rims.Common indigenous and introduced bird species are present, includingAustralasian magpie, yellowhammer, and goldfinch.Geothermal habitat is surrounded by rank exotic grasses and blackberry,some of which has been sprayed. The entire geothermal area has beenfenced to exclude stock, and there is potential for restoration plantings.Recent spraying of blackberry has been partially successful, and ongoingcontrol is recommended.A small amount of rubbish was present at this site during the current survey.This site is vulnerable to draw-off from the geothermal field and thevegetation and geothermal features underwent large changes with theestablishment of Mokai Power Station. Parts of the geothermal site havebeen used as a rubbish dump in the past, and some of this material was stillpresent in 2007 (Wildland Consultants 2007a). A cooking pit (umu) ispresent at the north of the site.Whilst stock gained access to the site in 2007 (see Wildland Consultants2007a), this situation appears to have been rectified, and stock currently donot have access to this site.© 2011171Contract Report No. 2348

Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):This site is surrounded by pastoral land.Site Change:Recent change:It appears that the fence excluding stock has been relocated further awayfrom the geothermal expressions (parts of the old fence remain). Recentspraying has killed large areas of blackberry; as well as prostrate kanukascrub and manuka (and possibly Histiopteris incisa). Between thegeothermal expressions and the fence, brown top-Yorkshire fog-paspalumgrassland dominates.Waste material that had been dumped into geothermal features, noted in2007, appears to have been removed from site.Historical:ManagementRequirements:Site not assessed, no historical photos found.Changes to geothermal vegetation that appear to be associated with drawofffrom the geothermal field should be monitored. A management plan forrestoration of this site should be developed by an ecologist with anunderstanding of the ecological values and management issues of this site.Significance Level: Local (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5; Table 2 - Factor 19).SignificanceJustification:Notes:References:Tirohanga Road is of local significance because it is a small example of anationally uncommon habitat type and it contains a small population ofprostrate kanuka, an „At Risk‟ species.Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region and in this study, this site was classed asCategory C - the third highest category.Beadel & Bill 2000; Beadel & Clarkson 1986; Department of Conservation1998; Given 1996; Hochstein 2006 & 2007; Merrett & Fitzgerald 2004;Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2007a.© 2011172Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011173Contract Report No. 2348

MKV04Paerata Road 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10kmImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m±LegendGeothermal waterManuka scrubNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka shrubland1:6,0000 100200m

PAERATA ROADSite Number: MKV04 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF36 552 329GPS Reference:NZTM E1855210 N5732941Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:MokaiBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:447 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.1.8 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.1.6 haDate of Field Survey: 2 March 2011Code Type Landform Extent04.03c.0.8 ha04.03.0105.0105.01.0122.0122.01.0128.0128.01.01Manuka-dominant scrubManuka scrubA discontinuous canopy of manuka of varying height (c.0.5-1.5 m high), with mingimingi, blackberry and broom scatteredthroughout. The understorey comprises Histiopteris incisa,bracken and blackberry with local turutu and kiokio, and smallpatches of sedges, rushes, ferns (including kiokio) andprostrate kanuka. Occasional grey willow are also present.Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka dominates the depression faces aroundgeothermal mud pools (not mapped separately). Blackberry,broom, mingimingi, manuka, bracken, and Histiopteris incisaare scattered throughout.Geothermal waterGeothermal water<strong>An</strong> area of geothermal water with nonvegetated raw-soilfield,and patches of prostrate kanuka, mingimingi and exoticgrasses (including Yorkshire fog and browntop) on itsmargins.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldBare ground and hot water pools (not mapped). Introducedgrasses (mainly Yorkshire fog, browntop, and Indian doab),Gonocarpus micranthus subsp. micranthus and Campylopuscapillaceus occur around the margins of these areas withscattered manuka, koromiko, mingimingi, prostrate kanuka,broom, bracken, Histiopteris incisa, Paesia scaberula, andblackberry on cooler sites.Flat toundulatingfarmland;smallgulliesGeothermaldepressionsFlat toundulatingfarmlandFlat toundulatingfarmlandc.0.4 hac.0.2 hac.0.4 haIndigenous Flora:A small population of prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-NaturallyUncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009), an endemic plant species restricted togeothermal areas, is present. Lycopodiella cernua and Psilotum nudum,1Previously identified as T17/3 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011175Contract Report No. 2348

oth species characteristic of geothermal areas, occur at this site (the latterspecies was last seen in 1986, see Beadel & Clarkson 1986).Fauna:Current Condition(2011 Assessment):Common indigenous and introduced birds typical of the habitat are present,including Australasian harrier, spur-winged plover, fantail, and paradiseshelduck.Most of the site is in poor ecological condition, with much of the sitefarmed; margins have been planted as part of a pine plantation, andcommon pest plants are present. Vegetation clearance has occurred in thevicinity of some of the geothermal features. Blackberry on a steep bankabove a geothermally-influenced stream has been sprayed with herbicidewhich has, either intentionally or accidentally, also been applied to the edgeof the manuka scrub. Rubbish has also been dumped down the bank andinto the stream/geothermal vegetation margin. Radiata pines have recentlybeen planted on the margins of some of the features and future shading bythe pines may adversely affect indigenous vegetation. Some geothermalfeatures have been fenced to exclude stock, however a sheep was grazingwithin a fenced area during the site inspection (possibly an escapee from anearby paddock).Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Blackberry control has occurred over a large part of this area, howeverblackberry still comprises 1-5% cover of the site. Several large wildingpines have been killed. Planted radiata pine seedlings may shadegeothermal vegetation in the future and prostrate kanuka is not tolerant ofcomplete canopy closure.Radiata pine have recently been planted (during the last year) within 5 m ofsome geothermal features. In preparation for planting, large areas ofblackberry were sprayed and, in some cases, adjacent manuka (and possiblyother indigenous plant species) have died as a result of herbicideapplication. This site has been used as a rubbish dump, with refuse presentadjacent, and encroaching into, geothermal areas. Large wilding radiatapines have been felled into areas of prostrate kanuka.Geothermal features between the stock race and the eastern stream edge arefenced to exclude stock (one sheep was present at the time of survey). Allother areas (to the west of the stock race) are not fenced and are grazed.This site occurs within farmland and a large part of the site has recentlybeen planted with radiata pine (to the east of the farm race).Site Change:Recent Change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Blackberry has been sprayed and radiata pine planted. Some geothermalvegetation has been cleared and some has been sprayed with herbicide.Site not assessed, no historical photos found. As most features are small,changes are unlikely to be evident on historical photos.A set back is recommended of at least 10 m from the edge of all geothermalareas for the radiata pine plantation.© 2011176Contract Report No. 2348

Unfenced areas require fencing to prevent further damage from stock.Restoration activities at these sites would be beneficial.Significance Level: Local (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5; Table 2 - Factor 19)SignificanceJustification:Notes:Paerata Road is of local significance because it comprises geothermalhabitat, a nationally uncommon habitat type, and it is includes a smallpopulation of an „At Risk‟ species, prostrate kanuka.This site was identified as a recommended area for protection (RAP) underthe Protected Natural Areas Programme (Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data1995).Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region and in this study, this site was classed asCategory C - the third category.In a previous assessment (Wildland Consultants 2004) this site was dividedinto parts for the assessment of relative significance as it was appropriate atthe time. Parts were assessed as being locally significant and other partswere assessed as being of regional significance because they provide habitatfor an „At Risk‟ species, prostrate kanuka. In the current study, the entiresite is assessed as being of local significance because human disturbance atthe site since 2004 has resulted in a significant reduction in the extent ofprostrate kanuka. However, if stock is excluded, and pest plants aremanaged, prostrate kanuka has the potential to re-establish at this site.This site still contains the largest area of prostrate kanuka shrubland in theMokai geothermal field.References:Beadel & Bill 2000; Beadel & Clarkson 1986; Given 1989 & 1996; Merrett2001; Merrett & Fitzgerald 2004; Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data 1995;Wildland Consultants 2004.© 2011177Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011178Contract Report No. 2348

1.5 ATIAMURI GEOTHERMAL FIELDList of Geothermal SitesATV01ATV02ATV03Upper Atiamuri WestWhangapoa SpringsMatapan Road© 2011179Contract Report No. 2348

ATV01Upper Atiamuri West0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km!!Legend! Blackberry scrub! Polygonum maculosa herbfield1:5,0000 100200m0 250 500 1,000m±!A quenched fumarole!A circular pit exposingactive geothermal springWhangapoa SpringsNorthern hot poolSouthern hot poolImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved

UPPER ATIAMURI WESTSite Number: ATV01 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF36 663 497; BF36 663 496GPS Reference:NZTM E1866297 N5749798; E1866338 N5749636Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:AtiamuriBioclimatic Zone:LowlandTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:c.240 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat

layer. The sinter mound is overgrown with dense scrub. The temperatureof the hot spring is close to that measured at the surface of the nearby UpperAtiamuri hot pools (Site U16/6). No simple explanation can be put forwardto describe the processes which might have led to the formation of a deep,vertical pit on top of an obviously old sinter mound.A quenched fumarole:Indigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2007 Assessment):About 350 m to the northwest from the southern Atiamuri hot pool, also onBergs Farm at E1866297 N5749798, there is a small thermal feature whichappears to be a quenched fumarole which occurs within a vertical vent of

Significance Level: Local (Table 1 - Criterion 5; Table 2 - Factor 19)SignificanceJustification:Upper Atiamuri West is of local significance because it comprisesgeothermal habitat, a nationally uncommon habitat type. However thegeothermal features are very small and highly modified, with fewindigenous species present.References: Hochstein 2007; Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2007a.© 2011183Contract Report No. 2348

ATV02Whangapoa Springs 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000m±Pool 1Pool 2LegendBlackberry-mingimingi-Nephrolepis flexuosa shrublandGeothermal waterNonvegetated raw-soilfieldImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:5,0000 100200m

WHANGAPOA SPRINGS 1Site Number:ATV02Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF36 665 495GPS Reference:NZTM E1866465 N5749485Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:AtiamuriBioclimatic Zone:LowlandTenure:Protected (Whangapoa Springs Scientific Reserve) andunprotected private landAltitude:c.240 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.0.1 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.0.1 haDate of Field Survey: 2 February 2011VEGETATIONCODE TYPE05.13 Blackberry-dominant shrubland05.13.07 Blackberry-mingimingi-Nephrolepis flexuosa shrublandBoth pools are mainly surrounded by blackberry, bracken,and broom with occasional Spanish heath, buddleia, Paesiascaberula, and Cortaderia fulvida. Nephrolepis flexuosa iscommon amongst the shrubs. This vegetation/habitat typealso surrounds the spring outlet.07.08 Nephrolepis flexuosa-dominant fernland (not mapped)07.08.01 2 Nephrolepis flexuosa fernlandSeveral small patches of Nephrolepis flexuosa occur aroundPool 1 on steep banks above the hot spring. (Populationsize: (1) 3×0.2 m; (2) 7×2 m; and (3) 2×1 m (based on 2003survey). The N. flexuosa was viewed through the fence in2011 and the population size appeared relativelyunchanged; however some of the population was obscuredfrom view.22.01 Geothermal water22.01.0128.0128.01.01Geothermal waterNonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldPool 2 is surrounded by silica deposits with occasionalCortaderia fulvida, turutu, kiokio, and several prostratekanuka plants. A small sinter terrace occurs downslope ofPool 2.LANDFORMHillslopeterraceSteep bankHot springHillslopeterraceEXTENTc.0.1 ha

outflow and overflow at the SW rim, thermal water was discharged at a rateof c.1 kg/s at 58 o C (pH = 7).The northern hot pool: About 60 m north of the southern pool lies thesomewhat smaller northern hot pool, which covers an area of c.400 m 2 . Itoccurs in a deep hollow, and is surrounded by 2-3 m high cliffs. Thethermal water is also of a blue colour, but slightly less clear. The surfacetemperature was also constant (c.60 o C when measured with an IR gun). Inthe north corner, near a dug outflow channel, there was a significant gasdischarge (continuous bubbles). Here, the pool temperature at c.0.2 mdepth was 69 o C. At the north outlet, the outflow rate was estimated to be 1-2 kg/s (discharging at 53 o C).Indigenous Flora:Nephrolepis flexuosa and prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟and „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ respectively in de Lange et al. 2009),occur around the margins of these two hot springs. In 1979 only twoclumps of Nephrolepis flexuosa were present (Ecroyd 1979) which weresmaller than the clumps present at the recent site inspection (1979population size: 0.3×0.3 m and 1.5×0.5 m; c.f. description in above table).Therefore the population has increased in size over the last 20 years.Because of fencing, not all of the population could be viewed in 2011.Lycopodiella cernua, another species characteristic of geothermal areas, isalso present.Fauna:Current Condition(2011 Assessment):Common indigenous and introduced bird species typical of the habitat arepresent.The condition of the vegetation surrounding these pools has greatlyimproved since 2003. Blackberry and broom infestations have beensignificantly controlled and planting of indigenous tree species has takenplace. The cover of an „At Risk-Declining‟ species (Nephrolepis flexuosa)appears to have increased since 1979 (Ecroyd 1979a).Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Scattered blackberry (5-25% cover) is present around the northern pool.A 2 m tall fence surrounds Pool 1. We were not permitted past this fenceon 2 February 2011. The natural outlet of Pool 1 has been lowered andreformed as a drain, and there was a small concrete trough present at theoutlet.In the past there was a small wooden platform in Pool 2 that was used forcooking food. This was no longer present in 2011.Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):The pools are fenced to exclude grazing.Reserve (planted indigenous shrubs).© 2011186Contract Report No. 2348

Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:The pools themselves are unchanged since 2003. However, the site is nowsecurely fenced, and has been planted with indigenous tree species.Site not assessed, no historical photos found.The area of blackberry shrubland has potential for restoration.Significance Level: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 3, 5; Table 2 - Factor 6).SignificanceJustification:This site has been ranked as being of regional significance because of thephysical geothermal features and because it is a scientific reserve. Thereare also small populations of two „At Risk‟ species (prostrate kanuka andNephrolepis flexuosa).The classification as a scientific reserve under the Reserves Act is becauseof the high value of the “hot flowing neutral springs” that are present. Thesprings were ranked C2 in Cody (1995) using the NZ GeopreservationInventory Ranking System where C stands for “Regional - site of regionalscientific, education or aesthetic importance” and 2 stands for “moderatelyvulnerable to modification by humans” (defined in Kenny & Hayward1993).Notes:The surrounding site has been planted in indigenous tree species.Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region and in this study, this site was classed asCategory C - the third highest category.In earlier assessments (e.g. Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2008) this sitewas called “Upper Atiamuri”.References:Ecroyd 1979a; Given 1996; Hochstein 2007a; Unpublished Atiamuri PNAPdata 1995; Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2008.© 2011187Contract Report No. 2348

ATV03Matapan Road0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000m±!Legend! Deparia fernlandImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright ReservedYorkshire fog grassland1:5,0000 50 100m

MATAPAN ROADSite Number:ATV03Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF36 691 505GPS Reference:NZTM E1869082 N5750467Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:AtiamuriBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:333 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat:

Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):None evident, surrounded by pasture grasses.Surrounded by farm land.This spring is unfenced and within grazed pasture.Farming, pine plantation nearby.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Site has not been assessed previously, but is unlikely to have undergonesignificant recent change.Site not assessed, no historical photos found.This site should be fenced to exclude domestic animals and restorationplanting on the margins should be considered.Significance Level: Local (Table 1 - Criterion 5; Table 2 - Factor 19).SignificanceJustification:Matapan Road is locally significant because it comprises a very smallexample of a geothermal vegetation and habitat, a type that is nationallyuncommon.References: Newson 2010.© 2011190Contract Report No. 2348

1.6 TE KOPIA GEOTHERMAL FIELDList of Geothermal SitesTKV01TKV02TKV03TKV04TKV05TKV06Te KopiaMurphy‟s SpringsTe Kopia NorthwestTe Kopia West Mud PoolsTe Kopia Red StreamMangamingi Station© 2011191Contract Report No. 2348

TKV01Te Kopia 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10kmNZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m

TKV01 Te Kopia0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nzLegendBracken-Baumea rubiginosa-mixed fern sedgelandGeothermal waterManuka-(makomako)/Hypolepis ambigua fernlandMingimingi scrubNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka shrubland1:7,500Imagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.0 250500m

TE KOPIASite Number: TKV01 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 805 434GPS reference:NZTM E1880502 N5743445Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:Te KopiaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Te Kopia Scenic Reserve) and unprotected privatelandAltitude:c.440-620 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.59.9 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.58.8 haDate of Field Survey: 31 May & 1 June 2004VEGETATIONCODE TYPE04.02 Mingimingi-dominant scrub04.02.12 Mingimingi scrubConfined to relatively cooler soils, the 2-4 m high canopyis dominated by mingimingi, manuka and occasionalkamahi, with locally common radiata pine. Thesubcanopy comprises the above species as well as pricklymingimingi, monoao, Dicranopteris linearis and bracken.The groundcover is dominated by turutu, and a moss andliverwort mat on which Schizaea dichotoma and Schizaeasp. (cf. fistulosa) occur (Burns & Leathwick 1995).Prostrate kanuka is abundant on soils with raised05.0105.01.01temperatures in this vegetation type.Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka shrublandThis occurs around the most active geothermal features,and comprises a sparse low canopy of prostrate kanuka(0.3-1 m high) with occasional mingimingi and monoao.The groundcover is dominated by Campylopus andDicranoloma (mosses), with lichens, liverworts, andLycopodiella cernua also present. Unvegetated areasoccur locally throughout this vegetation type. Manukakamahi/pricklymingimingi scrub is locally commonaround the margins (Burns & Leathwick 1995). Scatteredradiata pine and emergent rewarewa saplings are present.Dicranopteris linearis is abundant throughout this habitattype, while a small population of Nephrolepis flexuosa ispresent at the north end of geothermal activity.LANDFORMFoot of scarp;hillslopesFoot of scarp;hillslopesEXTENTc.23.1 hac.20.5 ha1Previously identified as U17/13 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011194Contract Report No. 2348

VEGETATIONCODE TYPE07.05 Mixed fernland07.05.16 Manuka-(makomako)/Hypolepis ambigua fernlandOccurs on an alluvial fan with raised soil temperatures.Manuka and makomako (Aristotelia serrata) comprise thecanopy over a dense fernland of Hypolepis ambigua andHistiopteris incisa, with local dense patches of Carexgeminata. Locally common species includeMuehlenbeckia australis, wheki and Baumea teretifolia.(Burns & Leathwick 1995).07.05.17 Bracken-Baumea rubiginosa-mixed fern sedgelandA wetland in the base of an old explosion crater, whereharakeke, Cortaderia fulvida, and manuka are emergentover a dense cover of bracken and Baumea rubiginosa andHypolepis ambigua. Locally common species includeGleichenia microphylla, Baumea tenax, Hypolepisdistans, Histiopteris incisa, swamp kiokio and kiokio.22.0122.01.0128.0128.01.01Geothermal waterGeothermal waterHot springs and hot pools.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldThermally altered clay, mud and sinter (Burns &Leathwick 1995) and mud pools.LANDFORMAlluvial fanOld explosioncraterFoot of scarp;hillslopesFoot of thePaeroa faultscarp;hillslopesEXTENTc.5.3 hac.4.4 hac.1.1 hac.5.5 haIndigenous Flora:Prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Langeet al. 2009) dominates a large percentage of the geothermal vegetationpresent.Large colonies of Dicranopteris linearis (classed as „At Risk-NaturallyUncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009, and known from only c.24 sites inNew Zealand) are present. Schizaea dichotoma (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009), a fern which occurs in thekauri forests of Northland and South Auckland, and locally at geothermalsites, is known from this site. A small population of Nephrolepis flexuosa(„At Risk-Declining‟) is present and two „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟orchids (de Lange et al. 2009), Calochilus paludosus and C. robertsonii arealso well represented here. Schizaea sp. (cf. fistulosa) has been recordedhere in the past (Clarkson 1984; Burns & Leathwick 1995).A survey of Korthalsella salicornioides (dwarf mistletoe; classed as „AtRisk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) estimated thepopulation at this site to be 100-200 plants (<strong>An</strong>on 2000).Fauna:Current Condition(2004 Assessment):Common indigenous and introduced bird species typical of the habitat arepresent.The geothermal vegetation is virtually unchanged since 1948 (Burns 1996b)and the area is relatively free from adventive species, although pines wereinvading the mingimingi scrub up until recently. However, the Departmentof Conservation has undertaken control of wilding pines at this site in recentyears, and it is significantly improved in condition. It is the most intact© 2011195Contract Report No. 2348

emaining example of a natural vegetation zonation (extending overc.579 m in altitude) which includes geothermal vegetation, ranging from tallkamahi-dominated forest through to prostrate kanuka shrubland andgeothermal wetland (see also Clarkson 1984).Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2004 Assessment):Human impacts(2004 Assessment):Grazing(2004 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2004 Assessment):Pine control is ongoing in the reserve over recent years. The invasion ofpines (was previously about 6-25% cover, but has significantly reducedsince 2004, now more likely to be 1-5% cover) is a continuing problem inthis area, and there is potential for weed invasion along the walking tracks.Blackberry (1-5% cover) and gorse (

a high quality ecological sequence. The site is within Te Kopia ScenicReserve which comprises an ecological sequence extending fromgeothermal vegetation (including prostrate kanuka shrubland andnonvegetated raw-soilfield) through to tall forest (including kamahirewarewaforest, rimu/black maire forest, rimu-northern rata/tawa-hinaurewarewa-mangeao-kamahiforest, rimu/kamahi forest, and Hall‟stotara/kanuka-broadleaf-tawheoeheo forest; Clarkson 1984) and a smallgeothermal wetland area. The Te Kopia Scenic Reserve has an elevationrange of 400 to 979 m.This site is also an excellent, high quality example of geothermal vegetationwith few weeds and little human-related disturbance.One of the largest populations of Dicranopteris linearis (classed as „AtRisk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009, and known from onlyc.24 sites in New Zealand) in New Zealand occurs here. This site alsocontains one of the largest populations of prostrate kanuka (classed as „AtRisk-Naturally Uncommon‟), as well as good populations of four otherspecies classed as „At Risk‟ (Nephrolepis flexuosa, Calochilus paludosus,C. robertsonii and Korthasella salicornioides).Notes:Te Kopia Scenic Reserve was ranked as the protected natural area ofhighest conservation significance in the Atiamuri Ecological District(Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data 1995).Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region, and in this survey this site was classed asCategory A - the highest category.References:<strong>An</strong>on 2000; Beadel & Bill 2000; Burns 1996b & 1997b; Burns &Leathwick 1995; Clarkson 1984; Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data 1995;Wildland Consultants 2004.© 2011197Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011198Contract Report No. 2348

TKV02Murphy's Springs 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000m±LegendMixed indigenous shrubs/mixed fern species shrublandImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:1,5000 100200m

MURPHY‟S SPRINGSSite Number: TKV02 1Grid Reference: NZTM BF37 807 458GPS Reference:NZTM E1880740 N5745787Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:Te KopiaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:c.370-390 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.0.2 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.0.2 haDate of Field Survey: 29 June 2010Code Type Landform Extent05.0805.08.03Mixed indigenous shrublandMixed indigenous shrubs/mixed fern species shrublandOccasional plantation pines occur over mixed broadleaved andshrubland species, including kohuhu, karamu, manuka, wheki,Coprosma propinqua over an understorey of ferns (particularlybracken, kiokio, and Deparia petersenii subsp. congrua) andturutu. Carex geminata and C. secta are common on streammargins; at the time of the site inspection pines had recentlybeen felled into the site. Black nightshade, exotic grasses(particularly Yorkshire fog), and lotus are common in recentlydisturbed areas. Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) is commonin steam alongside geothermal springs and stream margins.Gully c.0.2 haGeophysicalAssessment: 2Thermal Springs discharge into a stream along the edge of a pine plantationand a bank of recently felled pine. During the site visit, four thermalsprings were identified, which discharge at various points along a c.200 mstretch of the gully. A small stream originates in an area of wetland on theeast bank of cleared pines (Location 1 on sketch). The flow in this stream isapproximately 10L/sec with a temperature of 32.8 o C and a pH of 6.3.On the western side of the gully there are three thermal springs whichdischarge along the steep bank into the main stream. The access to thesesprings is difficult and only one of them, the furthest south, was directlymeasured using a pH meter and thermometer. The remaining two wereobstructed by vegetation and fallen trees and were measured using the IRthermometer. The flow rates in these were estimated to be in the order of5L/sec, while the accessible spring had a flow rate of approximately20L/sec. The temperatures ranged from 41 o C to 47 o C. The pH of thesouthern spring was 7.5 indicating a neutral spring. Pine forest, which hasrecently been felled around this site, would tend to have slightly acidicsoils; therefore the neutral pH of the thermal spring fluid would suggest thatthe source is deeper chloride water. All springs were discharging clearwater.12Previously identified as U17/38 in Wildland Consultants (2004).Geophysical assessment undertaken by Juliet Newson and Julian McDowell, 2010.© 2011200Contract Report No. 2348

Downstream of the thermal spring inputs the main stream has a flow ofbetween 80-100L/sec, a temperature of 26 o C, and a pH of 7.1.Plate 56: Murphy‟s Springs GeothermalArea looking south across gully at largestspring on stream True Right. Note theabundant Christella sp. aff. dentata(“thermal”) alongside stream margins.Indigenous Flora:Fauna:Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”), classed as an „At Risk-Declining‟species (in de Lange et al. 2009), is common alongside geothermally heatedstream margins. <strong>An</strong> estimated 100 plants are present. Other species typicalof geothermal habitats include manuka, bracken, and turutu.Common indigenous and exotic species typical of the habitats are present.Fantail were recorded during survey.Possum sign. Cattle have had access to site, and damage from cattle isparticularly notable on site margins.Current Condition(2011 Assessment):The site is currently in a poor ecological condition, pine plantation treeshave been recently felled into the site and stock have access to site.However the site has the potential to recover well if it is fenced and pestplants are controlled as required.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment) :Grazing(2011 Assessment):None noted.Trees have recently been felled into the site. The site is not fenced andcattle were recorded at the site.The site is not fenced, and cattle have had access to site following recenttree felling and conversion of neighbouring land to pasture.© 2011201Contract Report No. 2348

Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Plantation; recently cleared plantation; and pasture.Site Change:Recent change:Unknown. Some felling of pine trees into geothermal areas is evident.Historical: Site not assessed, no historical photos found. However surroundingmargins have previously been plantation forest and geothermal features arein a steep sided gully that is unlikely to be visible on historical black andwhite aerial photographs.ManagementRequirements:The site should be fenced to exclude stock. Adjacent trees should be felledaway from geothermal vegetation and habitats.Significance Level: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5; Table 2 - Factor 12)SignificanceJustification:Notes:Murphy‟s Springs is a regionally significant site because it is a habitat ofimportance for an „At Risk‟ species, Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”),which is known from only 14 other sites in New Zealand.The pine plantation around the site has recently been harvested, or is in theprocess of being harvested, and the adjacent land is in the process of beingconverted into pasture. Mapping is based on GPS waypoints obtainedduring field survey and not on assessment of aerial photographs as thevegetation of the site has changed markedly since 2007 aerial photographs.Figure A1-9: Murphy‟s Springs Geothermal Area:Sketch Map showing main features and photograph location.The grid reference labelled here is E1880411 N5745753 (NZTM).© 2011202Contract Report No. 2348

TKV03Te Kopia Northwest 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000m±LegendImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright ReservedProstrate kanuka/nonvegetated raw-soilfield shrubland1:5,0000 100200m

Between this area and the stream are some small steam vents where soiltemperature was 100 o C (see map for location).The central part of the area appears to be less active. This area, while stillcovered by the silicified crust/sinter, is encroached by prostrate kanuka andmoss cover indicating cooler temperatures (Plate 59).The northeastern part of the area comprises a silicified crust along with twomud pools (Plate 59). At the back of this area, where the slope rises, itcomprises bare ground with altered rock and soil. The lower parts of theslope have active pools. There was no safe access to these pools so it is notknown if the pools are boiling or only near to boiling; however rising steamwas observed from all pools. This area has noticeably more steamdischarge than the southeastern area.The stream flowing along the western boundary does not appear to beaffected by the thermal ground or display evidence of heating.Temperatures ranged from 12.6-13.2 o C with pH between 5.7 and 5.9.Indigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2007 Assessment):Three plants of Nephrolepis flexuosa classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ inde Lange et al. (2009) are present. A small area of vegetation dominated byprostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Langeet al. 2009) was also present.None noted. Common indigenous and exotic species typical of shrublandhabitat likely to be present.The geothermal feature is in good condition, with an „At Risk‟ fern speciespresent. The site is surrounded by exotic plants.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2007 Assessment):Human impacts(2007 Assessment):Grazing(2007 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2007 Assessment):Whilst surrounded by exotic species, there are no urgent managementrequirements for pest plants.Macrocarpa has been planted close to the site.Site has been fenced to exclude stock.Macrocarpa plantation and farm land.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Site has not been inspected by Wildland Consultants previously.Site not assessed, no historical photos found. As vegetation is in a gully,and site is small, changes are unlikely to be visible on historical black andwhite photographs.None noted.© 2011205Contract Report No. 2348

Significance Level: Local (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5 ; Table 2 - Factor 19)SignificanceJustification:Te Kopia Northwest is a locally significant site because it is an example ofa nationally uncommon habitat type (geothermal) and supports smallpopulations of two „At Risk‟ species (prostrate kanuka and Nephrolepisflexuosa).Figure A1-10: Te Kopia - Northwest. Field Sketch Map indicatingmain features and photo locations. The grid reference labelled here is NZMG.© 2011206Contract Report No. 2348

575958Plates 57-59:57. View of area from southwest corner. Note: prostrate kanuka and moss present in centralarea with steaming ground and mud pool in background.58. View of silicified crust, steaming ground and sulphur deposition in southeastern corner.59. View from elevated area in northeastern corner. Note mud pools in the foreground withadjacent central area of prostrate kanuka/Campylopus cover.© 2011207Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011208Contract Report No. 2348

TKV04Te Kopia West Mud Pools 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10KmImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m±LegendTasmanian blackwood-manuka-kanuka-whauwhaupaku-kamahi-ti kouka/blackberry-rank exotic grasses forest1:5,0000 100200m

TE KOPIA WEST MUD POOLSSite Number:TKV04Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 809 451GPS Reference:NZTM E1880919 N5745136Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:Te KopiaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:c.400 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.0.1 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.0.1 haDate of Field Survey: 29 June 2010Code Type Landform Extent01.0901.09.01Plantation-mixed broadleaved forestTasmanian blackwood-manuka-kanuka-whauwhaupakukamahi-tikouka/blackberry-rank exotic grasses forestThree mud pools surrounded by a mostly failed Tasmanianblackwood plantation, with brush wattle and indigenous treespecies, including kanuka, whauwhaupaku, kamahi, andti kouka. Turutu, Hypolepis ambigua and bracken are commonin the understorey. A notable feature of the kamahi beside theeastern pool is the burnt foliage in the line of steam from thepool. Many of the trees surrounding all mud pools have a thinlayer of mud from mud pool activity. Creeping bent iscommon on heated soils to the south of the southern pool.There are elevated soil temperatures in the upper 10 cm ofsoil. Dead blackberry present here indicates a recent increasein surface geothermal activity in this area.Mud pools c.0.1 haGeophysicalAssessment: 1This is a group of three mud pools on the slopes of a small north-south ridgeon the west of the Te Kopia Rd. All these features must be approachedfrom the downhill side; there is nothing to break a slip into these from thetop, and sides are often undercut. The temperature in all of the mud pools is>80 C.On the northern end of the ridge there are two deeply cut-in mud poolsapproximately 8 m apart.Eastern PoolThe most eastern of these features is 1.5-2 m wide, and >6.5 m long. Thesouthern end has undercut at least 3 m into the hill, although the full extentcannot be seen. The downhill lip of the pool has an apron of lumpy mudejecta that extends at least 3 m downhill (Plate 60).The pool has brown muddy water with two hot regions (81 C and 80 C),separated by a cool midsection (25 C). There is significant effervescing gas1Geophysical assessment undertaken by Juliet Newson and Julian McDowell,2010.© 2011210Contract Report No. 2348

associated with the major upwelling at the back of the overhang (Plate 61).There are smaller upwellings in thicker mud near the northern end of thepool. There is no visible liquid discharge.The water level in the pool is c.2 m below the downhill lip. The nearvertical walls of the pool are coated with vertically fluted mud which hasrecently sloughed off in patches.Figure A1-11: Sketch map of the eastern-most mud pool,Te Kopia West Mud Pools.© 2011211Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 60:Apron of mud over the northern lip of the Northern mudpool, Te Kopia West Mud Pools.Plate 61:Looking south into thepool. The majorupwelling is at the farend of the pool,Te Kopia West MudPools.© 2011212Contract Report No. 2348

Middle PoolThe middle feature is also on the northern slope. This is a 5 m diameterhole at the surface which narrows to a c.3 m diameter at the base, which is4 m below the downhill lip.There is an area of vigorous activity on the north side of the pool (99 C),accompanied by significant effervescing gas. The pool is lightly undercutin this area. There is a 0.4 m wide beach on the southern and east sides ofthe hole and a ledge, possibly indicating a past water level, c.0.7 m abovethe present water level.There is no visible liquid discharge.Figure A1-12: Sketch map of middle pool,Te Kopia West Mud Pools.Plate 62:Middle pool, Te Kopia West Mud Pools.© 2011213Contract Report No. 2348

Southern PoolGrid Ref: E1880900 N5745117The landowner has reported that this pool has become more active recently.The pool is set into the western side of the hill. The dimensions and formare shown in the accompanying sketch map and cross-section (Figures A1-13 and A1-14). A distinctive feature is the mud dam that is confining thepresent mud pool to the eastern portion of the feature. In front of the dam isa dry area with a floor that is 0.5 m below the pool water level, which mayhave been part of an earlier pool, and which is bounded to the west by thelip of the earlier pool.NFigure A1-13: Sketch map of southern pool, indicating temperaturein degrees Celsius. Reference is in New Zealand Map Grid.The ground immediately in front of the pool has elevated temperatures(23 to 41 C), but between 1 and 5 meters away the ground temperature is inexcess of 50 C, and the vegetation is dying. The temperature measurementswere paced out, but give an indication of the temperature distribution downslopeof the pool.© 2011214Contract Report No. 2348

EWWFigure A1-14: Sketch cross section E-W through the featureshowing the inner dam confining the pool, and the soil temperaturesat 0.1 m depth. Southern Pool, Te Kopia West Mud Pools. Gridreference is in New Zealand Map Grid.NPlate 63: The southern pool showing inner dam in foreground.Indigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2011 Assessment):No „Threatened‟ or „At Risk‟ species as listed in de Lange et al. (2009) areknown from this site.Possum sign. Common indigenous and exotic species typical of the habitatspresent are likely to be present. Australasian magpie was recorded duringthe site inspection.The site is surrounded by indigenous and exotic species, but geothermalfeatures are in a good condition.© 2011215Contract Report No. 2348

Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Tasmanian blackwood and brush wattle, while pest plant species, are nothaving a significant impact on geothermal features of the site. However,control of these species is recommended.The site is fenced to exclude stock. A track has been made throughblackberry to the southern mud pool. Tasmanian blackwood has beenplanted near the mud pools.The mud pools are fenced to exclude stock.Tasmanian blackwood plantation; farmland.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:The farmer advised that the southern mud pool has become more vigorousin recent years.Site not assessed, no historical photos found. Unlikely to be visible onblack and white aerial photographs.None noted.Significance Level: Local (Table 1 - Criterion 5; Table 2 - Factor 19).SignificanceJustification:Te Kopia Mud Pools is a locally significant site because it comprises asmall example of a nationally uncommon vegetation and habitat type(i.e. geothermal habitat).References: Hochstein 2007.© 2011216Contract Report No. 2348

TKV05Te Kopia Red Stream0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10KmImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m±LegendMingimingi-manuka-blackberry-indigenous broadleaved species scrub1:5,0000 100200m

TE KOPIA RED STREAMSite Number:TKV05Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 807 449GPS Reference:NZTM E1880706 N5744908Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:Te KopiaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:c.400 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.0.2 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.0.2 haDate of Field Survey: 29 June 2010Code Type Landform Extent04.0504.05.01Indigenous mixed shrubs-dominant communitiesMingimingi-manuka-blackberry-indigenous broadleavedspecies scrub.Vegetation surrounding a small geothermal stream. Ferns(e.g. Deparia petersenii subsp. congrua, Histiopteris incisa,Gleichenia microphylla, and bracken), Carex secta,mingimingi, manuka, and wheki are common on upper streammargins with raised temperatures. Downstream on coolerstream margins kiokio, Carex geminata and blackberrybecome more common.Gully 0.2 haFurther upslope, away from the geothermal stream, indigenousbroadleaved species are common including kamahi,whauwhaupaku, kohuhu, karamu, horoeka (Pseudopanaxcrassifolius), and occasional common alder (Alnus glutinosa)and Cotoneaster glaucophyllus. Scattered lianes of Rubusschmidelioides var. schmidelioides are present. Turutu iscommon in the understorey. Blackberry becomes increasinglydense away from geothermal stream margins until it is thedominant cover.This gully was steeply sided with unsafe access over much ofthe site, so only small parts of the stream were viewed.GeophysicalAssessment: 1This is a small stream west of the Te Kopia Road. The stream runs from theroad for about 70 m to join a cold stream (12-13 C, pH 6.3) flowing souththrough farmland. The flow rate of the cold stream is difficult to estimateas it flows through a large swampy area; the best estimate is 15 to 20 l/s.Below the confluence the temperature of the stream is 28 C. The thermalstream bed has a rich dark red coating, and the flow rate is also 15 to 20 l/s.Most of the stream is in a blackberry infested gully and access is difficult,however, there are sections where access is possible. Above the confluencethe water temperature is 47 C, and as we moved upstream the temperatureincreased to a maximum of 61 C. Thereafter the next temperature1Geophysical assessment undertaken by Juliet Newson and Julian McDowell, 2010.© 2011218Contract Report No. 2348

measurement was 53 C (Plate 64), and another 3 m along the stream 22 C.This indicates that there is an approximately 50 m length of stream whichhas significant geothermal discharge. The soil on the edge of the stream(within 1 m of the water) was also warm (42 to 59 C at 0.01 m) but there isno thermal activity >1 m from the edge of the stream.The accompanying map (see below) shows only measured temperatures atthe recorded locations.Figure A1-15: Red Stream, Te Kopia. The grid referencelabelled here is NZMG.Indigenous Flora: No „Threatened‟ or „At Risk‟ species (as listed in de Lange et al. 2009)were recorded from this site. However, other species typical of geothermalhabitats present included manuka, mingimingi, Deparia petersenii subsp.congrua, Histiopteris incisa, Gleichenia microphylla, turutu, and bracken.Fauna:Current Condition(2011 Assessment):None noted. Common indigenous and exotic birds typical of the habitatsare likely to use this area.The site is in a moderate ecological condition. The gully vegetation isfenced to exclude stock and the stream is surrounded by mixed indigenous© 2011219Contract Report No. 2348

and exotic scrub vegetation. Exotic pest plants are common.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Blackberry is very common alongside cooler stream margins and marginsof the site (5-25% cover). Other pest plants present include common alder(

Plate 64: Te Kopia Red Stream showing water colourand vegetated banks.© 2011221Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011222Contract Report No. 2348

TKV06Mangamingi Station 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000m±LegendPaesia scaberula fernlandPaesia scaberula-exotic grasses fernlandManuka-mingimingi scrubNonvegetated raw-soilfieldImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright ReservedSweet vernal-browntop grassland1:5,0000 100200m

MANGAMINGI STATIONSite Number: TKV06 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 808 422GPS Reference:NZTM E1880782 N5742165Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:Te KopiaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:600-630 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.0.5 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.0.5 haDate of Field Survey: 28 June 2010Code Type Landform Extent04.0304.03.02Manuka dominant scrubManuka-mingimingi scrubSmall area of manuka and mingimingi dominant scrub abovean area of geothermal activity. This area is influenced bygeothermal activity below. Other species present includekohuhu, wheki, horoeka, and tawiniwini. One rimu seedlingwas also recorded. Pyrrosia eleagnifolia was epiphytic in thisvegetation type. Lower banks are covered with non-vascularspecies and occasional Asplenium flaccidum. Sheep tracks areevident through the understorey and exotic grasses areHillslope

Code Type Landform Extent28.0128.01.01Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldBare geothermal influenced clays and silicified rocks (seegeophysical description below) and several pools ofgeothermally influenced water. Mostly bare ground, butscattered areas of mossfield and exotic grasses. Scatteredplants of the following species are present; prostrate kanuka,Lycopodiella cernua, Paesia scaberula, Histiopteris incisa,mingimingi, prickly mingimingi, Blechnum fluviatile, andSpanish heath.Hillslope,gully

30% of the ground is exposed white (kaolin) clay or pink clay. Rocks thatoutcrop or lie on the ground in the area are silicified white clay.The north of the area is a 5 m wide shallow gully stepping 18 m up thehillside in four small scarps of exposed thermally altered ground.Temperatures in this thermal ground are up to 91 C at 10 cm depth.In the southern half of the area there are five main areas of exposed ground(Figure A1-16). Three of these comprise altered pink and white clays andhave temperatures ranging from 45 o C to 75 o C. There is minor diffuse steamdischarge across all three areas. The two remaining areas have moderatesteam discharge and temperatures ranging from 56 o C to 99 o C. Both ofthese areas are higher up approximately halfway up the slope. The mostnorthern of these, has smectite banding associated with the altered pink andwhite clays. This type of alteration is distinctive by a green staining of theclay. The southern point source of steam discharge comprises altered claysand silicified clay fragments. The small steam vent measuresapproximately 5 cm in diameter. The temperature at this point was 85 o C at10 cm depth.Locality 6: This is a 24 m 2 area of thermal ground over the ridge from Locality 5.There is an outcrop of fractured silicified fine grained white rock. Thejunction of the fractures hosts a steam vent which is c.0.15 m wide. Groundtemperatures at 0.1 m depth around the base of the rock range from 34 to55 o C. A second outcrop of silicified rock has a steam vent at the base of therock where the ground is 92 o C. There is an area of soft white and pink claywith no grass cover which has temperatures ranging from 48 to 57 o C.Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2011 Assessment):Two species listed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Lange et al.(2009) are present: Dicranopteris linearis and prostrate kanuka. Prostratekanuka is scattered through the site, and three juvenile plants of D. lineariswere recorded at NZTM E1880808 N6303706. D. linearis is known fromonly c.24 sites in New Zealand. Other species typical of geothermalhabitats recorded were Lycopodiella cernua, turutu, Campylopuscapillaceous, Paesia scaberula, manuka, mingimingi, prickly mingimingi,tawiniwini, Blechnum penna-marina subsp. alpina, Doodia australis,Hypolepis ambigua, Gonocarpus micranthus, and Histiopteris incisa.No „Threatened‟ or „At Risk‟ bird species are known from this site.Common bird species recorded were goldfinch, paradise shelduck, andAustralian magpie. The site is grazed by sheep.The site is currently grazed by sheep and is in a poor condition withtrampling and grazed vegetation present throughout the site. Despite thisthe site contains populations of two at risk plant species and has relativelyfew pest plants. If fenced to exclude sheep this site has the capacity toprovide suitable habitat for prostrate kanuka and Dicranopteris linearis toextend further into this site if major pest plants such as blackberry andSpanish heath are controlled.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Several plants of Spanish heath were present.© 2011226Contract Report No. 2348

Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):The site is farmed.The site is part of a farm paddock which is currently grazed by sheep.Farmland.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Unknown. The site has not previously been assessed but it is unlikely tohave undergone significant recent change.Probably difficult to determine because of the small size of the site.Geothermal features on site suggest that the most significant change hasbeen the conversion of land to farming. There are no obvious areas nearthis site that could previously have been geothermal areas, but at whichgeothermal activity has ceased. Site too small to locate on historical aerialphotographs.The ecological condition of this site will improve markedly if it is fenced toexclude stock. If fenced, monitoring and control of pest plants (particularlyblackberry, wilding pines, and Spanish heath) should be undertaken.Significance Level: Local (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5 ; Table 2 - Factor 19).SignificanceJustification:Notes:Mangamingi Station is locally significant because it is a small example of ahabitat type that is nationally uncommon. It also supports small populationsof two „At Risk‟ species, prostrate kanuka and Dicranopteris linearis.However, if fenced to exclude stock, the indigenous vegetation of the sitemay improve markedly, and the ecological values of the site wouldincrease. The character of geothermal activity at the site is suitable forprostrate kanuka and Dicranopteris linearis to establish in areas that arecurrently unvegetated because of stock impacts.The site is about 700 m to the east of other patches of geothermal vegetationmapped at Te Kopia (U17/13). It is on the Landcorp-owned MangamingiStation and has only recently become known to ecologists and geologists.Paul Cashmore (Department of Conservation, Rotorua) providedbackground information on this site.© 2011227Contract Report No. 2348

Figure A1-16: Geothermal activity at Locality 1.Figure A1-18: Geothermal activity at Locality 6.© 2011228Contract Report No. 2348

Figure A1-19:Sketch map of geothermalfeatures at MangamingiStation. Grid referencesare in NZMG in the sketchand NZTM in the tableopposite.1 1880729 57421382 1880750 57421524 1880760 57421573 1880756 57421545a 1880803 57421465b 1880771 57421545c 1880775 57421736 1880815 5742071© 2011229Contract Report No. 2348

30mapprox..Figure A1-17: Sketch map of geothermal activity at Locality 5S(see other sketch map) at Mangamingi Station.© 2011230Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011231Contract Report No. 2348

1.7 ORAKEIKORAKO GEOTHERMAL FIELDList of Geothermal SitesOKV01OKV02OKV03OKV04OKV05WaihunuhunuAkaterewa StreamOrakeikorakoRed HillsAkatarewa East© 2011232Contract Report No. 2348

OKV01Waihunuhunu0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10km0 250 500 1,000m±Legend(Ti kouka)-(manuka)/raupo-Cyperus ustulatus-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani reedlandChristella aff. dentata ("thermal”)-Nephrolepis flexuosa-blackberry-rank exotic grasses fernlandNephrolepis flexuosa fernlandNephrolepis flexuosa-bracken-Christella aff. dentata ("thermal”)-blackberry fernlandBracken-mingimingi-blackberry fernlandGeothermal waterGrey willow/raupo reedlandMercer grass-Cyclosorus interruptus-Hypolepis ambigua grasslandRaupo reedlandImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:6,0000 100200m

WAIHUNUHUNUSite Number: OKV01 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF36 752 390GPS Reference:NZTM E1875248 N5738978Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:OrakeikorakoBioclimatic Zone:Lowland - SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:300 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.5.3 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.3.1 haDate of Field Survey: 8 March 2007VEGETATIONCODE TYPE07.03 Bracken-dominant fernland07.03.05 Bracken-mingimingi-blackberry fernlandScattered emergent karamu, kohuhu, mamaku (Cyatheamedullaris), and wheki are present over bracken,mingimingi, and blackberry. On lake margins patches ofBaumea articulata, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani,Baumea rubiginosa, swamp kiokio, Christella aff. dentata(“thermal”), Carex virgata, and kiokio are common. A07.0607.06.0307.0807.08.01geothermal stream flows though this vegetation type.Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”)-dominant fernlandChristella aff. dentata (“thermal”)-Nephrolepis flexuosablackberryfernlandNarrow band of vegetation on each side of an unnamed hotwater stream which flows into the Waihunuhunu Arm of LakeOhakuri. The stream is fed by hot springs upstream of thisvegetation type, but hot water seepages were also presentwithin the stream bed. The banks of the stream are dominatedby Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) and Nephrolepisflexuosa. Cyperus ustulatus is also common along streammargins. Blackberry and bracken shrubland occurs upslopeof these species. Planted radiata pine plantation surrounds thisvegetation type. Along small parts of the stream, indigenousspecies form a canopy above this geothermal vegetation type,often comprising karamu, kohuhu, and wheki. The streamwas viewed at several points along its length, although accessinto the stream is very difficult due to the steep sides and veryhot stream temperatures.Nephrolepis flexuosa-dominant fernlandNephrolepis flexuosa fernlandThe upstream part of the unnamed hot water stream, wherethe margins of hot springs and a hot water stream aredominated by Nephrolepis flexuosa fernland. Severalpatches of Dicranopteris linearis are also present. There isLANDFORMWetland,terraceStreammarginsRiver marginsEXTENT

VEGETATIONCODETYPEscattered Carex virgata, blackberry, mingimingi, Hypolepisambigua, wheki, fleabane, buddleia, Christella aff. dentata(“thermal”), Spanish heath, Scotch thistle, bracken,ti kouka, Yorkshire fog, and Cyperus ustulatus.07.08.03 Nephrolepis flexuosa-bracken-Christella aff. dentata(“thermal”)-blackberry fernlandThis type is located on the banks above Lake Ohakuri wherehot geothermal water from a geothermal stream dischargesinto the lake. Patches of Nephrolepis flexuosa and brackenare common. Plants of Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”),blackberry, and mingimingi are also common with scatteredDicranopteris linearis, Spanish heath, wheki, karamu,kohuhu, and swamp kiokio.08.0408.04.0411.0111.01.0111.0111.01.1411.0111.01.1522.0122.01.01Mercer grass-dominant grasslandMercer grass-Cyclosorus interruptus-Hypolepis ambiguagrasslandA Mercer grass dominated grassland with commonCyclosorus interruptus and Hypolepis ambigua. Narrowleavedplantain (Plantago lanceolatum), blackberry, lotus,Spanish heath, Scotch thistle, fleabane, kohuhu, Histiopterisincisa, Cyperus ustulatus, manuka, and bracken are scatteredthrough this area. Several hot springs are present.Raupo-dominant reedlandRaupo reedlandRaupo reedland with common patches of Carex virgata andCarex secta and occasional grey willow, cleavers (Galiumaparine), Centella uniflora, Carex maorica, lotus, Carexvirgata, Eleocharis acuta, wheki, swamp kiokio, Juncusedgariae, and Baumea articulata.Raupo-dominant reedland(Ti kouka)-(manuka)/raupo-Cyperus ustulatus-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani reedlandScattered ti kouka and manuka are present over rauporeedland, with other areas dominated by Cyperus ustulatussedgeland, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani reedland, andseveral patches of Eleocharis acuta. Some small areas ofbare soil around hot springs are present. Other commonspecies include Carex virgata, wheki, swamp kiokio, andBaumea articulata.Raupo-dominant reedlandGrey willow/raupo reedlandGrey willow is common over raupo.Geothermal waterGeothermal waterGeothermally heated waters of Waihunuhunu Arm of LakeOhakuri. Includes several hot springs, as well as inputsfrom several hot streams.LANDFORMLake marginsEphemeralwetlandWetlandWetlandWetlandOpen waterEXTENTc.0.1 hac.0.1 hac.0.5 hac.1.7 hac.0.4 hac.2.3 haIndigenous Flora:Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) and Nephrolepis flexuosa (both classedas „At Risk-Declining‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) are scattered alongsidestream margins throughout this site, and alongside lake margins.© 2011235Contract Report No. 2348

One large population of Cyclosorus interruptus (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) is present. This population comprises52 large patches over a 60 m 2 area.Two small populations of Dicranopteris linearis (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009, and known from only c.24sites in New Zealand) were present near the hot springs along the unnamedhot water stream, and another population occurs near the outlet of thisstream into Lake Ohakuri.Other species present that are typical of geothermal habitat include Cyperusustulatus, turutu, Histiopteris incisa, raupo, mingimingi, and manuka.Thelypteris confluens has been recorded from this site in the past (E. Millerpers. comm. in Hobbs 2002) but was not recorded during this survey or byHobbs. T. confluens is classed as an „At Risk-Declining‟ fern in de Langeet al. (2009).Fauna:North Island fernbird, spotless crake, grey warbler, bellbird, spur-wingedplover, tui, pukeko, and little shag were present. Other common indigenousand introduced bird species typical of the habitat are likely to be present.Spotless crake and North Island fernbird are classed as „At Risk-Declining‟and „At Risk-Relict‟ respectively in Miskelly et al. 2008.Current Condition(2007 Assessment):This site is mainly in good ecological condition providing good habitat forfour threatened fern species. However, pest plants (e.g. grey willow andcrack willow) are common in the wetland. Blackberry scrub and exoticplantation trees are common around the geothermal streams.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2007 Assessment):Human impacts(2007 Assessment):Grazing(2007 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2007 Assessment):Blackberry (5-25% cover), grey willow (1-5% cover), crack willow (1-5%cover), and buddleia (

geothermal activity in Waihunuhunu is now in a head of a bay that waspreviously a long valley (c.1 km in length) (Historical photo: SN358 run1074 1944-49). Heated water in this arm of the lake indicates that there isconsiderable geothermal activity beneath the lake here. The higher lakelevel has however expanded the area of geothermal wetland. The terrestrialpart of the site has probably changed little over time, although wilding andplantation pines occur close to the site margins. <strong>Based</strong> on the aboveassumptions we could presume that a loss of c.75% of terrestrial geothermalhabitats has occurred with the raising of Lake Ohakuri. About 25% of thishas since become geothermal wetland, indicating a total vegetation loss ofc.50% since 1961.ManagementRequirements:This site has great potential for ecological restoration through managementof pest plants (e.g. willow trees in wetland).Significance Level: National (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5, 6, 7, 9; Table 2 - Factor 8).SignificanceJustification:Notes:References:This site is of national significance because it is a very good qualityexample of a habitat that is nationally uncommon. It also contains goodpopulations of four „At Risk‟ species: Cyclosorus interruptus, Christellaaff. dentata (“thermal”), Dicranopteris linearis, and Nephrolepis flexuosa.It contains one of the largest populations of N. flexuosa and C. interruptusin New Zealand.Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region and this site was classed as Category B - the secondhighest category.Beadel & Bill 2000; Given 1989, 1995 & 1996; Hobbs 2002; Merrett &Burns 1999; Smith-Dodsworth 1993; Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2007b.© 2011237Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011238Contract Report No. 2348

OKV02Akatarewa Stream 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10KmImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m±Legend(Maritime pine)/kiokio-blackberry-bracken-buddleia shrubland1:5,5000 125250m

AKATAREWA STREAMSite Number: OKV02 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF36 751 378GPS Reference:NZTM E1875142 N5737819Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:OrakeikorakoBioclimatic Zone:Lowland SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:c.300 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.1.4 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.1.4 haDate of Field Survey: 28 May 2007VEGETATIONCODE TYPE05.08 Mixed indigenous shrubland05.08.04 (Maritime pine)/kiokio-blackberry-bracken-buddleiashrublandKiokio, blackberry, bracken, and Cyperus ustulatus arecommon along stream margins, with scattered maritimepine, ti kouka, whauwhaupaku, kohuhu, buddleia,harakeke, karamu, and wheki. Creeping bent, Yorkshirefog, Deparia petersenii, Histiopteris incisa, Paesiascaberula, Hypolepis ambigua, creeping buttercup, paku(Pneumatopteris pennigera), Carex secta, and lotus are alsocommon. Several patches of Gleichenia microphylla arepresent. There are scattered Christella aff. dentata(“thermal”) plants (47 mature plants recorded). These aremore common along the lower reaches of the AkatarewaStream, however plants are less common below thewaterfall at the bathing pool closest to the lake. Seepagesof hot water and occasional sinter are present along theentire length of stream. A eucalyptus plantation borders themargins of this vegetation type.LANDFORMStreammarginsEXTENTc.1.4 haIndigenous Flora:Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) (classed as an „At Risk-Declining‟species in de Lange et al. 2009) is scattered alongside stream marginsthroughout this site. Forty-seven mature plants were recorded.Cyclosorus interruptus was recorded at this site in 2002 (Hobbs 2002). In2007 the stream was inspected 50 m upstream and downstream of thelocation of the 2002 sighting, but no plants of C. interruptus were found.C. interruptus is an „At Risk-Declining‟ species (in de Lange et al. 2009).C. interruptus appears to be a seasonal species in the Bay of Plenty/Waikatoand is not always visible at a site during all seasons, so this species couldstill be present at this site.Dicranopteris linearis (classed as an „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟species in de Lange et al. 2009, and known from only c.24 sites in New1Previously identified as U17/30 in Wildland Consultants (2004). This site was also updated in 2007(Wildland Consultants 2007b).© 2011240Contract Report No. 2348

Zealand) was also been recorded from this site in 2002 (Hobbs 2002), butwas not recorded in the 2007 survey.Other species typical of geothermal sites present include Histiopteris incisa,bracken, and Cyperus ustulatus.Fauna:Current Condition:North Island robin, grey warbler, North Island fantail, bellbird, pied tit, andtui. Other common indigenous and introduced bird species typical of thehabitat are likely to be present.Much of the site is in a poor to moderate ecological condition withplantation forestry occurring close to stream margins. The site providesgood habitat for at least one „At Risk‟ fern species.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2007 Assessment):Human impacts(2007 Assessment):Grazing(2007 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2007 Assessment):Blackberry (5-25%), pampas (

North Island.Notes:Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region, and in this study this site was classed asCategory C - the third highest category.Some of the Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) plants may have beendamaged during recent harvesting operations - hence the lower number ofplants recorded here than by Merrett & Burns (1999) who recorded96 plants at the site before harvesting was undertaken in 1999.This site was formerly identified as being of national significance (WildlandConsultants 2007b) due to the presence of Christella aff. dentata(“thermal”) which, at that time, was classified as „Chronically Threatened‟(de Lange et al. 2004).References:Beadel & Bill 2000; Given 1989a, 1995, & 1996; Hobbs 2002; Merrett &Burns 1999; Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data 1995; Wildland Consultants2004, 2007b, & 2007c.© 2011242Contract Report No. 2348

OKV03Orakeikorako 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10kmNZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m

OKV03 Orakeikorako0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz( i )LegendArrow bamboolandBlack wattle/manuka-blackberry-bracken shrublandGeothermal waterManuka-mingimingi scrubradiata pine-maritimepine/karamu-wheki-mamaku scrubManuka-mingimingi shrublandMercer grass grasslandNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka-mingimingi-manuka shrubland1:5,000Imagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.0 100 200m

ORAKEIKORAKOSite Number: OKV03 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF36 747 369GPS Reference:NZTM E1874726 N5736937Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:OrakeikorakoBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Lake Ohakuri Stewardship Area administered byDOC) and unprotected private landAltitude:c.300-340mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.42.4 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.42.4 haDate of Field Survey:1 August 2010 (east side of Lake Ohakuri)2 February 2011 (west side of Lake Ohakuri)Code Type Landform Extent04.0104.01.01Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrubProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka (1-3 m high) forms a dense canopy withmingimingi and manuka scattered throughout. Pricklymingimingi and karamu are also present. The groundcovercomprises local Lycopodiella cernua, Dicranopterislinearis, Indian doab and bracken, with turutu andDicranoloma sp. scattered throughout. Fumaroles occurthroughout. Wilding pine control has recently been carriedout in most of this area and some felled pine trees wereHillslopes c.3.0 ha04.0304.03.16observed.Manuka dominant scrubManuka-mingimingi scrub (radiata pine)-(maritimepine)/karamu-wheki-mamaku scrubThis area comprises a mosaic of manuka-mingimingi scruband karamu-wheki-mamaku scrub, where manukamingimingiscrub is the predominant vegetation type.Occasional rimu are present. Broadleaved species and treeferns are common including rewarewa, kohuhu, ponga(Cyathea dealbata), and Cyathea smithii. Morelotia affinis,kiokio, and turutu are common in the understorey.Fumaroles occur throughout, and prostrate kanuka isassociated with areas of heated soil. Mingimingi, prostratekanuka, Histiopteris incisa, kiokio and wheki are commonaround mud pools. Pampas has expanded its range in thisvegetation type following pine control. Patches of wildingpine still remain at some localities, but the cover is greatlyreduced from the 2004 and 2007 surveys.05.0105.01.01 2 Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka shrubland (not mapped)Low prostrate kanuka (

Code Type Landform Extentareas of nonvegetated raw-soilfield. Mingimingi becomesmore common on margins, and manuka becomes morecommon in poorly drained areas. Baumea juncea, sea rush,and oioi occur occasionally in cooler wet areas.05.01.15 Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka-mingimingi-manuka shrublandSmall areas of heated soils (up to 30°C) with prostratekanuka, mingimingi and manuka occur nearby the road.Other species in this area include bracken, maritime pine,fleabane, Japanese honeysuckle, silver birch, and SpanishHillslope

Code Type Landform Extentinterruptus and Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) arepresent in small numbers (c.

Feature 2: Sinter ScarpGrid Reference: E1874513 N5736869Directly behind the relic geyser mound is a large expanse of sinter scarp(30 8 m). The scarp was heavily vegetated in places and did not appear tobe undergoing active deposition of sinter (wet surfaces appear to be soilrun-off as opposed to silica laden fluids). At the base of the scarp were twoareas with moderate steam discharge. The soil temperatures at 10 cm depthwere between 50-60 o C. At one point the thickness of the sinter wasobserved through a break in the crust to be about 10 cm thick.Plate 66:Heavily vegetated sinter scarp. Feature 2, Orakeikorako.Plate 67: Sinter structure onscarp. Note silicifiedorganic material.Feature 2,Orakeikorako.© 2011248Contract Report No. 2348

Feature 3: Relic discharging pool/GeyserGrid Reference: E1874554 N5736837Above the scarp and sinter deposition channels a relic sinter depositingpool/geyser was identified. The sinter channel could be traced back to thisfeature. The feature consists of 6 5 m crater with audible bubbling atdepth. The centre of the crater is dominated by an east-west trendingfissure. The sinter apron has disintegrated considerably and the rock isstained pink orange and grey. There was moderate steam discharge fromthis feature.Plate 68:Relic discharging pool/geyser with east west fissure andsinter terrace in background, Feature 3, Orakeikorako.Feature 4: Active GeyserGrid Reference: E1874564 N5736844Approximately 10 m to the east of Feature 4 is an active geyser. The craterassociated with the geyser is approximately 8 4 m and while thefrequency of playing is not known, there are clear indications of geyseractivity such as: rounded surfaces at the crater edge, a damp base(noticeable as there had not been any rainfall) with rounded pebbles and adrainage channel which directed fluid back into the crater (Plates 69 and70). Luckily, during the monitoring round, the geyser did play at 11.55 a.m.for approximately 30 seconds - 1 minute. There is a main central fissure(again with an east-west orientation and almost in line with Feature 4) in thecrater with two identifiable vents - one seen to be discharging steamconstantly, the other observed to be the fluid/steam discharge point whenactive. The jet of water/steam rose approximately 3 m above ground level.Associated with the geyser is a large area of sinter and altered clay (Plate71. There was also an area of steaming ground. The soil temperatures to thesouth of the geyser were not elevated (15 o C) while directly to the east thetemperatures ranged from 60 o C to 80 o C. The sinter crust was very thin anddelicate.A sketch map of Features 4 and 5 has been prepared.© 2011249Contract Report No. 2348

RoundedSurfaceSteam VentFluid VentPlate 69: Geyser. Looking west, note main vent, fissure alignment androunded surfaces, Feature 5, Orakeikorako.Plate 70: Geyser. View looking northeast. Note drainage channel back intocrater, Feature 5, Orakeikorako.© 2011250Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 71: Area of steaming ground with red altered clay and sinter to thenorth of the geyser. Feature 5, Orakeikorako.Figure A1-20: Field Sketch of Relic Pool/Geyser of Feature 4 (bottom) andActive Geyser of Feature 5 (top) at Orakeikorako.© 2011251Contract Report No. 2348

Feature 6: Steaming groundGrid Reference: E1874546 N5737104<strong>An</strong> area of steaming ground was identified measuring 2 m 2 with soiltemperatures ranging from 25-35 o C. This was located between Features 5and 7.Feature 7: Mud poolGrid Reference: E1874593 N5737122This feature was a small mud pool with viscous mud and vigorous bubbling.Thick vegetation prevented access.Feature 8: Mud Pool and VolcanoGrid Reference: E1874607 N5737129This feature is a mud pool with a less viscous mud and minor steamdischarge. A mud volcano approximately 30 cm high lies adjacent to it.Thick vegetation prevented access for temperature measurement.Plate 72: Mud VolcanoFeature 9: Artistes Palette Hot Clear PoolThe main pool in the Artistes Palette area was noted to have a very lowwater level (not visible) and was discharging steam. In July 2010 this poolwas actively discharging chloride water with extensive algal growth alongits discharge channels.© 2011252Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 73: Pool at Artistes Palette July 2010 on left,July 2009 on right.Indigenous Flora:Prostrate kanuka and Dicranopteris linearis, which are both classed as „AtRisk-Naturally Uncommon‟ (in de Lange et al. 2009) and characteristic ofgeothermal areas, are present. D. linearis is known from only c.24 sites inNew Zealand.At least 50 plants of Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟, in de Lange et al. 2009) are located on the eastern margins ofLake Ohakuri. None are known inland of the lake edge on the eastern side.At least another 40 plants are located in the wetland behind theaccommodation facilities on the western side of the lake, along with severalsmall populations of Cyclosorus interruptus („At Risk-Declining‟ inde Lange et al. 2009), some of which are immature and are not expected tosurvive.Schizaea dichotoma (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟; in NewZealand, restricted to kauri forests of Northland and South Auckland, andlocally at geothermal sites), Calochilus robertsonii (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟), Psilotum nudum (restricted to geothermal andnorthern coastal areas), Lycopodiella cernua, arrow grass, Schizaea bifida,sea rush, manuka, turutu, and Campylopus capillaceous, which arecharacteristic of geothermal areas, are also present.Species recorded from previous surveys at the site, but not during the 2004survey or the current survey are: Nephrolepis flexuosa (in New Zealand,this species is confined to geothermal areas in the North Island) (classed as„At Risk-Declining‟ in de Lange et al. 2009), and Corunastylis pumila (bothclassed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟).Other species of interest which occur at Orakeikorako include Microtisparviflora, Thelymitra carnea (Bellingham 1985), sea rush, Limosellalineata, and Drosera binata (Wildland Consultants 2009a).Fauna:Common indigenous and introduced bird species typical of the habitat arepresent, including grey warbler, silvereye, Australasian coot, fantail,Australasian harrier, tui, New Zealand scaup, North Island robin, spurwingedplover, mallard, yellowhammer, and magpie. One New Zealand© 2011253Contract Report No. 2348

ush falcon (classed as ‘Threatened-Nationally Vulnerable’ in Miskellyet al. 2008) was recorded flying over the eastern side of the site on2 February 2011. Grey duck classed as ‘Threatened-Nationally Critical’,and black shag ‘At Risk-Naturally Uncommon’, in Miskelly et al. (2008)have also been recorded on geothermal waters of Lake Ohakuri near thissite. Wasps were recorded from the western wetland.A small population of Long tailed bats (classed as ‘Threatened-NationallyVulnerable’ in Miskelly et al. 2008) have been recorded in Ruatapu thermalcave (http://related.springerprotocols.com/lp/de-gruyter/observations-of-acave-colony-of-the-long-tailed-bat-chalinolobus-sjZI2WehC4:accessed12 September 2011).Current Condition(2011 Assessment):Overall, the site is in an excellent ecological condition. Recent removal(2008/2009) of wilding pines has improved the quality of the geothermalvegetation on the western side of this site markedly since 2004, with mosttree stumps not visible to the naked eye from the car park on the easternside. However, pampas has become established in places following pinecontrol. Some small areas of wilding pines on the site are still to becontrolled.Vegetation on the western side of the river has localised patches ofadventive weed species, and control of maritime pine, black wattle,blackberry, Japanese honeysuckle and bamboo should be undertaken.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Recent removal of wilding pines (maritime pine and radiata pine) hasimproved the ecological condition of this site. Several patches of wildingmaritime pines remain, e.g. at E1874602 N3736832. Wilding pines arestill present although at a lower, 1-5%, cover. Spanish heath (1-5 % cover),blackberry (1-5 % cover), bamboo (

Site Change:Recent change:Historical:The boundaries of the site have been updated following pine control, andbetter quality aerial photographs provided in 2007. The most significantreal change to the site is the management of pine trees on the eastern side ofthe river/lake. Otherwise, change is considered to be minimal comparedwith 2004 and 2007 surveys.In 1961 the Waikato River was artificially dammed to form Lake Ohakuriand c.75% of the geothermal features were destroyed by flooding (Lloyd1972 in Given 1989a).The reduction of the extent of geothermal vegetation and habitats is markedfrom the historical photos (Historical photos: SN 358 Run 1074 Photos 92-94, 1949), particularly on the western side of Lake Ohakuri, whencompared with 2007 aerial photographs. Extensive areas of raw-soilfieldwere evident, presumably a large portion of it being geothermal, howeverthis is virtually non-existent in 2007 aerial photographs. The advance ofwilding pines into some areas on the eastern side of the river is evident in1941 photographs. A considerable loss of habitat with the construction ofLake Ohakuri is evident. Due to the steep nature of the landforms presentan accurate measure of loss of geothermal is impossible; however, theprevious estimates of 75% loss by Lloyd (1972) (particularly with the losseson the western side of the river) seem reasonable. In the areas that were notflooded by 1961, a greater extent of bare ground is visible in the historicalphotos (i.e. there is an increase in vegetation cover between 1961 and2007). Increased vegetation could be due to a number of factors includingreduced heat from geothermal systems. Development since the 1949 photosalso includes a tourist operation and associated tracks.ManagementRequirements:Ongoing wilding pine and black wattle control work on the western side ofthe site will further enhance biodiversity values. Blackberry, Japanesehoneysuckle and bamboo control here would allow geothermal species suchas prostrate kanuka, mingimingi, Cyclosorus interruptus, and Christella aff.dentata (“thermal”) populations to expand their range. On the eastern sideof the river the impacts of pampas expanding its density following pinecontrol should be monitored and managed as necessary. Follow-up controlof pines should be undertaken on a regular basis. The site should beregularly checked for new pest plant invasions, and when rare weeds suchas royal fern are found, they should be removed.Significance Level: National (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9; Table 2 - Factor 8).SignificanceJustification:This site is of national significance because it is a good quality example ofgeothermal vegetation, a nationally uncommon habitat type, and one of thebest examples in the Waikato Region. It includes populations of eight „AtRisk‟ species including: prostrate kanuka, Christella aff. dentata(“thermal”) and one of the largest populations of Dicranopteris linearis inNew Zealand. It supports a relatively high number of other notablegeothermal plant species, including sea rush and Psilotum nudum, and has ahigh diversity of geothermal features, including steamfields, mud pools,fumaroles, geysers, hot springs, and sinter terraces. Grey duck (classed as„Threatened-Nationally Critical‟ in Miskelly et al. 2008) and black shag(„At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟) have been recorded at the site.© 2011255Contract Report No. 2348

Notes:Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region, and in this study this site was classed as CategoryA - the highest category.References: Beadel 1995b; Beadel & Bill 2000; Ecroyd 1986; Given 1989a & 1995;Smith-Dodsworth 1993; Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data 1995; WildlandConsultants 2004, 2007b, & 2009a&b.© 2011256Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011257Contract Report No. 2348

OKV04Red Hills 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000Imagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reservedm±LegendDicranopteris linearis fernlandGeothermal waterManuka shrublandManuka-mingimingi scrubManuka-mingimingi scrub prostrate kanuka shrublandNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka shrubland1:5,5000 200400m

RED HILLSSite Number: OKV04 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF36 748 354GPS Reference:NZTM E1874822 N5735404Local Authority:Rotorua/TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:OrakeikorakoBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Lake Ohakuri Conservation Area administered by DOC)Altitude:c.300-340 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.11.6 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.11.5 haDate of Field Survey: 16 June 2004 (part of site field surveyed on 8 March 2007)VEGETATIONCODE TYPE04.03 Manuka-dominant scrub04.03.02 Manuka-mingimingi scrubManuka and mingimingi are dominant, with scatteredkanuka and prostrate kanuka, as well as occasional karamuand kohuhu. Emergent wilding pines (maritime pine andradiata pine) are scattered throughout. The groundcovercomprises Gleichenia microphylla, bracken, Paesiascaberula, Histiopteris incisa, kiokio, and turutu with largelocal patches of Dicranopteris linearis. Dicranoloma sp. (amoss) is also abundant. Fumaroles are scattered throughoutand there are a number of seepages which flow directly intoLake Ohakuri. Occasional Spanish heath and Chineseprivet plants are present on the margins.04.03.12 Manuka-mingimingi scrub prostrate kanukashrublandA mosaic of predominantly manuka-mingimingi scrub(refer to 04.03.02) with local prostrate kanuka shrubland(refer to 05.01.01) occurs around a small example of sinterterrace, a geyser and an outflow of hot water into the lake.A slip exposing bright red substrate is also present.Occasional maritime pines are present with occasionalChristella aff. dentata (“thermal”) on lake margins.05.0105.01.01Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka shrublandThis type comprises a low discontinuous canopy ofprostrate kanuka (c.0.5 m high) with mingimingi andmonoao scattered throughout. The groundcover compriseslocal patches of moss, most notably Dicranoloma sp.,Campylopus capillaceus and Lycopodiella cernua. Localpatches of mature wilding pines (mainly maritime pine) arepresent.LANDFORMHillslopes andalluvialterracesAlluvialterrace,hillslopesHillslopesEXTENTc. 1.3 hac.2.5 hac.7.3 ha1Previously identified as U17/10 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011259Contract Report No. 2348

VEGETATIONCODE TYPE05.03 Manuka-dominant shrubland05.03.01 1 Manuka shrublandScattered manuka over rank exotic grassland species(e.g. tall fescue, creeping bent, and ragwort - Jacobaeavulgaris), as well as occasional Spanish heath and prostratekanuka. Several areas of geothermal sandfield. Watertemperatures were recorded up to 69 ºC on lake margins.07.01 Dicranopteris-dominant fernland07.01.01 Dicranopteris fernlandA small south-facing section on the western bank of thelake with a steaming fumarole. Dicranopteris linearisforms the cover.07.01.01 2 Dicranopteris fernland (not mapped)Many small areas are almost completely dominated byDicranopteris linearis.22.01 Geothermal water22.01.0128.0128.01.01Geothermal waterNonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldSinter deposits and mineral pools occur throughout thisfeature, with some geysers along the lake edge. There arepatches of bare ground, craters, steaming fumaroles, andmud pools.LANDFORMLake marginsAlluvialterraceHillslopesOpen waterFlat, hillslopesEXTENT

at the camp/picnic area adjacent to the southern side of the site, and isbeginning to invade the manuka-mingimingi scrub. It could spread rapidlyif it is not controlled.Human impacts(2007 Assessment):Grazing(2007 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2007 Assessment):Site Change:Recent change:Historical:Direct human impact is low, as the site is relatively inaccessible and appearsdangerous. A bath has been constructed near the south end of the site.Some control of wilding pines has been undertaken at the site. Thevegetation of the site is very susceptible to damage by trampling.Livestock do not have access to this area.Pine plantations and the Waikato River.No known changes to the extent and quality of geothermal activity at thissite. <strong>An</strong>y changes made to site boundaries are based on higher qualityaerial photographs, rather than any real change to geothermal extent.The site has become considerable reduced in size since dam construction onthe Waikato River in 1961 resulted in the formation of Lake Ohakuri. <strong>An</strong>assessment of aerial photographs taken in 1949 (Historical photos: SN 358Run 1074 Photos 92-94, 1949) shows extensively more bare soil on bothsides of the Waikato River. The lower reaches of these were drowned whenthe river was dammed. The steep nature of bank margins means that theoverall loss of geothermal habitat is difficult to determine, however it couldbe as high as 10-20%.ManagementWilding pines and Chinese privet should be controlled.Requirements:Significance Level: National (Table 12 - Criteria 1, 3, 5, 7, 9; Table 2 - Factors 8).SignificanceJustification:Notes:References:This site is nationally significant because it is a very good quality exampleof a habitat type that is nationally uncommon (i.e. geothermal). Togetherwith Orakeikorako (site OKV03, c.1 km to the north) it comprises one ofthe best examples of geothermal vegetation in the Waikato Region. RedHills has an extensive area of prostrate kanuka shrubland, and stable,relatively large, populations of Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”), andDicranopteris linearis (all „At Risk‟ species).Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region and in this study, this site was classed asCategory A - the highest category.Beadel 1995b; Beadel & Bill 2000; Given 1996; Unpublished AtiamuriPNAP data 1995; Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2007b.© 2011261Contract Report No. 2348

OKV05Akatarewa East 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000m±Imagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright ReservedLegendNonvegetated raw-soilfieldWilding pine/prostrate kanuka shrubland1:5,0000 75150m

AKATAREWA EASTSite Number:OKV05Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 763 389GPS Reference:NZTM E1876276 N5738860Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:OrakeikorakoBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:390 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat:

Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing(20011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Site adjacent to farmland.This site is unfenced and grazed. Some parts of the site are steep and stockare unlikely to be a threat in these areas.Farming and pine plantation.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Not assessed. There is no known ecological information for this site priorto the current study.Site not assessed, no historical aerial photos found. However, since the siteis small and is in a gully it is unlikely that change would be able to beidentified between historic and recent aerial photographs for this site.The radiata pine should be removed, and the site fenced and retired fromgrazing. The Dicranopteris linearis population should be monitored.Significance Level: Local (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5; Table 2- Factor 19)SignificanceJustification:Notes:Akatarewa East is locally significant because it comprises a small exampleof geothermal vegetation, which is a nationally uncommon habitat type. Italso provides habitat for two „At Risk‟ plant species: prostrate kanuka andDicranopteris linearis.There may be more features and small geothermal areas on the vertical facebut access is an issue.This site was identified for this study based on a summary of knowngeothermal features in Hochstein (2007 Figure 4.1, Page 92). TheHochstein study was based on summaries of geothermal features in theOrakeikorako and Te Kopia geothermal fields from Lloyd (1974) andBignell (1994).References: Bignell 1994; Hochstein 2007; Lloyd 1974.© 2011264Contract Report No. 2348

1.8 NGATAMARIKI GEOTHERMAL FIELDList of Geothermal SitesNMV01NMV02Waikato River SpringsNgatamariki© 2011265Contract Report No. 2348

NMV01Waikato River Springs 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10kmImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m±ALegendAGeothermal waterNonvegetated raw-soilfieldReed sweet grass-raupo-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani grasslandReed sweet grass-raupo-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani-swamp millet grasslandSee text1:5,0000 100200m

WAIKATO RIVER SPRINGSSite Number: NMV01 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 779 319GPS Reference:NZTM E1877904 N5731853Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:NgatamarikiBioclimatic Zone:LowlandTenure:Protected (Ngatamariki Hot Springs Scenic Reserveadministered by DOC)Altitude:295 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.0.6 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.0.4 haDate of Field Survey: 2-3 February 2011Code Type Landform Extent08.08c.0.4 ha08.08.02Reed sweet grass-dominant grasslandReed sweet grass-raupo-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanigrasslandReed sweet grass, raupo and Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanidominate the margins of a geothermally influenced pool(temperatures up to 45°C in the northern pools at the time ofsurvey). Grey willow, blackberry, harakeke, Chinese privet,bracken and radiata pine are emergent on the drier margins.Other species present include Cyperus ustulatus, mercer grassand localised patches of blackberry.08.08.03 Raupo/reed sweetgrass-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontaniswamp millet grasslandOccasional raupo is emergent over reed sweetgrass (Glyceriamaxima), Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, and swamp millet.Other species present include Carex maorica, lotus, Cyperusustulatus, mint, and pohue.22.0122.01.0128.0128.01.01Geothermal waterGeothermal waterHot spring, hot stream, pools. In cooler water, water lily(Nymphaea alba) is common.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldGeothermally-heated soil.Streammargins,pondmarginsWetlandStream,poolsTerraces

Current Condition(2011 Assessment):Weed species such as reed sweet grass dominate the wetland areas of thissite.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Chinese privet (1-5% cover), radiata pine

© 2011269Contract Report No. 2348

NMV02Ngatamariki 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10km0 250 500 1,000Imagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reservedm±LegendHypolepis distans-Gleichenia microphylla-Hypolepis ambigua fernlandGeothermal waterNonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfield (geothermal and landslide debris)Prostrate kanuka shrublandRadiata pine/mingimingi forestWheki ponga/Cyperus ustulatus-Cyclosorus interruptus sedgeland1:50000 100200m

NGATAMARIKISite Number: NMV02 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 767 306GPS Reference:NZTM E1876675 N5730627Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:NgatamarikiBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Ngatamariki Hot Springs Scenic Reserve) andunprotected private land.Altitude:310 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.1.7 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.1.5 haDate of Field Survey:2 February 2011 (northern part of site is based on surveyundertaken on 25 May 2007)Code Type Landform Extent01.05 Exotic pine forestHillsopes c.0.6 ha01.05.04 2 Radiata pine/mingimingi forestRadiata pine forms the canopy over mingimingi, Histiopterisincisa, bracken, kiokio and blackberry. Several patches ofDicranopteris linearis were recorded in May 2007, a speciesnot previously recorded at this site.05.0105.01.01Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka forms a shrubland around the hot pools andseepages with mingimingi, prickly mingimingi and manukascattered throughout, as well as local patches of Baumeateretifolia and Cyperus ustulatus. The ground cover issparse, with small patches of mosses (including Campylopuscapillaceus) and Lycopodiella cernua. Radiata pine areAlluvialterracesc.0.4 ha07.0507.05.1209.0209.02.05common on margins.Mixed fernlandHypolepis distans-Gleichenia microphylla-Hypolepisambigua fernlandThe margins of the hot spring are covered with a mixedfernland of Hypolepis distans, Gleichenia microphylla,Hypolepis ambigua, bracken, with occasional kiokio andmanuka.Cyperus ustulatus-dominant sedgelandWheki-ponga/Cyperus ustulatus-Cyclosorus interruptussedgelandCyperus ustulatus dominates vegetation surrounding a smallhot water stream that flows from a hot water seepage downto the Orakonui Stream. Sixteen clumps of Cyclosorusinterruptus, comprising c.122 fronds, were present amongstthe Cyperus ustulatus in May 2007. Also present is whekiponga,occasional patches of bracken and Histiopteris incisa,and several prostrate kanuka shrubs. This vegetation issurrounded by tall radiata pine plantation forest.Hot springmarginsAlluvialterraces

Code Type Landform Extent22.01c.0.2 ha22.01.01Geothermal waterGeothermal waterSmall geothermal pools occur at this site. On the marginsthere is scattered kiokio, Cyperus ustulatus, Hypolepisdistans, bracken, mingimingi, raupo, Histiopteris incisa,wheki, blackberry, prostrate kanuka, pampas, buddleia, greywillow, Yorkshire fog, karamu, koromiko, and radiata pine.Lemna minor and water purslane are present in cooler water.28.01 Nonvegetated raw-soilfield28.01.01 1 Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldSinter with hot pools, mud pools, springs and seepages. Agood population of arrow grass present in 2004 in thenorthern two units of nonvegetated raw-soilfield (this areawas not resurveyed during the current study). Scatteredplants of prostrate kanuka, manuka, Spanish heath, bracken,Histiopteris incisa, and Lycopodiella cernua are present.28.0128.01.04Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfield (geothermal and landslidedebris)Recent geothermal activity in this area has left nonvegetatedgeothermal and landslide debris on both sides of the stream.AlluvialterracesAlluvialterracesc.0.1 hac.0.4 haIndigenous Flora:Sixteen clumps of Cyclosorus interruptus (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ inde Lange et al. 2009) were recorded in the northern part of this site in May2007. In May 2007, Dicranopteris linearis (classed as „At Risk-NaturallyUncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) was discovered in the northern part ofthis site, under radiata pine trees. The latter species had not previously beenrecorded from this site and is known from only c.24 sites in New Zealand.Prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Lange etal. 2009) and Campylopus capillaceus, which are both endemic speciesrestricted to geothermal areas, occur in both the northern and southern partsof the site.Lycopodiella cernua, which is characteristic of geothermal areas, is alsopresent, in both the northern and southern parts of the site.Psilotum nudum (a plant restricted to geothermal and northern coastal areas)has also been recorded below a waterfall (Ecroyd 1979b). Psilotum nudumwas not seen during the 2004, 2007, or 2011 surveys, or by Given (1995),but this is may reflect the inaccessibility of the site rather than a populationdecline.Fauna:North Island fernbird („At Risk-Declining‟ in Miskelly et al. 2008) has beenrecorded here in the past. Whitehead, fantail, grey warbler, kingfisher, tui,greenfinch, yellowhammer, magpie, and North Island robin are also present.1Not surveyed in 2011.© 2011272Contract Report No. 2348

Current Condition(2011 Assessment):The site comprises two areas of geothermal features and vegetation thatcontain plant species of note. The southern end of the site has changedsignificantly as a result of a hydrothermal eruption, which resulted in thecreation of a geothermal pond and a large area of debris. Prostrate kanuka,manuka and Cyperus ustulatus are scattered within this area.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Radiata pine plantation is in close proximity to this site, and some treeshave fallen into geothermal vegetation and features. Other adventive plantspecies present include buddleia (c.1-5% cover), pampas (

Notes:Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region, and in this study this site was classed asCategory B - the second highest category.Part of Ngatamariki was formerly identified as being of nationalsignificance because it provides habitat for Cyclosorus interruptus which, atthat time, was classified as a „Chronically Threatened‟ species (de Langeet al. 2004). However, in the most recent revision of the threatclassification list, this species is now classified „At Risk‟ (de Lange et al.2009).Ngatamariki is the best quality area of geothermal vegetation in theNgatamariki Geothermal Field.References: Beadel & Bill 2000; Department of Conservation 1997; Ecroyd 1979b;Given 1989, 1995 & 1996; Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data 1995;Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2007b.© 2011274Contract Report No. 2348

1.9 WHANGAIROROHEA GEOTHERMAL FIELDList of Geothermal SitesWGV01Whangairorohea© 2011275Contract Report No. 2348

WGV01Whangairorohea0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±!0 2.5 5 10Km!0 250 500 1,000m±LegendGeothermal waterImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:5,0000 50 100m

WHANGAIROROHEASite Number: WGV01 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 830 331GPS Reference:NZTM E1882987 N5733149Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:WhangairoroheaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:310 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.0.1 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.0 haDate of Field Survey: 3 February 2011Code Type Landform Extent22.0122.01.01Geothermal WaterGeothermal WaterA pool c.10 × 15 m filled with clear water that was c.36°C atthe time of survey. Vegetation on the margins comprises amosaic of species, which includes Carex secta, raupo,Eleocharis acuta and a band of Schoenoplectustabernaemontani (c.15 × 1m). Spanish heath (up to c.2.5 mtall), blackberry, koromiko, bracken and rank exotic grassesoccur on the drier terrace. Exotic grasses and herb speciesaround the perimeter of the pool include cocksfoot, Yorkshirefog, narrow-leaved plantain, and lotus. One or two plants ofpoplar and buddleia are also present. Blechnum penna-marinasubsp. alpina and Pimelea prostrata subsp. prostrata occur atthe northern side of the pool. There was no evidence of heatedgeothermal soils surrounding the pool.Steephillslopec.0.1 haIndigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2011 Assessment):Blechnum penna-marina subsp. alpina and Pimelea prostrata subsp.prostrata are present amongst the exotic grassland on the northern side ofthe pool. These species are not common in Atiamuri Ecological District.Magpie and tui were recorded at this site however other birds of plantationforests are likely to also be present.This site comprises a geothermal pool situated within a radiata pineplantation. There is a buffer zone of 20 m around the spring which is notplanted in pine. The buffer zone comprises exotic grassland and a small,blackberry-filled gully dissected by access tracks. The pool is used forbathing, with a constructed jetty built towards the centre for easy access.1Previously identified as U17/33 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011277Contract Report No. 2348

Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Local patches of Spanish heath (1-5% cover), poplar (

1.10 REPOROA GEOTHERMAL FIELDList of Geothermal SitesRPV01RPV02RPV03Longview RoadWharepapa RoadGolden Springs© 2011279Contract Report No. 2348

RPV01Longview Road 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000m±LegendGeothermal waterManuka shrublandMingimingi-manuka shrublandNonvegetated raw-soilfieldImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:3,5000 50100m

LONGVIEW ROADSite Number: RPV01 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 935 430GPS referenceNZTM E1893489 N5742976Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:ReporoaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Molloy Conservation Covenant)Altitude:c.300 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.3.6 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.3.4 haDate of Field Survey: 27 May 2004VEGETATIONCODE TYPE05.02 Mingimingi-dominant shrubland05.02.02 Mingimingi-manuka shrublandMingimingi dominates the canopy (which ranges from 0.3-4 m high), with scattered manuka. Local patches ofblackberry and bracken with scattered Muehlenbeckia05.0305.03.0128.0128.01.0122.0122.01.01australis are present, particularly in the northeast corner.Manuka-dominant shrublandManuka shrublandA narrow band of manuka (often only c.1 m wide) occursalongside heated creeks. Other vascular plant speciespresent include mingimingi, blackberry, Histiopteris incisa,Juncus effusus, Juncus edgariae, and rank grasses(predominantly Yorkshire fog).Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldSinter pavement, boiling water and hot springs.Geothermal waterGeothermal waterHot springs, geothermal lakelets.LANDFORMFlatFlatFlatFlatEXTENTc.1.8 ha

Current Condition(2004 Assessment):Overall this site is in good condition. It is well buffered with indigenousvegetation and there are few weeds 1 . However, the site is small in size andhas a long history of disturbance from fire, cattle grazing, and drainagechannel development (see Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data 1995). Thesite is now fenced, so grazing is no longer a threat.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2004 Assessment):Human impacts(2004 Assessment):Grazing(2004 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2004 Assessment):Blackberry (6-25% cover) poses the greatest threat to margins of the siteand, if left uncontrolled, is likely to spread into the manuka-mingimingishrubland areas.The site is vulnerable to the further development of drainage channels onneighbouring farmland which would further lower the water table and alterground temperatures. Damage to the vegetation also occurs fromrecreational use (e.g. trampling of geothermal vegetation and featuresduring duck shooting season).Apart from the narrow strip of manuka shrubland alongside drains, the siteis fenced to exclude stock. Along the edges of the drains with geothermalwater there is some manuka die-back corresponding with bank erosion,which tends to occur where cattle can access the drain.Farmland.Site Change:Recent change:<strong>Based</strong> on aerial photographs, the site appears similar to the 2004 study.Historical: It appears that the surrounding land use (farming) has intensified since 1941(Historical photos: SN 172 Run 1162 Photos 5-6, 1941). It also appears thatthe site was unfenced in 1941 and stock had access to the site. The size ofthe site has been approximately halved since 1941, with what is likely tohave been geothermal wetland, having been converted to pasture, anddrained. Some of the raw-soilfield vegetation to the south of the site hasbeen converted to pasture. The area of manuka scrub is over twice the sizeof the current area, based on 2007 aerial photographs. Almost all change tothis site is as a result of land drainage and development into pasture.ManagementRequirements:Blackberry, if left uncontrolled is likely to spread into surrounding manukaand mingimingi dominated shrubland and further spread of blackberryshould be prevented. Drainage (by adjacent farm drains) may be a keyissue for managing blackberry at this site, as lowered water levels providesites for blackberry to establish. No further drainage channels should becreated and the margins of the heated creeks/channels need to remainfenced to exclude grazing animals. Trampling of vegetation and geothermalfeatures should be kept to a minimum. Fences should be checked regularlyand maintained.Significance Level: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 3, 5; Table 2 - Factor 10).1Apart from in the narrow band of manuka shrubland outside the protected area.© 2011282Contract Report No. 2348

SignificanceJustification:Notes:References:This site is of regional significance because it is protected by a conservationcovenant. It is the best example of geothermal vegetation associated withthe Reporoa Geothermal Field.Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region and in this study, this site was classed asCategory C - the third category.Beadel & Bill 2000; Given 1995 & 1996; Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data1995; Wildland Consultants 2004.© 2011283Contract Report No. 2348

RPV02Wharepapa Road0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10kmImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright ReservedF9vD F1BviiiiDDF13AF2viDDF12BiivF3DxF5BDF4ADiiiDF8F10DF11BDDviiiF6DF7LegendDAiixAF1Geophysical features (refer to text)0 250 500 1,000(Baumea antrhrophylla)/mixed exotic grasses-raw soilfield grassland(Prostrate kanuka)/rank exotic grasses grassland(Scattered radiata pines)/manuka-mingimingi scrub(Silver birch)/blackberry-prostrate kanuka scrubExotic pine/manuka-mingimingi scrubGeothermal waterManuka scrubManuka-mingimingi scrubManuka-prostrate kanuka-Chinese privet scrubMud poolsNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka scrubSilver birch-Chinese privet/blackberry scrubSee text: Significance rankingSee text1:5,0000 250500mm±

WHAREPAPA ROADSite Number: RPV02 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 907 430GPS reference:NZTM E1890738 N5743011Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:ReporoaBioclimatic Zone:Lowland - SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:c.300 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.3.5 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.3.3 haDate of Field Survey: 30 July 2010VEGETATIONCODE TYPE04.01 Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrub04.01.01 Prostrate kanuka scrubA small area of prostrate kanuka scrub to 3 m tall.Occasional blackberry, Mercer grass, Chinese privet04.0304.03.0104.0304.03.02seedlings, and sheep‟s sorrel in understorey.Manuka-dominant scrubManuka scrubManuka-dominant scrub (1-4 m tall) surroundsgeothermal features. Scattered blackberry is present.Occasional prostrate kanuka shrub.Manuka-dominant scrubManuka-mingimingi scrubManuka to 4 m tall is present, with patches ofmingimingi-bracken scrub. Radiata pine surrounds thesite. Several trees have been felled into the site.04.03.13 Manuka dominant scrub(Exotic pine)/manuka-mingimingi scrubRadiata pine is emergent over mixed manukamingimingiscrub with a canopy height of 2-5 m.04.0304.03.1504.0304.03.1704.0804.08.03Manuka-dominant scrub(Scattered radiata pine)-manuka-mingimingi scrubScattered radiata pines over manuka (to 4 m) andmingimingi scrub, with occasional prostrate kanukapresent. Several oaks (Quercus sp.) and silver birch onmargins.Manuka-dominant scrubManuka-prostrate kanuka-Chinese privet scrubManuka, prostrate kanuka, and Chinese privet scrub to7 m tall. Open areas dominated by mingimingi.Common understorey species include Yorkshire fog,Himalayan honeysuckle, blackberry, Chinese privetseedlings, and Cotoneaster simonsii.Blackberry-dominant scrubSilver birch-Chinese privet/blackberry scrubLANDFORMGentle slopeFlatFlatCraterwalls/flatFlatFlat/ gentlyrollingEXTENT

VEGETATIONCODE TYPEChinese privet and silver birch are emergent overblackberry scrub. Scattered broom present. Browntopand Yorkshire fog present in understorey.04.08 Blackberry-dominant scrub04.08.05 (Silver birch)/blackberry-prostrate kanuka scrubOccasional silver birch emergent over blackberry scrub,with scattered patches of prostrate kanuka. Fumaroles08.0608.06.0408.0608.06.0522.0122.01.0122.0122.01.0228.0128.01.01and small mud pools present.Mixed exotic-dominated grassland(Prostrate kanuka)/rank exotic grasses grasslandOccasional prostrate kanuka over mixed exotic grasslandspecies, including Indian doab, wild seradella(Ornithopus perpusillus), hawksbeard, browntop, Mercergrass, catsear, and lotus). Soil temperature was 15 o C at5 cm depth on winter morning.Mixed exotic-dominated grassland(Baumea arthrophylla)/mixed exotic grasses-rawsoilfieldgrasslandEmergent Baumea arthrophylla is present over rankexotic grassland species, including browntop, catsear,white clover, Gonocarpus micranthus, sheep‟s sorrel,and sweet vernal. Approximately 25 × 50 m ofgeothermal activity, including fumaroles, mud pools, andheated bare soils. Scattered pumice rocks were common.Geothermal waterGeothermal water(i)Geothermal water in drain, surrounded by exoticgrasses, including reed sweet grass, Yorkshire fog,and Rumex crispus. Mosquitofish were recorded indrains.(ii) Hot pool.(iii) Geothermal pool surrounded by mossfield.Gonocarpus micranthus on margins. Spring issurrounded by pasture grasses.(iv) Geothermal spring in ditch surrounded by rankgrassland species, particularly reed sweetgrass andYorkshire fog. The temperature was c.47 o C withgreen and orange algae present near spring outflowand drainage channel.Geothermal waterMud poolA mud pool surrounded by sheep‟s sorrel and grazedpasture grasses. Wood has been thrown into the mudpool.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfield(v) Sinter terrace, hot pools, occasional prostratekanuka, occasional manuka. Scattered patches ofIndian doab and hawsbeard.(vi) Patches of arrow grass on sediments fromgeothermal springs. Overflow from geothermalsprings, 7 o C during field survey.LANDFORMflatflatGentlysloping/ FlatOpen waterOpen waterFlatEXTENT

VEGETATIONCODE TYPE(vii) Steaming ground. Five fumaroles. Occasionalsheep‟s sorrel, Yorkshire fog, and annual poa (Poaannua). Small patch of sinter present.(viii) Occasional mingimingi on margins. Scattered oaksand silver birch overhanging.(ix) Nonvegetated raw-soilfield, including a mud pool.Downstream of mud pool, scattered arrow grass,Yorkshire fog, and Baumea arthrophylla onoverflow margins.(x) Bare ground, geothermal water. Occasionalprostrate kanuka to 3 m tall, manuka seedlings,arrow grass, Lachnagrostis sp.LANDFORMEXTENTGeophysicalAssessment: 1Feature 1: Hot Clear Pool, Sinter Terrace (labelled as F1 on featuremap).This feature is a hot clear pool with a slight blue colouration. Thetemperature of the water was 90 o C and the pH was 8.6. The pool measuresapproximately 4 m 2 and has two central fissures/chambers at least 1 m deepand approximately 0.5 m in diameter. The remaining area of the pool isshallow, 5-10 cm. Only one of the chambers appeared to be supplying fluidto the pool. There are at least three relic drainage channels from the pooland it is surrounded by a large 25 m 2 sinter terrace. Two constructedchannels now drain the outflow from the pool and as such the sinter terraceis no longer being deposited. The water level is 5-6 cm below the sinterapron. Both the sinter apron and discharge channels exhibit minor sulphurencrustation. The main man-made channel was measured to calculate thedischarge. The flow from the pool was calculated to be approximately0.9L/sec (based on a channel width of 0.15 m, depth of 0.03 m and avelocity of 0.2 m/sec). A second small up-welling of fluid was noted in oneof the relic drainage channels (Plate 75). It had a temperature of 90 o C andflow of approximately 0.1L/sec.The constructed channel directs the pool outflow to a series of baths afterwhich the outflow meets the original sinter terrace formed by the poolwhich was deposited down a gentle slope to the southeast. The sinter terraceis extensive and measures 70 × 30 m, however the area of active depositionis small, near the bathing water discharge point (Plate 76). The vastmajority of the terrace is deteriorating, and at its lowest point is covered bya layer of silt which makes the sinter structure barely visible (Plates 77 and78). At this point the sinter is very brittle. A field sketch has been preparedof the pool and sinter terrace area.1Geophysical assessment undertaken by Julian McDowell and reviewed by Juliet Newson, 2010.© 2011287Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 74:Hot Clear Pool, sinter apron and terrace. Note two mainchambers and discharge channels at Feature 1, WharepapaRoad.Plate 75:View of Small upflow,sinter terrace, mainpool and baths inbackground atFeature 1,Wharepapa Road.© 2011288Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 76:Relic Sinter Terrace looking north towards baths. Active sinterdeposition area out of sight in left hand corner at Feature 1,Wharepapa Road.Plates 77 and 78: Deteriorating Sinter Terrace. Structure still visible butvery brittle/soft underfoot at Feature 1, WharepapaRoad.© 2011289Contract Report No. 2348

Figure A1-21: Field sketch map of hot pool, drainage and sinter terraces atFeature 1, Wharepapa Road.Feature 2: Hot Clear Pool (labelled as F2 on site map)Grid Reference: E1890775 N5742844This feature is a hot clear pool with a dark grey base (Plate 79). There isevidence of a sinter apron around the pool, although it is weathered and iscoated in dark grey soil. The pool is approximately 3 m long and has twomain chambers, one of which was bubbling. The temperature of the waterwas 90 o C while the pH was a neutral 7.6. There was no discharge from thepool at the time of the visit but a damp discharge channel does exist to thesoutheast of the pool. The soil temperatures surrounding the pool rangedfrom 12 o C to 47 o C, the highest point being within the channel. Adjacent tothe pool are two outcrops of silicified pumice rock which appeared to havesome sinter structure (Plate 80). They are both weathered and fractured.© 2011290Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 79: Hot Clear Pool with damp discharge channel at Feature 2,Wharepapa Road.Plate 80: Silicified Pumice outcrop to the east of pool at Feature 2,Wharepapa Road.Feature 3: Steaming ground, Fumaroles (labelled as F3 on featuremap) Grid Reference: E1890799 N5742775There is an area of steaming ground comprising five fumaroles, four ofwhich are roughly in alignment along a NW/SE orientation (Plate 81). Thevents are too deep to see the base, however there was audible bubbling andthe thermocouple device was used to measure a temperature of 95 o C in oneof them. The area is approximately 10 3 m. The largest of the fumarolesappeared to be a discharging feature in the past (either mud or water) as adischarge area with flow patterns was identified near the opening (Plate 82).© 2011291Contract Report No. 2348

In the area surrounding the fumaroles there is relic deteriorated sinterterrace and a sinter bank. It would appear that the features at this locationdischarged sinter depositing fluid in the past.Plate 81:Line of 4 Fumaroles in NW/SE orientation with silicified bankbehind and deteriorating terrace in front, Feature 3, WharepapaRoad.© 2011292Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 82:Large fumarole with relic sinter terrace and relic flow/drainageformations at opening (arrow), Feature 3, Wharepapa Road.Feature 4: Thermal Spring (labelled F4 on feature map)Grid Reference: E1890917 N5742571A large pool within a ditch at the edge of a culvert had a steam dischargeand temperature of 47 o C. There was no obvious upflow but the dischargefrom the pool was estimated to be approximately 1.5L/sec. There wasabundant green and orange algal growth along the discharge channel.© 2011293Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 83:Hot Spring/Pool. Note orange and green algae in dischargechannel, Feature 4, Wharepapa Road.Feature 5: Hot Clear Pool (labelled F5 on feature map)Grid Reference: E1890856 N5742786This feature is a large 5 m 2 clear pool. The water has a blue colouration(colloidal silica) and is at boiling point (99 o C using thermocouple). The pHof the water is 7.8. It is at least 2 m deep and is discharging via a dischargechannel (Plate 84). The pool itself has a small/narrow sinter apron withgrass meeting its margins while there is active silica deposition along thedischarge channel and ditch (Plate 85). Both the discharge channel andsilicified ditch appear to be manmade and direct the outflow into a stream tothe south. At the point where the ditch meets the stream the temperature is78 o C and there is no further silica deposition (Plate 86). The dischargechannel from the pool has a section measuring 1 m which made the flowestimation very straightforward, approximately 4.5L/sec. The point where© 2011294Contract Report No. 2348

the channel meets the ditch could provide a good location to install a weirfor future flow recording.To the east of the pool and sinter ditch there is another minor streamdraining the land (Plate 87). There are numerous hot spring inputs into thisstream ranging from 45 o C to 60 o C. The temperature of the minor stream is24 o C before it also meets the main stream to the south. A schematic of thedrainage system including the pool discharge, minor stream and mainstream is presented below showing flow rates and temperatures at variouspoints.Plate 84:Hot Clear Blue pool with discharge channel in background,Feature 5, Wharepapa Road.Plate 85:Pool discharge channel joining ditch - both have considerablesilica deposition, Feature 5, Wharepapa Road.© 2011295Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 86:Pool discharge meeting main stream. Note minimal sinterdeposition at this point (78 o C), Feature 5, Wharepapa Road.Plate 87:Minor stream with hot spring inputs, Feature 5, WharepapaRoad.© 2011296Contract Report No. 2348

Figure A1-22:Schematic of hot pool drainage, temperature and localstream inputs, Feature 5, Wharepapa Road.Feature 6: Mud Pool (labelled F6 on feature map)Grid Reference: E1891092 N5742911This feature is a small boiling mud pool which measures 1.5 m 2 and isapproximately 1 m deep. The temperature of the fluid was 99 o C. At theedge of the pool there is evidence of relic sinter deposition (Plate 89),indicating historical silica laden fluid discharge in the past. Broken timberwas at the base of the pool and at its edge.Plate 88:Mud pool, Feature 6, Wharepapa Road.© 2011297Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 89:Sinter structure at edge of mud pool, Feature 6, WharepapaRoad.Feature 7: Exposed ground, Fumaroles, Mud pools (labelled as F7on feature map)Grid Reference: E1891134 N5743013A large area of exposed ground with active fumaroles and mud pools lies100 m to the northeast of the mud pool (Feature 34). The area measuresapproximately 25 50 m. Access to take in situ measurements was notdeemed safe at this area. As such only the largest of the mud pools wasmeasured using the IR thermometer and returned a temperature of 72 o C(Plate 90). A field sketch indicating the location and type of features isshown below. The location has four other large mud pool areas as well asmany small pools and a pit consisting of multiple fumaroles (Plate 91).There is an isolated area of geothermal type vegetation in the centre of thearea around which soil temperatures ranged from 13 o C to 53 o C at 10 cmdepth. There were no outflows noted from any of the features.© 2011298Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 90: Large Mud pool, 72 o C at surface, Feature 7, Wharepapa Road.Plate 91: Mud pit with multiple fumaroles discharging steam, Feature 7,Wharepapa Road.© 2011299Contract Report No. 2348

Figure A1-23: Field Sketch map of location, Feature 7,Wharepapa Road.Feature 8: Exposed ground, Mud pools (labelled F8 on feature map)Grid Reference: E1890976 N5743135This feature comprises a 30 m 2 area of exposed ground including three mudpools with temperatures ranging from 40-50 o C and two warm pools withdark green cloudy water with temperatures of approximately 30 o C. Thewarm pools were bubbling and discharging small amounts of gas. The areawas covered in a layer of mud and pine needles, however beneath this asilicified crust was observed.Plate 92:Two of the mud pools at this location. Note that pool to the righthad more significant steam discharge (50 o C), Feature 8,Wharepapa Road.© 2011300Contract Report No. 2348

Feature 9: Exposed ground, Hot Clear Pool, Mud pools (labelled F9on feature map)Grid Reference: E1891114 N5743198The western part of this area was mapped, while the eastern area was notaccessible. The western area comprised an area of exposed ground withsteaming ground, at least two mud pools, and one hot clear green/blue pool.The clear pool was approximately 1.5 3 m and appeared to be at least2.5 m deep. The water had a green/blue colouration (colloidal silica), atemperature of 80-85 o C and a pH of 8.7. A sinter apron was well formed atits edge and along its discharge channel. The discharge flowed to the eastand was estimated to be approximately 1L/sec. A wooden palette and birdfeathers nearby indicated that this pool is used by local famers for cookingor game hunting related purposes.Two metres to the west of the clear pool is a 2 m 2 mud pool with atemperature of 85 o C and two fumaroles with audible boiling/bubblingbeneath the surface. It is thought that these are also mud pools.A view through the vegetation into the eastern part of the area indicated anexpanse of exposed ground and multiple mud pools and fumaroles.Plate 93:Hot clear green/bluepool. Note woodenpalette access pointto pool and sinterapron, Feature 9,Wharepapa Road.Feature 10: Fumaroles, Mud pools (labelled F10 on feature map)Grid Reference: E1890981 N5743026At this location there are two small fumaroles 0.3 m 2 with audible bubblingat depth and two mud pools with surface temperatures of 85 o C and 51 o C.Near the pools were two outcrops of silicified pumiceous rock.© 2011301Contract Report No. 2348

Feature 11: Fumaroles, Mud pools (labelled F11 on feature map)Grid Reference: E1890995 N5742955Forty metres to the south of Feature 10 is a larger area (25 50 m) of smallmud pools, steaming ground and fumaroles. The temperatures in the mudpools ranged from 30 o C to 90 o C. Amongst the mud pools are large areas ofsilicified pumiceous rock outcrop. The largest mud pool has a temperatureof 35 o C and measured 3 5 m.Plate 94:Area of mud pools, fumaroles and silicified outcrop,Feature 11, Wharepapa Road.Feature 12: Hot clear pools, Sinter terrace (labelled F12 on featuremap)Grid Reference: E1890797 N5743070This feature comprises an extensive sinter terrace measuring approximately50 75 m with numerous small clear hot pools and one large boiling pool.At the highest point of the terrace at the northern limit there is a large10 2 m boiling clear blue pool (Plate 95). Two main upwelling/boilingareas were noted in the pool. The temperature reading on the IRthermometer was 110 o C while the thermocouple measured 100 o C; the pH ofthe pool was 7.3. The boiling areas were vigorous and the steam dischargefrom the pool was considerable. The discharge from the pool was diffusefrom a number of channels and as such was estimated to be in the order of4-5L/sec. The depth of the pool appeared to be at least 2-3 m. The sinterapron had sulphur deposition in places.Numerous other shallow pools were observed at the location withtemperatures ranging from 27 o C at the southern limit of the terrace to 80 o Capproximately 5 m from the large boiling pool. The water level was veryshallow across the terrace and there was considerable silt deposition acrossthe southern half of the area. The discharge stream which forms beyond thelowest point of the terrace had a temperature of 22 o C and a flow of roughly2 L/sec.A field sketch has been prepared indicating the main features at thislocation (A1-24).© 2011302Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 95: Boiling Clear Pool. View of most vigorously boiling area. Notesulphur deposition on edge, Feature 12, Wharepapa Road.Plate 96: View of sinter terrace looking north to boiling pool (steaming areain background). Note shallow water level and silt deposition inforeground, Feature 12, Wharepapa Road.© 2011303Contract Report No. 2348

Plate 97: Southern limit of terrace. Note dark sinter bank and small streamcollecting the terrace run-off, Feature 12, Wharepapa Road.Figure A1-24: Field Sketch of Boiling Pool/Sinter Terrace, Feature 12,Wharepapa Road.© 2011304Contract Report No. 2348

Feature 13: Mud pools (labelled F13 on feature map)Grid Reference: E1891134 N5743013There are two mud pools at this location measuring 2 m 2 each. Thetemperatures ranged from 58-60 o C. There was also refuse and tree branchesin the pools.Plate 98: Mud pool with refuse, Feature 13, Wharepapa Road.Indigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(20101 Assessment):Small populations of both prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-NaturallyUncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) and Campylopus sp. occur here. Bothare endemic species restricted to geothermal areas. <strong>An</strong> interestingpopulation of Baumea arthrophylla is present. Other species characteristicof geothermal habitat include mingimingi, manuka, and Histiopteris incisa.CCommon indigenous and introduced bird species typical of the habitatsare likely to be present, including Australasian harrier, spur-winged plover,grey warbler, Australasian magpie, pukeko, fantail, house sparrow,blackbird, goldfinch, welcome swallow, and skylark. Pied stilt classed as„At Risk-Declining‟ in Miskelly et al. (2008) use the habitats present.Mosquitofish were recorded in drains.These small and isolated areas surrounded by farmland are in poorcondition; highly modified by dairy farming and the dumping of rubbish. <strong>An</strong>umber of sites are fenced to exclude stock and have geological features ofhigh significance. Pest plants are common, but the site is good potentialhabitat for indigenous geothermal plants.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2010 Assessment):Several exotic species occur in each of these areas and are likely to continueto increase in extent under current management. Key weed species presentare rank pasture grasses (26-50% cover), Cotoneaster simonsii (1-5%cover), blackberry (6-25% cover), oaks (1-5% cover), silver birch (1-5%cover), Pinus spp. (including radiata pine, maritime pine, lodgepole pine)© 2011305Contract Report No. 2348

(5-25% cover). Silver birch and pines could damage geothermal features ifthey fall into them.Human impacts(2010 Assessment):Grazing(2010 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2010 Assessment):Rubbish disposal is the main human-related threat to these areas. Rubbish,which includes litter, fencing material, white-ware and garden refuse, isdumped on the sinter terraces. Several drainage channels from the hot poolsextend across the farmland, and these lower the water table and alter groundtemperatures (Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data 1995). Several geothermalbaths are present at the site. Until recently, this pool was also used by pighunters to clean their pigs. Harvesting of trees has caused considerabledamage to geothermal features at one location. Many features arethreatened by farming activities (see below).Most of the areas are currently fenced but the fences are poor in places,allowing livestock access.Farmland, shrubland.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:More features were found in the 2010 survey than earlier surveys; howeverthese would have been present in earlier surveys.Historical photos of the site from 1941 were studied to assess long-termchange at this site (Historical photos: SN 172 Run 1162 Photos 2-3, 1941).The development of farmland around these geothermal sites was lessintense in 1941, with shrubland linking most of the features together. Thegeothermal activity to the north-east of the site appears to have becomemore active. The area of mud pools and bare ground appears to beshrubland in 1941, and the area of bare ground is about five times the size itwas in 1941. The large unit to the south-west of the site has considerablymore bare ground. Because of conversion to pasture, and taking intoaccount shrubland masking geothermal surface features in the 1941photographs, the best estimate is that geothermal habitat in 1941 wouldhave been about three times larger than that currently present (and mapped)at Wharepapa Road.Stock access to some areas and dumping of rubbish should be prevented.Planting of exotic species around geothermal features should bediscontinued, and the impacts of the drainage channels should bemonitored. Consideration should be given to fencing to exclude stock fromall geothermal features within this site. Pest plants (particularly trees thatcould fall into features) should be controlled.Significance Level: A: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5; Table 2 - Factor 14)B: Local (Table 1 - Criterion 5; Table 2 - Factor 19)SignificanceJustification:This site has been divided into two parts, A and B (see site map).A: These areas are of regional significance because, when consideredtogether, they form a moderate-sized area of a nationally uncommonhabitat type. They contain small populations of an „At Risk‟ species(prostrate kanuka).© 2011306Contract Report No. 2348

B: These areas are of local significance because they contain small,disjoint, degraded examples of a nationally uncommon habitat type(geothermal).Notes:Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region, and in this study this site was classed asCategory B - the second highest category.Features 2 and 12 are also listed in Waikato Regional Council (unpublished)as “South (SE) Spring” and “Opaheke Spring” respectively.References:Beadel & Bill 2000; Given 1995 & 1996; Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data1995; Waikato Regional Council (unpublished); Wildland Consultants2004.© 2011307Contract Report No. 2348

RPV03Golden Springs0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10KmB0 250 500 1,000Imagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reservedm±ALegendAA(Grey willow)-(silver birch)-(ti kouka)/raupo-blackberry reedlandChristella aff. dentata ("thermal”)-blackberry-rank exotic grasses fernlandBlackberry scrubGeothermal waterRaupo-blackberry reedlandRaupo/Carex virgata reedlandSee text: Significance Level1:5,0000 150300m

GOLDEN SPRINGSSite Number: RPV03 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 889 372GPS Reference:NZTM E1888850 N5737187Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:ReporoaBioclimatic Zone:LowlandTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:300 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.0.5 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.0.4 haDate of Field Survey: 14 May 2007Code Type Landform Extent04.0804.08.01Blackberry-dominant scrubBlackberry scrubStream margins are dominated by blackberry scrub withscattered Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”). Kanuka isStreammargins

Code Type Landform ExtentState Highway 5. Emergent grey willow, silver birch, ti kouka,and wheki are common. Plants of Christella aff. dentata(“thermal”) are present at the south end of the drain. Othercommon species include Chinese privet, kiokio, and Carexvirgata.11.0111.01.1122.0122.01.01Raupo-dominant reedlandRaupo-blackberry reedlandA small geothermal wetland dominated by raupo withblackberry common in dry parts. Other species presentinclude Carex virgata.Geothermal waterGeothermal waterGeothermal hot springs and open water habitats surrounded byexotic pasture species. Common species on the marginsinclude sweet vernal, Eleocharis acuta, Paesia scaberula,Mercer grass, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, creepingbuttercup, fleabane, water purslane and blackberry.WetlandOpen waterc.0.1 ha0.1 haIndigenous Flora:Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ inde Lange et al. 2009) is scattered along stream margins throughout this site.A few scattered prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-NaturallyUncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) are present. Prostrate kanuka isendemic to geothermal habitat in New Zealand.Fauna:Current Condition(2007 Assessment):North Island fantail, bellbird, spur-winged plover, blackbird and pukekowere recorded. Other common indigenous and introduced bird speciestypical of the habitat are likely to be present.This site is generally in a poor ecological condition. The part of the site onthe western side of the road is mostly unfenced and accessible to stock. Theparts on the eastern side of the road are within a camping ground and theircondition is directly affected by management of recreational activities. Thedownstream (southern) end of the site is overrun with blackberry. Exoticplantings are common along the length of the stream.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2007 Assessment):Human impacts(2007 Assessment):Grazing(2007 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2007 Assessment):Blackberry (5-25% cover), Chinese privet (1-5% cover), grey willow (1-5%cover), Japanese honeysuckle (1-5% cover), and ivy (1-5% cover).Part of the site is farmed. The rest is negatively impacted by streammanagement including concreted stream sections, water wheels, exoticplantings, and mowing close to stream margins.Stock have access to most geothermal features on the western side of StateHighway 5.Farmland, camping ground, state highway, residential.© 2011 310 Contract Report No. 2348

Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Not assessed. <strong>An</strong>y significant change is unlikely.This site is too small for any evidence of change to be identified on aerialphotographs (Historical photos: SN 172 Run 1165 Photos 3-4, 1941).The fences should be maintained at the site and stock should be excludedfrom geothermal areas. Management options should be discussed with landmanagers to maintain populations of the threatened Christella aff. dentata(“thermal”). Fencing of the site is likely to result in an increased area ofsuitable habitat for this species, which is susceptible to grazing. There aresignificant opportunities for ecological restoration around stream margins,in areas of open geothermal water, and within geothermal wetlands.Significance Level: This site has been divided into two parts for ranking - A and B.A: Regional (Table 1 - Criterion 3, 5, 9; Table 2 - Factor 12).B: Local (Table 1 - Criterion 5; Table 2 - Factor 19)SignificanceJustification:A: This part of the site is of regional significance as it is an important sitefor the conservation of an „At Risk‟ species - Christella aff. dentata(“thermal”). Bycroft & Beadel (2007c) estimated that there were 45 matureplants present at this site in 2007. This species is only known from 14 sitesin the North Island, and many populations are threatened by grazing, humaninduced changes to geothermal fields (e.g. energy production), andvegetation clearance. It has become extinct at four sites.B: This part of the site is of local significance because it containsgeothermal habitat - a nationally uncommon habitat.Notes:Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region, and in this study this site was classed asCategory B - the second highest category. Area A of this site was ranked asbeing of National importance in Wildland Consultants (2007b), due to thepresence of Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) which was then classified as„Chronically Threatened‟. However the threat status of this species wasdowngraded in de Lange et al. (2009) and the site ranking has consequentlybeen changed to Regional significance in this study.References: Beadel & Bill 2000; Bycroft & Beadel 2007c; Given 1989, 1995 & 1996;Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data 1995; Wildland Consultants 2004, 2007b& 2007c.© 2011311Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011312Contract Report No. 2348

1.11 OHAAKI GEOTHERMAL FIELDList of Geothermal SitesOHV01OHV02Ohaaki Steamfield WestOhaaki Steamfield East© 2011313Contract Report No. 2348

OHV01Ohaaki Steamfield West0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000m±Ohaaki PoolImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright ReservedLegendExotic pine/mingimingi scrubGeothermal waterManuka shrublandNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka shrublandWilding pine/prostrate kanuka shrublandWilding pine/prostrate kanuka-mingimingi shrubland1:7,5000 125250m

OHAAKI STEAMFIELD WESTSite Number: OHV01 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BF37 887 316GPS Reference:NZTM E1888672 N5731579Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:OhaakiBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:c.300-320 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.11.9 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.11.8 haDate of Field Survey: 28 January 2011Code Type Landform Extent01.0501.05.06Exotic pines forestMaritime pine-radiata pine/prostrate kanuka-mingimingiforestScattered, emergent maritime pine and radiata pine occur overprostrate kanuka. Lycopodiella cernua and small patches ofHillslope c.0.2 ha04.0104.01.0104.0204.02.1305.0105.01.01Indian doab and Mercer grass are also present.Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrubProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka up to c.1.5 m tall forms a dense cover withscattered mingimingi and manuka, and frequent emergentradiata pine and maritime pine up to c.10 m tall. Bracken,turutu, Gleichenia microphylla, Paesia scaberula, kiokio, andHistiopteris incisa are also present. Small patches ofnonvegetated raw-soilfield occur amongst this vegetation typewith scattered Lycopodiella cernua, Spanish heath, fleabane,gorse, buddleia and broom present.Mingimingi-dominant scrubExotic pine/mingimingi scrubMingimingi dominates the canopy with scattered patches ofkanuka, and scattered emergent radiata pine and maritime pine.Bracken, Dicranopteris linearis, buddleia, whauwhaupaku,kohuhu and wheki are also present.Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka shrublandThis area comprises prostrate kanuka shrubs, up to a height ofc.0.75 m, and areas of bare soil. Occasional pampas arepresent.05.01.12 Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandWilding pine/prostrate kanuka-mingimingi shrublandMaritime pine is emergent over prostrate kanuka and patchesof mingimingi.Low hills;hillslopesand alluvialterraceHillslopeAlluvialflatAlluvialflatc.5.4 hac.1.0 hac.0.9 hac.1.6 ha1Previously identified as U17/25 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011315Contract Report No. 2348

Code Type Landform Extent05.0305.03.01Manuka-dominant shrublandManuka shrublandManuka dominated shrubland with scattered prostrate kanuka,Spanish heath, blackberry, buddleia, and occasional maritimeLow hills,alluvial flatc.0.5 ha22.0122.01.0128.0128.01.01pine saplings.Geothermal waterGeothermal waterGeothermal pool (Ohaaki Pool).Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldSinter clay, small sinter terraces (unmapped) and steamingfumaroles, fissures and bare ground with areas of prostratekanuka, Lycopodiella cernua, Campylopus capillaceus andexotic grasses (including narrow-leaved carpet grass and tallfescue). Around Ohaaki Pool there are local patches of kanukain association with manuka and scattered Spanish heath,pampas, and blackberry with small, isolated areas of Baumeajuncea. 1AlluvialterraceAlluvialterracec.0.1 hac.2.2 haIndigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2011 Assessment):Prostrate kanuka, Dicranopteris linearis (5-10 plants) (both „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009), Campylopus capillaceusand Lycopodiella cernua are all species characteristic of geothermal sitesthat occur here. D. linearis is known from only c.24 sites in New Zealand.Common indigenous and introduced bird species typical of the habitat arepresent including fantail, kingfisher, tui, grey warbler, North Island robinand pheasant. Rabbit were also recorded at the site.This site has been fragmented by industrial activities and road works, withadditional clearance recorded since the 2007 survey (a small area ofprostrate kanuka appears to have been removed to construct a road). Smallareas of geothermal vegetation remain. Overall this site comprises arelatively large area of geothermal vegetation and habitat, with significanthuman-induced disturbance and a major problem with pest plants(particularly exotic pines). However, most of the site still has significantecological values.Wilding pines have been controlled in some areas but they remainprominent in parts of the site.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Assessment of exotic plant species at this site concurs with previous surveyresults. Wilding pines are the most prominent invasive species, with acover of 5-25% and some areas now classed as forest rather than scrub orshrubland. Also present are blackberry, broom, pampas and gorse (eachwith 1-5% cover). Temperatures are cooling at this site (D. Bowden,Contact Energy, pers. comm. 2011), which is resulting in increased1 At the time of the field survey the southern parts of this site (E1888564 N5731359) were flooded by waterfrom the Waikato River.© 2011316Contract Report No. 2348

opportunities for exotic species to invade. Over the last four years some ofthe larger infestations of wilding pines and pampas have been controlled inand around the borefield by the Waikato Regional Council.Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Geothermal extraction and related earthwork operations present ongoingthreats to the geothermal features and vegetation of this site. Temperaturesare cooling (D. Bowden, Contact Energy, pers. comm. 2011), wilding pinesare continuing to establish, and geothermal vegetation has been cleared tomake way for roads and infrastructure. Plantation management andharvesting operations are a potential threat to geothermal vegetation whereit is adjacent to pine plantations.Grazing is not an issue at this site.Geothermal power plant operations; plantation forestry; Waikato River.Site Change:Recent change: Some wilding pine control has been undertaken at the site since 2004,however there are many areas in which pine encroachment is continuing toexpand in extent.<strong>An</strong> area of prostrate kanuka has been cleared for access tracks and laying ofpipe.A population of prostrate kanuka has established on bare ground near themarae, in an area that was previously mapped as nonvegetated raw-soilfield.Historical:In 1941 there was bare ground and low shrubland in the vicinity of this site,which may reflect more geothermal vegetation and habitat in the area(Historical photos: SN 172 Run 1167 Photos 7-9, 1941). Merrett & Burns(1998a) compared and interpreted aerial photographs from 1941 to 1996and found that the total area of geothermal vegetation reduced between1941 and 1981, with many areas colonised by wilding pines. In 1996, therewas an increase in the extent of geothermal vegetation, probably as aconsequence of fallen pines and recolonisation by prostrate kanuka. Thedensity of weed species has steadily increased at this site since 1984.The Ohaaki Power Station was commissioned in 1989. Prior to thedevelopment of field, the large boiling pool to the northeast of the site(Ohaaki Ngawha) was the most significant feature of the field, with itsturquoise-blue water and extensive sinter terrace (Vaile 1939). Whendevelopment commenced, the extraction of geothermal fluid made the waterlevel at Ohaaki Ngawha drop. This changed the quality of the sinter terraceand allowed vegetation to establish on it. Most other features at Ohaakihave dried up because of the extraction of geothermal fluid. Beforedevelopment, several types of geothermal features were present at Ohaakiincluding:- several mud pools heated by steam;- hot pools isolated from ground water by a layer of mineralised earth, alsoheated by steam;- hot springs producing chloride water and deporting sinter.© 2011 317 Contract Report No. 2348

Most of these features have since dried up and are now hot dry ground.However, the area of steaming ground has expanded. There is steam risingthrough the graves in the urupa to the northwest of the site, and the groundhas opened up in places (http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environmentalinformation/Geothermal-resources/Geothermal-systems-map/Ohaaki/:Accessed 30 June 2011).Land development has had significant impacts at the site, and some featuresare threatened by flooding of, and inundation by, the Waikato River(http://www.nzgeothermal.org.nz/nz_geo_fields.html#Ohaaki_Broadlands :Accessed 30 June 2011).Environmental monitoring of this area over ten years prior to, and during,the development of the Ohaaki power project shows that significant changesto geothermal features have occurred in response to water draw-off forgeothermal power generation. In the northwestern thermal area, all poolsare now dry (other than Ohaaki Ngawha where the water level is artificiallymaintained) and geothermal vegetation is establishing on the exposedground (Bromley et al. 1997). In some areas ground temperatures havedecreased, but in others ground temperatures have increased, resulting in anincrease in the extent of thermotolerant vegetation (Merrett & Burns1998a).ManagementRequirements:Wilding pine and other pest plant species control should be ongoing.Monitoring of steamfield management and the vegetation response tochanging temperatures should be ongoing, including monitoring theDicranopteris linearis population.Future infrastructure developments on the site should aim to avoid theremaining areas of geothermal vegetation.Significance Level: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5, 9; Table 2 - Factors 12, 14).SignificanceJustification:Notes:This site is of regional significance because it is a relatively large exampleof a nationally uncommon vegetation type (geothermal), contains a largepopulation of an „At Risk‟ species (prostrate kanuka), and a smallpopulation of Dicranopteris linearis, another „At Risk‟ species.Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region. He ranked Ohaaki Ngawha, which occurs in thissite, as Category C - the third highest category.Merrett & Burns (1998a) suggest that the study area would rank in theProtected Natural Areas Programme as a level 2 priority for protection, andcommented that “the conservation of thermotolerant vegetation at Ohaaki ismoderately significant to the goal of maintaining adequate representativeexamples of the full range of natural vegetation present in the AtiamuriEcological District.”This site was called Ohaaki Steamfield 1 in Beadel & Bill 2000.References:Beadel & Bill 2000; Bromley et al. 1997; Given 1996; Merrett & Burns1998a; Merrett et al. 2003; Vaile 1939; Wildland Consultants 2004.© 2011 318 Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011319Contract Report No. 2348

OHV02Ohaaki Steamfield East 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10km0 250 500 1,000m±Imagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright ReservedLegendExotic pine/blackberry-prostrate kanuka shrublandNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka-broom-blackberry shrublandProstrate kanuka/Yorkshire fog grassland1:5,0000 100200m

OHAAKI STEAMFIELD EASTSite Number: OHV02 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG37 895 291GPS Reference:NZTM E1889483 N5729076Local Authority:RotoruaEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:OhaakiBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Part unprotected private land, part protected (QEII)Altitude:305 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.6.8 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.6.8 haDate of Field Survey: 28 January 2011Code Type Landform Extent04.0104.01.01Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrubProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka scrub dominates this area with occasionalpatches of manuka scrub. Mingimingi, monoao, Spanish heath,broom and bracken are present on the margins with scatteredemergent radiata pine and maritime pine, and small areas ofGeothermalbasinc.0.5 ha05.0105.01.1305.1305.13.0208.0108.01.0228.0128.01.01raw-soilfield and moss patches are also present.Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka-broom-blackberry shrublandOccasional maritime pine and radiata pine are emergent overprostrate kanuka, broom and blackberry. Yorkshire fog, lotus,fleabane and gorse are also present.Blackberry-dominant shrublandExotic pine/blackberry-prostrate kanuka shrublandScattered maritime pine and radiata pine occur overblackberry, broom, Spanish heath, gorse, and manuka, withpatches of prostrate kanuka in thermal areas.Yorkshire fog-dominant grasslandProstrate kanuka/Yorkshire fog grasslandScattered patches of prostrate kanuka occur throughoutYorkshire fog grassland. Fleabane, grey willow and brackenoccur on the margins.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldIn the south of this site, geothermal bare ground is surroundedby Indian doab. Within the portion of this site that is protectedby a QEII covenant, geothermal clays support scattered plantsof prostrate kanuka, fleabane, lotus and Yorkshire fog.GeothermalbasinGeothermalbasinGeothermalbasinLow hillsc.1.5 hac.1.2 hac.0.4 hac.3.1 haIndigenous Flora:Prostrate kanuka, „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ (de Lange et al. 2009) ispresent at this site. Arrow grass, generally a coastal species whichoccasionally occurs inland, has been recorded at the site in the past (Burns1997a).1Previously identified as U17/14 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011321Contract Report No. 2348

Fauna:Common indigenous and introduced bird species typical of the habitat arepresent including spur-winged plover, chaffinch, Californian quail, housesparrow and fantail.Cat sign was noted during this survey.Current Condition(2011 Assessment):Given (1989a) and Burns (1997a) noted that the quality of this site haddeteriorated due to rubbish disposal, effluent from the lucerne drying plantpolluting the ponds, and an increase in adventive weeds. Geothermalwastewater is no longer discharged into this site from the former lucernedryingplant but the landowner is investigating options for reinjection.There is no longer open geothermal water here.The landowner has recently mulched a track through the blackberry and hasstarted to fell wilding pines. <strong>An</strong> area of pines (outside of the site) has beenfelled and cleared and this area will be part of a site-widerestoration/planting programme the landowner wishes to undertake. Toensure that this will successfully protect and enhance the natural values ofthe site the landowner will require some advice and/or assistance. Arestoration plan to guide this process should be prepared.The site is currently in relatively poor condition, with abundant pest plantsand recent human disturbance, however values are likely to be improved ifmanagement of site threats is undertaken.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Weeds are abundant, particularly blackberry, pines, Spanish heath, andbroom which together cover c.50% of the site. Hot spots appear to beresistant to weed invasion as long as the indigenous vegetation remains freefrom disturbance. A single mature lodgepole pine (with cones) is present inthis site.Ohaaki Power Station draws water from the underlying geothermalresources and this may potentially affect features dependent on geothermalheat. However, to date there is no evidence of cooling or heating of the site(Burns 1997a; Merrett & Burns 1998a).Geothermal wastewater dumping into this site has ceased in the last four orfive years, but reinjection options are being considered.Tracks cut through the site to gain access for weed control have, on thewhole, been located through blackberry, but prostrate kanuka seedlingswere noted along the newly formed track and may continue to grow on thedisturbed sites.Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Most of this site is fenced to exclude domestic livestock but one area ofnonvegetated raw-soilfield is in a grazed paddock.This site is mainly surrounded by farmland with the Ohaaki Thermal Kilnoperation on the northern margin.© 2011322Contract Report No. 2348

Site Change:Recent change:With no geothermal wastewater entering the centre of this site, and nogeothermal water present, vegetation changes have occurred since the sitewas last mapped in 2004. Prostrate kanuka has become established on partof what was previously nonvegetated raw-soilfield.Blackberry appears to have increased in its dominance, particularly in thesouthern half of the site (the fenced portion).Historical:ManagementRequirements:In 1941 (Historical photos: SN 172 Run 1169 Photos 27-29, 1941) the siteappeared to be in a considerable better ecological condition. The westernpart of the site was not farmed and appears to be in shrubland. Exotic treeswere not a major component of the site in 1941, and there were no impactsfrom the industrial site to the north. The eastern part of the site appeared tobe in pasture, whereas part of this area is now fenced to exclude stock. Thescrub vegetation appears very similar in character to geothermal and nongeothermalhabitat, so the exact reduction as a percentage loss ofgeothermal vegetation at the site is difficult to determine. The vegetationpresent is likely to be of a significantly higher quality due to the lack of pestplants and industrial waste. A crude estimate is that it is likely that therewas c.10-25% more geothermal vegetation and habitats at this site in 1941than in 2007. The extent of nonvegetated raw-soilfield is also greater.Adventive weeds that need to be controlled at this site include wildingpines, blackberry, Spanish heath and gorse. The existing, recently-formedtracks could be used to provide access for weed control and planting, butthey should be allowed to be naturally reduced in width as the prostratekanuka re-establishes.Ideally, the site requires a long term restoration implementation plan toensure that weed control and planting operations are appropriate, and thatthe ecological values of the site are protected and enhanced.Options for injecting geothermal water will probably also need to beassessed by engineers and geologists.Significance Level: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 2, 3, 5; Table 2 - Factors 1, 14.SignificanceJustification:Notes:Ohaaki Steamfield East is of regional significance because it is partiallyprotected by aa QEII National Trust covenant and is a relatively largeexample of a nationally uncommon habitat type. It contains a goodpopulation of an „At Risk‟ species (prostrate kanuka).Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region, and in this study, this site was classed asCategory B - the second highest category.This site was called Ohaaki Steamfield 2 in Beadel & Bill 2000.References: Beadel 1986; Beadel & Bill 2000; Burns 1997a; Given 1989a & 1996;Merrett & Burns 1998a; Merrett et al. 2003; Wildland Consultants 2004.© 2011323Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011324Contract Report No. 2348

1.12 WAIRAKEI-TAUHARA GEOTHERMAL FIELDList of Geothermal SitesTHV01THV03THV04THV05THV06THV07WKV01WKV02WKV03WKV04WKV05WKV06WKV07WKV08WKV09WKV10OtumuhekeSpa Thermal ParkBroadlands RoadCrown ParkCrown RoadWaipahihi ValleyTe RautehuiaTe Rautehuia StreamUpper Wairakei Stream (Geyser Valley)Wairakei BorefieldTe Kiri O Hine Kai Stream Catchment/Wairoa HillLower Wairakei StreamKarapiti ForestHall of Fame StreamWaipouwerawera Stream/TukairangiCraters of the Moon© 2011325Contract Report No. 2348

THV01Otumuheke 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10km±Legend(Harakeke)-(kohuhu) shrubland/nonvegetated groundBlackberry scrub0 250 500 1,000mBracken-Cyclosorus interruptus-blackberry-pampas/nonvegetated raw-soilfield fernlandMown and rank exotic grasslandASee text: Significance level1:8,0000 250500mAABImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved

OTUMUHEKESite Number: THV01 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG36 691 151GPS Reference:NZTM E1869068 N5715075Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:Wairakei-TauharaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Patuiwi Marginal Strip) and unprotected privatelandAltitude:c.380-400 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.2.3 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.2.3 haDate of Field Survey: 10 December 2010Code Type Landform Extent05.0705.07.02Planted indigenous shrubland(Harakeke)-(kohuhu) shrubland/nonvegetated groundNonvegetated ground with scattered indigenous plantings onthe true left bank of the stream mouth. The bare ground is aresult of herbicide application and subsequent planting of asmall suite of indigenous species including harakeke, kohuhu,and manuka. The planted species are not thriving and severalhave died. In most places this vegetation type extends to thetop of the stream bank, but the cleared vegetation extends toStreammarginc.0.1 ha07.0507.05.1304.0804.08.01the stream margin in one location.Mixed fernlandBracken-Cyclosorus-blackberry-pampas/nonvegetated rawsoilfieldfernlandA mixed fernland dominated by bracken, Cyclosorusinterruptus, Hypolepis ambigua, and Histiopteris incisa.Cyclosorus interruptus is increasingly common towards theeastern part of this vegetation type, near the most geothermallyactive part of the site. Occasional pampas and blackberry arepresent. There are patches of raupo, tall fescue, Juncusedgariae, Carex secta and Cyperus ustulatus in the coolerwetland areas, and prostrate kanuka on hummocks within thewetland. The eastern-most part of this vegetation type is themost geothermally active, with areas of sinter beside thestream and local patches of Lycopodiella cernua. Thegeothermally active parts of the wetland are difficult to accessdue to scalding water and an unstable streambed. Speciespresent on dry, cooler sites include Indian doab, Yorkshire fog,sweet vernal, karamu, inkweed (Phytolacca octandra),umbrella sedge (Cyperus eragrostis), wilding pine seedlings,and extensive areas of giant bindweed.Blackberry-dominant scrubBlackberry scrubBlackberry, bracken, and Muehlenbeckia australis dominate thebanks of the Otumuheke Stream, with exotic grasses such asFloor of anincisedstreamgullyStreammarginc.0.5 hac.1.3 ha1Previously identified as U18/3 (Otumuheke Stream) in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011327Contract Report No. 2348

Code Type Landform Extenttall fescue and Yorkshire fog, buddleia, and bracken. Thereare occasional patches of crack willow, wilding pine (mostlymaritime pine), lupin (Lupinus arboreus), tradescantia(Tradescantia fluminensis), silver birch, gorse, and broom,which are encroaching from the margins. In places, theblackberry vineland is overhung by tall maritime pines andthere are local patches of kanuka and false acacia (Robiniapseudoacacia). The false acacia trees, most of which arepresent a short distance upstream of the Spa Hotel, have beenpoisoned, but seedlings are establishing beneath them.Histiopteris incisa and occasional wheki-ponga occur abovethe vehicle bridge. On the steep stream banks downstream ofthe Spa Hotel there are small, scattered patches of Nephrolepisflexuosa and Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”). They becomemore common near the mouth of the stream but populations ofboth species, particularly Nephrolepis flexuosa, have beendamaged by vegetation clearance at this location. Other fernson the steep banks include Deparia petersenii, kiokio, andoccasional Cyclosorus interruptus.08.0608.06.03Mixed exotic-dominant grasslandMown and rank grasslandWithin the grounds of the Spa Hotel, the banks of theOtumuheke Stream are dominated by mown and rank grasseswith adventive plants and planted ornamentals. Grassesinclude Yorkshire fog, Indian doab, paspalum, and browntop.Occasional planted specimen trees include kahikatea(Dacrycarpus dacrydioides), totara, kohuhu, plum (Prunus×domestica), and feijoa. Naturalised species include foxglove(Digitalis purpurea), lotus, flowering cherry, silver birch, ivy,blackberry, and umbrella sedge. Species present on the banksof the side stream that flow into Otumuheke Stream includeumbrella sedge, lotus, silver birch seedlings, blackberry, andturutu. Upstream of the tavern, the stream has been redirectedinto a channel between low stone walls with overhangingharakeke, Tasmanian blackwood, and oak. There is a singleclump of Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) and a clump ofHypolepis dicksonioides on the banks above the stream.Streammarginc.0.4 haIndigenous Flora:Approximately 44 clumps of Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) (classed as„At Risk-Declining‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) and four clumps ofNephrolepis flexuosa (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ in de Lange et al.2009) occur near where the Otumuheke Stream flows into the WaikatoRiver. A further three clumps of Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) occur atGPS Ref 1868683 5715377. There are also single plants of Christella aff.dentata (“thermal”) alongside the stream in the lower half of the gully.Cyclosorus interruptus (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ in de Lange et al.2009) is abundant in the upper part of the valley in VegetationType 07.05.13 with at least 200 plants present.Hypolepis dicksonioides (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ inde Lange et al. 2009) is present along the side stream, and may also be© 2011328Contract Report No. 2348

present elsewhere. The plants recorded in 2004 are no longer present in thesame location.Lycopodiella cernua (a species characteristic of geothermal areas) isabundant at the eastern end of the site in Vegetation Type 07.05.13.Fauna:Current Condition(2010 Assessment):Common indigenous and introduced bird species typical of the habitat arepresent including fantail, shining cuckoo, kingfisher, chaffinch, song thrush,tui, and grey warbler.The geothermal wetland in the upper reaches of the site is in relatively goodcondition and is one of few such areas of sinter wetland remaining aroundTaupo. The remainder of the stream gully is highly modified and isdominated by invasive exotic plants. Some modification of the streamchannel downstream from the Spa Hotel has occurred in the past and ageothermal wetland once occurred at the site of the Spa Hotel (Given1989a).Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2010 assessment):Human impacts(2010 assessment):Blackberry (50-75% cover) dominates the stream margins, and wildingpines (1-5% cover) and pampas (5-25% cover) are scattered throughout(each with 1-5% cover). Himalayan honeysuckle is also present (

probably washed out some ferns recorded in earlier surveys. This mayprovide new habitat for establishment of „At Risk‟ fern species. Pines havealso been removed from gully walls, and pampas has been controlled by theWaikato Regional Council, particularly in the upper stream gully (WaikatoRegional Council 2011).Historical:ManagementRequirements:This site is too small to see any evidence of change since 1946 (Historicalphotos: SN 172 Run 1176 Photos 4, 1946). A geothermal wetland onceoccurred at the site of the Spa Hotel (Given 1989a).The geothermal wetland (Vegetation Type 07.05.13), and the stream and itsmargins should be managed as a single unit to ensure that the ecologicalsequence is preserved. Weed control efforts should focus on preventing theestablishment of blackberry, pampas, and wilding pines within thegeothermal swamp (07.05.13).Given (1989a) suggested that this site could be restored as it is an“interesting geothermal site on a walkway route down the Waikato Riverand is highly accessible”. Restoration of this site would enhance andsustain its ecological values and would be valuable for educationalpurposes.<strong>An</strong>y restoration of the site or its margins needs to be planned andundertaken to minimise disturbance of threatened plant species.Specifically, herbicide should not be applied to the area near the streammouth where Nephrolepis flexuosa and Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”)are present.Changes in vegetation associated with draw-off from the geothermal fieldneed monitoring.Significance Level: A: National (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5, 6; Table 2 - Factor 8).B: Local (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5; Table 2 - Factor 19).SignificanceJustification:The part of the site identified on the site map as A is of national significancebecause it is a good quality example of a nationally uncommon habitat type.The thermal swamp at the head of the Otumuheke Stream remains inexcellent condition despite disturbances downstream. With its closeproximity to Centennial Drive, it is one of few such areas close to Taupo.This site contains sizeable populations of two „At Risk‟ species: Christellaaff. dentata (“thermal”) and Cyclosorus interruptus. It is one of only14 populations of Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) in existence andcomprises at least 44 clumps. There are at least 200 plants of Cyclosorusinterruptus at the eastern end of the site, and a small population ofHypolepis dicksonioides („At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟) and Nephrolepisflexuosa („At Risk-Declining‟) are also present.The part of the site identified on the site map as B is of local significancebecause it is a modified example of geothermal vegetation and habitat, anationally rare habitat type. It contains a small population of Christella aff.dentata (“thermal”) and geothermal habitat.© 2011 330 Contract Report No. 2348

Notes:This site comprises two areas ranked in Given (1996): “Upper Spa Stream”and “Lower Spa Stream”, ranked as B and C sites respectively.References: Beadel & Bill 2000; Given 1989a & 1996; Waikato Regional Council 2011;Wildland Consultants 2004.© 2011 331 Contract Report No. 2348

THV03Spa Thermal Park 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000m±LegendMingimingi scrubNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka-mingimingi scrubImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:5,0000 100200m

SPA THERMAL PARK 1Site Number: THV03 2Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG36 687 144GPS Reference:NZTM E1868685 N5714383Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:TauharaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Taupo District Council Reserve)Altitude:c.400 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.0.1 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.0.1 haDate of Field Survey: 7 April 2004 (partly revised on 20 December 2011)VEGETATIONCODE TYPE04.01 Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrub04.01.02 Prostrate kanuka-mingimingi scrubProstrate kanuka forms c.80% of the canopy in associationwith mingimingi and occasional broom. There is at leastone wild radiata pine that is c.5m tall. This type occurs04.0204.02.1205.0105.01.0128.0128.01.01below the cliff.Mingimingi-dominant scrubMingimingi scrubMingimingi dominates the scrub above the cliff, withoccasional prostrate kanuka and silver birch seedlings.Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka with mingimingi form a shrubland aroundsmall patches of nonvegetated raw-soilfield on the steepslopes above the true right side of the Waikato River. Otherspecies present include occasional gorse, broom, browntop,koromiko, and karamu.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldBare geothermal soils occur on a cliff near the WaikatoRiver, with bracken present at the base of the cliff.LANDFORMSteep slopesSteep slopesSteep slopesSteep slopesEXTENT

not increase.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 assessment):Human impacts(2011 assessment):Grazing(2011 assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 assessment):Broom (5-25% cover), gorse (1-5% cover), and wilding pine trees (1-5%cover) are present and are probably expanding in extent within the areas ofgeothermal vegetation.Rubbish (e.g. beer bottles, tape decks, old clothing) is present on the site.Additional draw-off from the Tauhara geothermal field has been consented(250 MW power plant) (www.nzgeothermal.org.nz site accessed 28/6/11)and this may further alter the composition of the geothermal vegetation.No threat from grazing.Riparian margin scrub and shrubland, and cliff faces. Most of thesurrounding vegetation is blackberry, Himalayan honeysuckle, broom, andwilding pines. The site is about 20 m above the Waikato River. About20 m above the site is a recreational park.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:The site appears similar to 2004. Although the 2011 site area is slightlylarger than that mapped in 2004, this increase is mostly related to betterquality aerial photographs.This site is too small to see any evidence of change since 1946 (Historicalphotos: SN 172 Run 1176 Photos 3-4, 1946). According to Bromley et al.(2010), Spa Park was historically geothermally active, but has now cooledoff resulting in areas of previously heated ground being covered in prostratekanuka. According to Burns et al. (1995), in 1938 there was an area ofprostrate kanuka comprising c.10 ha within Spa Park. Soil temperaturesunder the prostrate kanuka are lower than those usually found, suggestingthat the remaining prostrate kanuka is a relict population from when soiltemperatures were higher (Burns et al. 1995).Changes in vegetation associated with draw-off from the geothermal fieldshould be monitored. This site is a low priority for management.Significance Level: Local (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5; Table 2 - Factor 19)SignificanceJustification:Notes:This site is of local significance because it is a habitat that is nationallyuncommon (geothermal), and it contains a small population of a speciesclassed as „At Risk‟ (i.e. prostrate kanuka).It is anticipated that soil temperatures will continue to cool, resulting in areduction of geothermal vegetation over time. Proposed future developmentof the geothermal field is not expected to significantly affect this trend.(Bromley et al. 2010.)References: Beadel & Bill 2000; Bromley et al. 2010; Burns et al. 1995; Given 1996;Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2006.© 2011334Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011335Contract Report No. 2348

THV04Broadlands Road 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10KmNZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m

THV04 Broadlands Road0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nzImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.LegendBlackberry-broom/Yorkshire fog shrublandGeothermal waterKanuka shrublandManuka/bracken-broom shrublandbroom-bracken-blackberry shrublandprostrate kanuka scrubNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka shrublandState Highway constructed since 2007 ( Approximate boundary)1:6,5000 5001,000m

BROADLANDS ROADSite Number: THV04 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG36 706 140GPS Reference:NZTM E1870625 N5713977Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:Wairakei-TauharaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Broadlands Road Geothermal Scenic Reserve) andunprotected private landAltitude:455 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.29.8 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.29.7 haDate of Field Survey: 3 March 2011Code Type Landform Extent04.0104.01.01Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrubProstrate kanuka scrubA dense canopy of prostrate kanuka (up to c.1 m high) withoccasional monoao. The ground cover comprises a mixture oflichens, mosses (including Campylopus spp.) and liverworts,with occasional Lycopodiella cernua. There are occasionalemergent maritime and radiata pine (more common on theUndulatingplateauc.18.9 ha05.0105.01.0105.0305.03.2405.1305.13.0522.0122.01.01western side of this site).Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka scrub to 0.5 m tall. Patches of Lycopodiellacernua and narrow-leaved carpet grass are common. Broom,exotic grasses (including paspalum, browntop, Indian doab,and Yorkshire fog), and blackberry are common on margins.Manuka-dominant shrublandManuka/bracken-broom shrubland broom-brackenblackberryshrubland prostrate kanuka scrubA large area dominated by exotic shrubs (broom andblackberry) with occasional emergent manuka and maritimepine. Small areas of prostrate kanuka shrubland are presentwithin this area. Bracken and kiokio are abundant throughoutand Mercer grass and Indian doab are dominant in open areaswhich occur locally.Blackberry-dominant shrublandBlackberry-broom/Yorkshire fog shrublandThis type is dominated by blackberry, broom, Himalayanhoneysuckle and Yorkshire fog along a narrow strip in a valleyfloor. There are scattered prostrate kanuka. Small wetlandareas are present dominated by Carex virgata and Baumearubiginosa, and are surrounded by Yorkshire fog.Geothermal waterGeothermal waterGeothermal pond.Explosioncrater;undulatingplateauUndulatingplateauGullyExplosioncraterc.0.3 hac.5.9 hac.0.1 hac.0.1 ha1Previously identified as U18/7 in Wildland Consultants (2004, 2006)© 2011338Contract Report No. 2348

Code Type Landform Extent28.0128.01.01Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldSteaming ground, mud pools, explosion craters and fumaroles.Small patches of prostrate kanuka occur on the margins. Nosinter was recorded from this site.Plateau c.4.5 haIndigenous Flora:Prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Langeet al. 2009) and Campylopus spp., which are restricted to geothermal areasoccur here. Lycopodiella cernua, and Psilotum nudum, which are bothcharacteristic of geothermal areas, are also present. (Note the latter of thesewas observed at the site in 2007).Fauna: New Zealand pipit classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ (Miskelly et al. 2008)have been recorded at this site. Common indigenous and introduced birdspecies typical of the habitat, including spur-winged plover, fantail,Australasian blackbird and magpie have been recorded at this site.Current Condition(2011 Assessment):<strong>An</strong>ew State Highway 1 bypass around Taupo has been constructed over partof the site, however no geothermal vegetation has been lost from this sitedue to this construction.This site contains a relatively large area of prostrate kanuka shrubland andscrub. Whilst adventive species are common in the reserve, the areas ofprostrate kanuka are relatively free of invasive pest plants, except forwilding maritime pines and occasional blackberry on margins.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Invasive pest plants include blackberry (25-50% cover), wilding pines(including radiata and maritime pine, 5-25% cover), occasional gorse (1-5%cover), broom (5-25% cover), poplars (

Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Golf course; farming; state highway.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:The new State Highway 1 bypass around Taupo now passes through thissite (see above). Otherwise, the site is similar to earlier surveys. Some pestplant control (e.g. wilding pine) has been undertaken by Department ofConservation.In 1946 there was bare ground in the vicinity of the site. This may indicatethat the cover of geothermal vegetation and habitat was more extensive atthat time than it is today (Historical photos: SN 172 Run 1176 Photos 5-6,1946). Burns et al (1995) also noted that the 1938 and 1963 photographsshowed respectively that “no” and “little” geothermal shrubland waspresent, although two bare sinter areas with pools suggest some geothermalactivity. Urban, road and farming development have all reduced the size ofthis site. Two hydrothermal eruption craters formed in 1974 and 1981(Bromley et al. 2010).Wilding pines should continue to be removed from areas where prostratekanuka is dominant. Changes in vegetation associated with draw-off fromthe geothermal field need monitoring.Significance Level: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 3, 5, 7, 9; Table 2 - Factors 9, 12, 14).SignificanceJustification:Notes:Broadlands Road is of regional significance because it is protected underthe Reserves Act (1977) as a Scenic Reserve, contains a large population ofprostrate kanuka (an „At Risk‟ species), and comprises a relatively largeexample of geothermal habitat, a nationally uncommon habitat type.Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region, and in this study this site was classed as Category B- the second highest category.Several small areas of nonvegetated raw-soilfield amongst pasture to thenortheast of the site have been excluded from the significant geothermalvegetation mapped at this site. They were included as part of this site in thereport Wildland Consultants 2004.References:Beadel & Bill 2000; Bromley et al. 2010; Burns 1995 & 1996a; Given1989a & 1996; Grove et al. 1999; Wildland Consultants 2004, 2006 &2007e.© 2011340Contract Report No. 2348

THV05Crown Park 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000m±LegendNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka scrubWilding pine/prostrate kanuka shrublandImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:5,0000 100200m

CROWN PARKSite Number: THV05 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG36 698 127GPS Reference:NZTM E1869808 N5712732Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:TaupoGeothermal Field:TauharaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Taupo District Council Reserve)Altitude:c.440 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: 0.7 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: 0.7 haDate of Field Survey: 7 April 2004 (partly revised on 7 June 2006)CODE04.0104.01.0105.0105.01.1428.0128.01.01VEGETATIONTYPEProstrate kanuka-dominant scrubProstrate kanuka scrubTwo small units of prostrate kanuka. The small unit to theeast surrounds a small patch of nonvegetated raw-soilfieldand contains occasional broom, blackberry, manuka, andBanksia sp. Several patches of narrow-leaved carpet grasswere present. The small patch of prostrate kanuka to thewest contains occasional pampas.Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandExotic pine/prostrate kanuka shrublandMaritime pine on margins occurs over a prostrate kanukashrubland. Other species present include the occasionalbroom, blackberry, pampas, Himalayan honeysuckle, andeucalyptus. Blackberry occurs with prostrate kanuka in theeastern unit of this geothermal area. Several plants ofLycopodiella cernua are present.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldHeated soils, fumaroles with small patches of prostratekanuka.LANDFORMPlateau, gullyShallow gullyShallowgulliesEXTENT0.1 ha0.5 ha0.1 haIndigenous Flora:Fauna:The site supports a small area (i.e. less than 1 ha) of prostrate kanuka(classed as an „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ species in de Lange et al.2009). Lycopodiella cernua, a species characteristic of geothermal areas, isalso present.No „Threatened‟ or „At Risk‟ species as listed in Miskelly et al. (2008) areknown from this site. Common indigenous and introduced bird speciestypical of the habitat are present.1Previously identified as U18/12 in Wildland Consultants (2006).© 2011 342 Contract Report No. 2348

Current Condition(2006 Assessment):The site is in poor condition with a large number of pest plants presentamongst the prostrate kanuka. Rubbish and walking tracks dissect areas ofprostrate kanuka.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2006 Assessment):Human impacts(2006 Assessment):Grazing(2006 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2006 Assessment):The site is threatened by pest plant species infestation, particularlyblackberry which currently covers 5-25% of the site, and wilding maritimepines which cover 5-25% of site. Control of wilding pines has beenundertaken by Waikato Regional Council in recent years (KatherineLuketina pers. comm. 2011) and the cover of pines is likely to have reducedto

Consultants 2006). However, the revised criteria for relative significancestate that a site must be a habitat of “considerable importance” for an „AtRisk‟ species to achieve regional significance status. This site is in poorcondition and includes only a small population of prostrate kanuka.References: Burns et al. 1995; Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2006.© 2011 344 Contract Report No. 2348

THV06Crown Road 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10KmNZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m

THV06 Crown Road0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nzLegendKanuka shrublandNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka shrublandState Highway constructed since 2007 (Approximate boundary)1:6,0000 250500mImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.

CROWN ROADSite Number: THV06 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG36 711 128GPS Reference:NZTM E1871110 N5712827Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:Taupo; AtiamuriGeothermal Field:Wairakei-TauharaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:460 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.17.5 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.17.5 haDate of Field Survey: 3 March 2011Code Type Landform Extent04.01c.7.4 ha04.01.0105.0105.01.0105.0405.04.0628.0128.01.01Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrubProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka is abundant in association with occasionalmingimingi. Occasional broom and emergent wilding pines(maritime pine and radiata pine) are scattered throughout withlocal patches of blackberry. Mosses and patches ofLycopodiella cernua are present locally, particularly aroundsteam vents.Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka is common with scattered broom, blackberryand exotic grasses. <strong>An</strong> area of prostrate kanuka that hadpreviously been burned (in 2002) has now re-established asprostrate kanuka shrubland. Broom, buddleia and blackberryoccur in localised areas.Kanuka-dominant shrublandKanuka shrublandKanuka shrubs dominate the margins of several geothermalareas in association with mingimingi. Broom, blackberry andoccasional emergent maritime pine and are also present.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldFumaroles and geothermally heated bare ground is dominantwith small patches of prostrate kanuka and exotic grasses.Shallowgullies andflat plateauFlat plateauHillslopeShallowgulliesc.6.0. hac.0.3 hac.3.7 haIndigenous Flora:The site supports sizeable areas of prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) scrub and shrubland. Thearea of prostrate kanuka scrub and shrubland burnt in 2002 (c.1 ha) isrecovering well. Lycopodiella cernua, a species characteristic ofgeothermal areas, is also present.Dicranopteris linearis (1-2 plants), an „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟species and Psilotum nudum were recorded in the southeast corner of the1Previously identified as U18/2 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011347Contract Report No. 2348

site. D. linearis is known from only c.24 sites in New Zealand.Fauna: New Zealand pipit (classed as ‘At Risk-Declining’ in Miskelly et al. 2008),tui, bellbird, Australasian harrier hawk, grey warbler, black-backed gull,fantail, paradise shelduck and spur-winged plover were recorded at the site.Current Condition(2011 Assessment):The new State Highway 1 bypass around Taupo has been constructedthrough the middle of this site, which has destroyed some geothermalvegetation. Additional vegetation has been destroyed as part of theAshwood Park retail development to the south of the site.The site includes more than 20 separate areas of prostrate kanuka scrub andshrubland, with the development and use of a motorcross track havingcaused considerable fragmentation of part of the site.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):The most abundant pest plants at the site are broom and blackberry, whichoccur both as scattered shrubs and dense scrub, and cover 1-5% of the site.Chinese privet and wilding pines, both with 1-5% cover, are also present.Buddleia covers

has recently carried out control of pest plants in areas of prostrate kanukascrub and shrubland adjoining the new highway.Historical: Burns et al. (1995), following a study of aerial photographs taken in 1963,indicates that this site had declined in size due to the establishment of amotorcross track and encroachment of the adjacent industrial land uses.Geothermal activity at this site probably increased briefly following theWairakei power development, and then has steadily declined in intensity(Bromley et al. 2010). Historical photos (1946: SN 172 Run 1176 Photos 5-6) show more bare ground than is currently present.ManagementRequirements:Formal protection could be considered for parts of this site, which containsgood examples of prostrate kanuka shrubland and associated areas ofhydrothermally altered soils and heated soilfield. Broom, wilding pines andblackberry should be controlled. Changes in vegetation cover associatedwith draw-off from the geothermal field and the response of vegetationfollowing fire should be monitored.Significance Level: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5, 9; Table 2 - Factors 12, 14).SignificanceJustification:Notes:References:This site is of regional significance because it comprises a relatively largeexample of geothermal habitat, which is a nationally uncommon habitattype. It includes prostrate kanuka shrubland and a small population ofDicranopteris linearis, both of which are ‘At Risk’ species. Areas ofhydrothermally altered soils and heated soilfield are also present.Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region, and in this study this site was classed asCategory B - the second highest category for protection.Beadel & Bill 2000; Bromley et al. 2010; Burns et al. 1995; Given 1989a &1996; Grove et al. 1999.© 2011 349 Contract Report No. 2348

THV07Waipahihi Valley0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±!!0 2.5 5 10km!!0 250 500 1,000m±!!LegendBlackberry-Cyclosorus interruptus shrublandProstrate kanuka/exotic grass shrubland! SpringsImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:9,0000 100200m

WAIPAHIHI VALLEY 1Site Number: THV07 2Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG36 697 116GPS Reference:NZTM E1869718 N5711647Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:TaupoGeothermal Field:Wairakei-TauharaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure: Protected (Waipahihi Stream Conservation Area) andunprotected private land.Altitude:420 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.0.3 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.0.3 haDate of Field Survey: 16 December 2009Code Type Landform Extent05.0105.01.16Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka/exotic grass shrublandA grassed area has been mown to the stream edge. Scatteredprostrate kanuka (1.5-2 m tall) occur on the margins. Smallseedlings (up to 3 cm tall) are abundant in areas that are notheavily mown.Valleyfloorc.0.1 haGrassland species include Yorkshire fog, sweet vernal, prairiegrass (Bromus willdenowii), browntop, and tall fescue.Occasional harakeke and Carex secta are also present.05.1305.13.06A small modified pool is within this vegetation type.Blackberry-dominant shrublandBlackberry-Cyclosorus interruptus shrublandBlackberry dominates the stream edges below a geothermalspring. Cyclosorus interruptus (c.20 clumps) is scattered alongstream margins and, in places, is emergent over small plants ofblackberry, and exotic herbs and grasses (including sweetvernal, Yorkshire fog, pohue, and Californian thistle). Arrowgrass is present on sinter and prostrate kanuka (1.5-2 m tall)occurs along the stream margins. Planted olive (Olea sp.) treesand ornamental cherry (Prunus sp.) trees are present near thespring.Valleyfloorc.0.2 haIndigenous Flora:A small population (c.20 clumps) of Cyclosorus interruptus classed as „AtRisk-Declining‟ (de Lange et al. 2009) is present, near the spring on thestream margins. Prostrate kanuka and Hypolepis dicksonioides, bothclassed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ (de Lange et al. 2009) are alsopresent. Arrow grass, which is present near the stream, is more commonlyfound in coastal situations.12Previously named Waipahihi Stream (De Bretts Thermal Pool) in Beadel & Bill 2000.Previously identified as U18/5 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011351Contract Report No. 2348

Fauna:Current Condition(2010 Assessment):Common indigenous and introduced species, typical of the habitat arepresent.The spring is fenced, grassed and planted with exotic trees including oliveand ornamental cherry. Recent control work to reduce the dominance ofblackberry below the spring has provided increased potential habitat forCyclosorus interruptus. Prostrate kanuka occurs in local patches andreaches a height of c.2 m. Heated water enters the stream close to the lakeedge.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2010 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Extensive control work has been undertaken to reduce blackberry (1-5% ofcover) along the stream margins near the spring. Other pest plant speciesinclude radiata pine (1-5% total cover), ivy (1-5% total cover), ornamentalcherry (

The first recorded history of the physical features of the Waipahihi Springreports a temperature of up to c.31°C in the stream as it flowed towardsLake Taupo (Hochstetter 1864 in Cody 1993). Heated pools near thespring head, as large as c.50 × 30 m, and a stream, 1-2 m across, werepresent in the 1870s (Fox 1874, Skey 1878 and Harris 1878 in Cody 1993).The pools were described as having raupo and rushes on the margins (Cody1993). The Terraces Hotel was built in 1889 above the upper reaches of thestream at the top of ‘a black sinter slope’, and utilised the heated water inthe valley below as swimming baths for their guests. These pools wererenowned as the ‘finest natural hot swimming baths in the ThermalDistrict’, ranging in temperature from 36.7 to 76.7°C (ibid).ManagementRequirements:A conservative approach to blackberry control is recommended to minimisethe risk of sudden exposure to Cyclosorus interruptus from the heat ofsummer or winter frost (i.e. no more than 25% of the total area of the siteshould be cleared of blackberry or other pest plants at one time)The site should be monitored to identify any potential changes in vegetationassociated with draw-off from the geothermal field.Significance Level: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 3, 5; Table 2 - Factor 9)SignificanceJustification:Notes:Waipahihi Valley is of regional significance because parts of the site areprotected as a Conservation Area and it provides habitat for three ‘At Risk’species: prostrate kanuka, Hypolepis dicksonioides, and Cyclosorusinterruptus.Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region, and in this study this site was classed asCategory C - the third highest category for protection.References: Beadel & Bill 2000; Cody 1993; Given 1996; Wildland Consultants 2004.© 2011 353 Contract Report No. 2348

WKV01Te Rautehuia 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10KmImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright ReservedC0 250 500 1,000m±BBALegendABlackberry scrubMingimingi scrubMingimingi-manuka shrublandNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka shrublandWilding pine/prostrate kanuka-mingimingi shrublandSee historical text1:7,0000 125250m

TE RAUTEHUIASite Number: WKV01 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG36 663 225GPS Reference:NZTM E1866262 N5722450Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:WairakeiBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:427 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.7.7 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.7.7 haDate of Field Survey: 27 January 2011Code Type Landform Extent04.0204.02.12Mingimingi-dominant scrubMingimingi scrubMingimingi dominates with kanuka, manuka and whekiHillslope c.0.5 ha04.0804.08.0105.0105.01.01common throughout and scattered emergent wilding pines.Blackberry-dominant scrubBlackberry scrubA small heated spring (73°C at time of survey) is surroundedby blackberry and pohue with lesser amounts of broom andlotus. Water purslane is present in the cooler margins of thepool.Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka forms a low, discontinuous canopy c.0.3-0.75 m high, with mingimingi scattered around the outermargins. Groundcover includes moss cushions (mainlyCampylopus sp.) and Lycopodiella cernua. Grasses includingIndian doab, sweet vernal, browntop, and paspalum occurlocally on cooler and disturbed ground. There are scatteredemergent radiata pine and maritime pine. Patches ofblackberry and Spanish heath, and small areas of bare,steaming ground occur throughout.05.01.17 Wilding pine/prostrate kanuka-mingimingi shrublandRadiata pine and maritime pine occur over prostrate kanukaand mingimingi.05.0205.02.0228.0128.01.01Mingimingi-dominant shrublandMingimingi-manuka shrublandOccasional maritime pine occur over scrub dominated bymingimingi and manuka. Prostrate kanuka occurs on heatedsoils near the margins of this type where it adjoins prostratekanuka shrubland.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldHeated clays, fumaroles and mud pools. Occasional prostratekanuka and Lycopodiella cernua. Heated fumaroles present inopen pasture with Indian doab on margins.ShallowgullyPlateau andhillslopeHillslopeHillslopeShallowgullies,crater,hillslope

Indigenous Flora:Fauna:Prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Lange etal. 2009) is the dominant species at this site. Lycopodiella cernua, a speciescharacteristic of geothermal areas, is also present. Dicranopteris linearis(„At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟) and Nephrolepis flexuosa („At Risk-Declining‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) were recorded at this site in 2006. D.linearis is known from only c.24 sites in New Zealand.Common indigenous and introduced bird species typical of the habitat havebeen recorded at this site including Australasian harrier, paradise shelduck,magpie, tui, yellowhammer, chaffinch, green finch, Californian quail, andblackbird. New Zealand pipit (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ in Miskellyet al. 2008) is also present.Deer graze parts of the prostrate kanuka shrubland and fumaroles withinpasture.Current Condition(2011 Assessment):This site comprises several small geothermal areas surrounded by pineplantations and farmland. Domestic livestock, particularly deer, have accessto some geothermal areas, although parts have been fenced off and stockexcluded. The overall condition is very good with few weeds; howeverareas that are grazed are more degraded.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):There is a pine plantation contiguous with the geothermal area and wildingpines are a key threat to this site. Broom and blackberry in low densities arepresent (each of

1394 Run 3187 Photos 22-23, 1961) with 2007 aerial photographs(WRAPs). This estimate of a decline of one-quarter by Burns seemsreasonable when viewing historical photos for this site, although some ofthis decline would have already taken place by the 1960s. The area to thesouthwest labelled as A appears considerably larger in aerial photographs.While it is difficult to determine the boundaries of geothermal and nongeothermalscrub on black and white aerial photographs, the site could wellbe twice the current (2007) size. Fewer pines were present in this unit.There is an area of raw-soilfield to the south which is no longer presentwhich may have been caused by surface geothermal activity, but may alsobe caused by farming activities. The units labelled as B are in shadow, soare hard to determine boundaries, but are probably similar in size to currentday. The area labelled as C appears very similar to 2007 photographs, withpines having a very similar distribution on margins. Stock may have hadaccess to this area in the early 1960s.ManagementRequirements:Livestock should be removed from all geothermal areas and fumaroles inopen pasture should be fenced. Wilding pines (

WKV02Te Rautehuia Stream 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000m±ADCLegendHistiopteris incisa fernlandNephrolepis flexuosa fernlandIndian doab grasslandNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka shrublandA See historical textB1:5,0000 100200mImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved

TE RAUTEHUIA STREAMSite Number: WKV02 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG36 671 218GPS Reference:NZTM E1867084 N5721842Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:Wairakei-TauharaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private land, Wairakei Tourist Park, Riparianmarginal strip.Altitude:430 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.2.1 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.2.1 haDate of Field Survey: 27 January 2011Code Type Landform Extent04.0104.01.01Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrubProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka up to c.1 m high dominates this vegetationtype, with local patches of Lycopodiella cernua andValleysidesc.0.1 ha05.0105.01.0107.0407.04.0107.0807.08.0108.0708.07.01Nephrolepis flexuosa.Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka with scattered mingimingi forms a low cover(up to c.1 m tall) with abundant Lycopodiella cernua andCampylopus capillaceus, and occasional emergent maritimepine and radiata pine. Some geothermally-influenced bareground is present. There is scattered bracken, Histiopterisincisa, Spanish heath, monoao, manuka, broom, blackberry,karamu, prickly mingimingi, manuka and turutu throughout.Occasional patches of paspalum, Indian doab, narrow-leavedcarpet grass, radiata pine seedlings, and pampas are alsopresent within this vegetation type.Histiopteris incisa-dominant fernlandHistiopteris incisa fernlandHistiopteris incisa fernland occurs on a hillslope above asteaming fumarole.Nephrolepis flexuosa-dominant fernlandNephrolepis flexuosa fernlandThese areas comprise small patches of Nephrolepis flexuosafernland surrounded by exotic grasses (e.g. Indian doab andpaspalum). Bracken, prostrate kanuka and Lycopodiellacernua occur throughout. Blackberry is encroaching from themargins.Indian doab-dominant grasslandIndian doab grasslandIndian doab occurs around the margins of areas of heated soils.Hillslope,gentlehillslopeHillslopeHillslopeShallowgullies,hillslopesc.1.3 ha

Code Type Landform Extent28.01c.0.5 ha28.01.01Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldFumaroles, a geothermal crater (with boiling mud) and heatedsinter clays. Prostrate kanuka, mingimingi, Histiopterisincisa, Hypolepis ambigua, maritime pine, radiata pine,pampas, blackberry, Spanish heath and Lycopodiella cernuaoccur on the margins.Shallowgullies,crater,hillslopeIndigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2011 Assessment):Nephrolepis flexuosa and prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟and „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ respectively in de Lange et al. 2009)occur at this site. Lycopodiella cernua, which is typical of geothermal sites,is also present.Common indigenous and introduced bird species typical of the habitat arepresent including magpie, tui, yellowhammer, chaffinch, green finch,Californian quail, and blackbird.This site comprises several areas of geothermal expressions. It issurrounded by pine plantations and farmland. Stock access and trampling isoccurring within the western portion of this site. Blackberry and scatteredwildling pines are present. If the site is fenced and stock were to beexcluded, the quality of geothermal vegetation is likely to improvemarkedly.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Wilding radiata pines occur locally within the geothermal vegetation (

This estimate seems reasonable when viewing historical photos for this sitefrom 1961 (Historic Photos: SN 1394 Run 3187 Photo 23, 1961). The arealabelled as A has been converted to pasture and appears to about half thesize of earlier surveys. This part of the site extended further to the south in1961. Other units were more difficult to assess site change. The arealabelled B currently has fewer pines than in the 1961, but overall there is nostrong evidence of change in site area since 1961. Area C was likely to bein a better condition, surrounded by pine plantation and may not have beenheavily browsed. Area D is difficult to determine nongeothermal andgeothermal scrub amongst scattered emergent pines. There are more areasof raw-soilfield alongside the stream to the north of the site in 1961. Thismay be indicative of more geothermal surface activity alongside streammargins in the past.ManagementRequirements:Wilding pines should be removed from geothermal areas. Where stock haveaccess, geothermal features and vegetation should be fenced. Blackberryrequires control.Significance Level: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5; Table 2 - Factor 12).SignificanceJustification:This site is of regional significance because it is an important habitat for an„At Risk‟ species, Nephrolepis flexuosa, and contains moderate-sized areasof prostrate kanuka scrub and shrubland (also an „At Risk‟ species).Notes:References:Burns et al. 1996; Department of Conservation 1997; Merrett & Burns1998a; Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2006.© 2011361Contract Report No. 2348

WKV03Upper Wairakei Stream (Geyser Valley)0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000m±LegendHistiopteris incisa-bracken-wheki fernlandChinese privet scrubGrape vinelandMingimingi scrubNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka-mingimingi scrubTasmanian blackwood/prostrate kanuka scrub1:5,0000 125250mImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved

UPPER WAIRAKEI STREAM (GEYSER VALLEY)Site Number: WKV03 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG36 684 214GPS Reference:NZTM E1868407 N5721446Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:Wairakei-TauharaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Wairakei Thermal Park)Altitude:386 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.4.7 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.4.7 haDate of Field Survey: 28 January 2011Code Type Landform Extent03.0203.02.01Grape vine-dominant vinelandGrape vinelandA large area on the northern side of the thermal stream isdominated by a grape vine. It has spread over the prostrateHillslope c.0.1 ha04.0104.01.0104.0104.01.0204.0104.01.07kanuka and is smothering it.Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrubProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka forms a dense monotypic cover, generally upto c.1.0 m high. The groundcover comprises mosses andlichens with scattered Lycopodiella cernua, local Dicranopterislinearis, and turutu around the margins. Fumaroles and driedmud pools occur throughout.Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrubProstrate kanuka-mingimingi scrubProstrate kanuka (up to c.3.0 m high) occurs with scatteredmingimingi, mapou (Myrsine australis), wilding pine, falseacacia, Chinese privet, and Tasmanian blackwood. There isoccasional pampas, Spanish heath, blackberry, and turutupresent on the track margins. Dicranopteris linearis andNephrolepis flexuosa occur locally. Steaming vents occurthroughout this type.Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrubTasmanian blackwood/prostrate kanuka scrubTasmanian blackwood is emergent over prostrate kanuka,mingimingi and mapou with a variety of exotic speciesincluding wilding pines, Chinese privet, false acacia, ovenswattle (Acacia pravissima), Himalayan honeysuckle andSpanish heath also present in the canopy. Manuka and mapouare common in the shrub tier with broom and karamu scatteredthroughout. There are patches of prostrate kanuka andDicranopteris linearis. Mingimingi scrub dominates on lowerhillslopes (refer to 04.02.12). Several steaming vents occuradjacent to a warm stream, and whauwhaupaku, kamahi, mahoeand several fern species (e.g. kiokio, Pneumatopterispennigera, Gleichenia microphylla, and sapling wheki) areTerrace,hillslopeTerrace,hillslopeHillslope;gullyc.2.7 hac.1.1 hac.0.3 ha1Previously identified as U17/3 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011363Contract Report No. 2348

Code Type Landform Extentcommon. Tradescantia occurs along stream banks.04.0204.02.12Mingimingi-dominant scrubMingimingi scrubMingimingi scrub is present on the southern side of the streamwith mapou and bracken common throughout, scattered whekiponga,kiokio and pohue, and several exotic species includingChinese privet, Himalayan honeysuckle and maritime pines.Hillslope c.0.2 ha04.1104.11.0107.0507.05.1128.0128.01.01Occasional prostrate kanuka plants are present.Chinese privet-dominant scrubChinese privet scrubChinese privet dominates a small area (c.40 × 15 m) north ofthe thermal stream. Prostrate kanuka scrub (Type 04.01.01)surrounds this type.Mixed fernlandHistiopteris incisa-bracken -wheki fernlandHistiopteris incisa, bracken and wheki form the dominant coveron the steep face of a large steaming vent (named the 'WitchesCauldron'). Blackberry, inkweed, turutu, mingimingi,Gleichenia microphylla, prostrate kanuka, Dicranopterislinearis, pampas, and mapou are also present.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldSteaming sinter clay soilfield occurs on a scarp with patches ofLycopodiella cernua, prostrate kanuka, turutu, and Campylopussp. Blackberry, beggars‟ ticks (Bidens frondosa), mingimingi,prostrate kanuka, pohue, wheki, kiokio, turutu, Histiopterisincisa, and koromiko are present on the margins of a thermalstream at the base of the scarp. A small area of sinter terrace(not mapped) occurs here.HillsopeSteamingventScarpc.0.1 ha

Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Parts of this site are highly modified by invasive pest plants, particularly oncooler ground at the lower end of the valley. A grape vine covers a largearea along the side of the gully (cover of 6-25%). Tasmanian blackwoodand Chinese privet comprise 6-25% cover each, with the latter scatteredthroughout the prostrate kanuka scrub. Wilding pines (6-25% cover), falseacacia (1-5% cover), broom (1-5% cover), pampas (

lackberry, and tradescantia. Education on ecological values and issuescould be enhanced by the placement of signs explaining geothermalfeatures, vegetation, and the changes which occurred as an impact of energydrawdown.Significance Level: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 3, 5; Table 2 - Factors 10, 12).SignificanceJustification:Notes:This site is of regional significance because it is protected under theReserves Act (1977) and contains stable populations of three „At Risk‟species: prostrate kanuka, Dicranopteris linearis and Nephrolepis flexuosa.Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region, and in this study this site was classed asCategory B - the second highest category.References: Beadel & Bill 2000; Burns et al. 1996; Bycroft et al. 2007; Given 1976,1989a & 1996; Merrett & Burns 1998c; Wildland Consultants 2004.© 2011366Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011367Contract Report No. 2348

WKV04Wairakei Borefield0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10km!0 250 500 1,000m±!!LegendImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved! Prostrate kanuka scrub! Prostrate kanuka shrubland1:5,0000 50 100m

WAIRAKEI BOREFIELDSite Number: WKV04 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG36 672 212; BG36 673 212GPS Reference:NZTM E1867298 N5721272; E1867314 N5721248Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:WairakeiBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:c.440 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat:

Human impacts(2007 Assessment):Grazing(2007 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2007 Assessment):Industrial site. This site is an operational industrial site and the vegetationis likely to be regularly disturbed - either cleared or damaged as part of theongoing operational use of the site.The site is not grazed by stock.IndustrialSite Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:This site has only been field surveyed once for Waikato Regional Councilas part of this study, and because of its small size, recent changes tovegetation are not clearly visible on aerial photographs. There is probablyno change in extent of vegetation present.This site is too small to be assessed on the historical aerial photographsavailable.None noted.Significance Level: Local (Table 1 - Criterion 5; Table 2 - Factor 19).SignificanceJustification:This site is of local significance because it is an example of a nationallyuncommon habitat type (geothermal) and contains a small population ofprostrate kanuka (an „At Risk-Declining‟ species).References: Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2007a.© 2011370Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011371Contract Report No. 2348

WKV05Te Kiri O Hine Kai Stream Catchment/Wairoa Hill 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10kmNZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m

0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nzWKV05 Te Kiri O Hine Kai Stream Catchment /Wairoa HillLegend(Radiata pine)/mingimingi-prostrate kanuka scrubExotic pine/mingimingi scrubExotic pine/mingimingi-prostrate kanuka shrublandGeothermal waterMaritime pine-false acacia forestNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka-mingimingi scrubRadiata pine/mingimingi forest1:6,0000 250500mImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.

TE KIRI O HINE KAI STREAM CATCHMENT/WAIROA HILLSite Number: WKV05 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG36 666 206GPS Reference:NZTM E1866576 N5720644Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:Wairakei-TauharaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private land (Unallocated Crown Landadministered by Contact Energy)Altitude:c.460-520 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.40.3 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.40.1 haDate of Field Survey: 27 January 2011Code Type Landform Extent01.05 Exotic pines forestHillslopes c.1.6 ha01.05.03 Maritime pine-false acacia forestMaritime pine and false acacia are common over anunderstorey comprising bracken and mingimingi.01.05.04 Radiata pine/mingimingi forestRadiata pine is emergent over mingimingi. Other speciesinclude blackberry, buddleia, Spanish heath, bracken,whauwhaupaku, and Himalayan honeysuckle.Hillslopes c.2.7 ha04.0104.01.01Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrubProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka forms a dense cover up to c.0.5 m high, withSphagnum sp., Campylopus capillaceus, and Dicranoloma sp.comprising the groundcover. Scattered lichen is also present.Monoao and local patches of mingimingi occur on rockyoutcrops throughout, with monoao becoming more common inthe scrub on the eastern side of a deep and geothermally activegully. Small fumaroles are scattered throughout the area.Patches of Dicranopteris linearis, Nephrolepis flexuosa andLycopodiella cernua are present. Exotic species are presentthroughout include Spanish heath, buddleia, pampas andblackberry.04.01.02 Prostrate kanuka-mingimingi scrubProstrate kanuka forms the canopy in association withmingimingi. There is locally scattered monoao and emergentwilding radiata pine, false acacia and maritime pine. Thegroundcover includes local Campylopus sp. and Lycopodiellacernua. Small patches of Dicranopteris linearis andNephrolepis flexuosa are present.04.0204.02.13Mingimingi-dominant scrubExotic pine/mingimingi scrubScattered radiata pine and maritime pine occur overmingimingi, with wheki-ponga and prickly mingimingicommon throughout. The groundcover is dominated by turutuUndulatingplateauHillslopes,gullyHillslopesc.20.0 hac.2.1 hac.0.4 ha1Previously identified as U17/5 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011374Contract Report No. 2348

Code Type Landform Extentand bracken. Small patches of prostrate kanuka, Dicranopterislinearis, and Nephrolepis flexuosa are present.04.02.14 (Radiata pine)/mingimingi-prostrate kanuka scrubEmergent radiata pine over mingimingi and prostrate kanuka,Hillslopes c.0.3 ha05.0105.01.0105.0205.02.0522.0122.01.0128.0128.01.01with occasional manuka.Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka forms a low cover (up to 0.5 m high) withabundant Lycopodiella cernua and Campylopus capillaceus.Local patches of mature, wilding, maritime pine and radiatapine (up to 10 m tall) are present, with an understorey ofmingimingi, prickly mingimingi, karamu, turutu, andGleichenia microphylla. At the southern end of the siteprostrate kanuka occurs in association with Dicranopterislinearis, local patches of Nephrolepis flexuosa, and adventivespecies such as Himalayan honeysuckle, fleabane, foxglove,Yorkshire fog, wild portulaca, and occasional aloe (Aloe sp.).Mingimingi-dominant shrublandExotic pine/mingimingi-prostrate kanuka shrublandRadiata pine and scattered maritime pine are emergent and, insome areas, dominant over mingimingi, prostrate kanuka,tawiniwini, and bracken. Occasional plants of Dicranopterislinearis are present.Geothermal waterGeothermal waterHot water and mud lakes, including Alum Lake. The twonorthernmost lakes are within a steep sided depression.Pampas, Carex secta, raupo, and Histiopteris incisa occur onthe margins, with Lemna minor and Azolla rubra present in thecooler water.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldGeothermal clays, mud pools, and fumaroles with patches ofprostrate kanuka shrubland scattered throughout. Pampas,kiokio, Histiopteris incisa, radiata pine seedlings and brackenalso occur in these areas.Undulatingplateau;valleyfloor,hillslopesHillslopesLakesHillslopes,undulatingplateau,craterc.7.5 hac.2.3 hac.0.2 hac.3.2 haIndigenous Flora:Prostrate kanuka, Dicranopteris linearis (both classed as „At Risk-NaturallyUncommon‟), and Nephrolepis flexuosa (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ inde Lange et al. 2009) occur at this site. The site supports the largestpopulations of both Nephrolepis flexuosa and Dicranopteris linearis of anyof the geothermal sites in the Wairakei-Tauhara Geothermal field.Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) was recorded near geothermal lakes atthis site in 2001 (Nick Singers pers. comm. 2007).D. linearis is known from only c.24 sites in New Zealand.Fauna:Common indigenous and introduced bird species typical of the habitat arepresent including, tui, Australasian harrier, shining cuckoo, kingfisher, tui,chaffinch, grey warbler, fantail, blackbird and bellbird. New Zealand pipit(classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ in Miskelly et al. 2008) has been recordedat this site. Skink and gecko have been reported from this site (Unpublished© 2011375Contract Report No. 2348

Atiamuri PNAP data 1995).Current Condition(2011 Assessment):A large and mostly contiguous area of geothermal features and vegetationsurrounded by pine plantations and geothermal extraction operations.Geothermal drawdown is ongoing.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Wilding radiata pine and maritime pine threaten geothermal vegetation atthis site. Other adventive species present include blackberry, pampas andSpanish heath.Access tracks, logging, and geothermal extraction all occur along theboundaries of this site.The surrounding land is not farmed.Pine plantation and geothermal gas extraction.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Radiata pine growth has seen mingimingi scrub (recorded in 2007) at thesouthern end of the site change to (exotic pine)/mingimingi-kanuka scrub.In the middle of this site an area recorded as prostrate kanuka-mingimingiscrub in 2007 is now classed as radiata pine/mingimingi forest.Burns et al. (1996) assessed vegetation change at this site using aerialphotographs from 1945 to 1993 and found that geothermal vegetationdecreased by 20% between 1945 and 1993. In addition, an assessment ofaerial photos from 1961 (Historical photos: SN 1394 Run 3187 Photos 22,23, 1961; SN 1394 Run 3188 Photos 23, 24, 1961) compared with morerecent aerial photographs indicate a marked increase in wilding pines in thesite.Wilding pines that are invading and, in some places, dominating to the pointof almost complete canopy closure over geothermal vegetation should becontrolled. Most threatened geothermal species do not respond to shadingwell. Areas where blackberry is scattered either on the margins or withinthe geothermal vegetation should be controlled before it becomes dominant.Significance Level: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 3, 5, 7; Table 2 - Factors 12, 14).SignificanceJustification:Notes:This site is of regional significance because it comprises a relatively largearea of geothermal vegetation (a nationally uncommon habitat type), andcontains a relatively large population of three „At Risk‟ species (prostratekanuka, Dicranopteris linearis, and Nephrolepis flexuosa). The site issomewhat degraded in quality, with adventive plant species common. Asmall population of Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) (an „At Risk‟species) has been recorded from the site in the past, but it has not beenrecorded since 2001.This site comprises two areas ranked in Given (1996) as Category A (the© 2011376Contract Report No. 2348

highest category) - “Wairakei: Waiora Hill” and “Wairakei: Upper WairakeiStream”.References:<strong>An</strong>on 1990; Beadel & Bill 2000; Burns et al. 1996; Given 1989; Merrett &Burns 1986b & 1986c; Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data 1995; WildlandConsultants 2004 & 2007b.© 2011377Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011378Contract Report No. 2348

WKV06Lower Wairakei Stream 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10KmImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m±LegendBlackberry-Himalayan honeysuckle-Calystegia sepium scrubGeothermal waterGorse shrubland1:5,0000 100200m

LOWER WAIRAKEI STREAMSite Number: WKV06 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG36 699 201GPS Reference:NZTM E1869918 N5720089Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:WairakeiBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:350 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat:

classified „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ (de Lange et al. 2009).Hypolepis dicksonioides (also „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟) has beenrecorded from this site in the past (Merrett & Clarkson 1998), but was notrecorded in 2007.Fauna:Current Condition(2007 Assessment):Common indigenous and introduced bird species typical of the habitat arelikely to be present. Mallard, silvereye, chaffinch and Indian myna wererecorded.This site is in a poor condition and pest plants are common. However, thesite provides habitat for a threatened plant species and comprisesgeothermal habitat.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2007 Assessment):Human impacts(2007 Assessment):Grazing(2007 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2007 Assessment):Blackberry (50% cover), Himalayan honeysuckle (5-25% cover), Japanesehoneysuckle (1-5% cover), gorse (1-5% cover), buddleia (

& Beadel 2007).Notes:Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region, and in this study this site was classed asCategory B - the second highest category.In 2007 this site was assessed as nationally significant because, at that timeChristella aff. dentata (“thermal”) was classified as „ChronicallyThreatened-Gradual Decline‟ (de Lange et al. 2004). This species is nowclassified as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ (de Lange et al. 2009), whichin turn affects the significance assessment.References: Bycroft & Beadel 2007; Given 1989a & 1996; Merrett & Burns 1998b;Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2007a.© 2011382Contract Report No. 2348

WKV07Karapiti Forest 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10KmImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m±LegendProstrate kanuka-mingimingi scrub1:5,0000 50 100m

KARAPITI FORESTSite Number: WKV07 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG36 661 189GPS Reference:NZTM E1866117 N5718870Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:WairakeiBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:c.480 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.0.6 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.0.6 haDate of Field Survey: 20 April 2004CODE04 0104 01 02VEGETATIONTYPEProstrate kanuka-dominant scrubProstrate kanuka-mingimingi scrubProstrate kanuka up to c.0.3 m high forms a dense coverwith locally common monoao, occasional wilding radiatapine and maritime pine, and scattered mingimingi. Thegroundcover comprises patches of Campylopus capillaceus.Numerous fumaroles occur throughout this area. On themargins, mingimingi up to c.3 m high is dominant, withoccasional manuka and scattered wilding radiata pines.Blackberry, Himalayan honeysuckle, bracken, turutu andlarge patches of Dicranopteris linearis are common in theunderstorey, and Lycopodiella cernua, mosses, andHistiopteris incisa are common around fumaroles which arescattered throughout this area.LANDFORMToe slopeEXTENTc.0.6 haIndigenous Flora:Prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Lange etal. 2009) and Lycopodiella cernua, both of which are characteristic ofgeothermal areas, are present.Also present is Dicranopteris linearis (also classed as „At Risk-NaturallyUncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) which is known from only c.24 sitesin New Zealand.Fauna:Current Condition(2004 Assessment):Common indigenous and introduced bird species typical of the habitat arepresent, including bellbird, fantail, and silvereye.This is a small site in relatively good condition with relatively few weeds.Recent harvesting operations have resulted in disposal of slash in some ofthe hotter parts of geothermal activity which has damaged these sites. Alarger buffer would help protect geothermal features in the future.1Previously identified as U17/19 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011384Contract Report No. 2348

Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2004 Assessment):Human impacts(2004 Assessment):Grazing(2004 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2004 Assessment):The site is surrounded by plantation pine forest, however the number ofwilding pines (1-5% cover) establishing is limited by high soiltemperatures. Provided soil temperatures do not cool (see below), wildingpine invasion should remain static. Himalayan honeysuckle and blackberryare also present (1-5% cover), and occasional pampas (

© 2011386Contract Report No. 2348

WKV08Hall of Fame Stream 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000m±LegendBlackberry shrublandMixed fernlandImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:2,0000 50100m

HALL OF FAME STREAMSite Number: WKV08 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG36 689 186GPS Reference:NZTM E1868965 N5718516Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:WairakeiBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Huka Falls Scenic Reserve)Altitude:c.360 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.0.1 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.0.1 haDate of Field Survey: 14 May 2003VEGETATIONCODE TYPE07.05 Mixed fernland07.05.15 Mixed fernlandHot seepage surrounded by bare ground, with severalplants of Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”), kiokio,Adiantum cunninghamii, Blechnum vulcanicum,Pneumatopteris pennigera, makomako, kotukutuku,05.1305.13.07rangiora, Urtica incisa, and wall lettuce.Blackberry-dominant shrublandBlackberry shrublandShrubland dominated by blackberry, Himalayanhoneysuckle, and radiata pine surrounds a stream gully inwhich there are several hot springs. There is occasionalChinese privet, kotukutuku, Carex geminata, mahoe,kiokio, Pneumatopteris pennigera, and bracken.LANDFORMSteep hillslopeGully flowingwaterEXTENT

et al. 1996; Merrett & Burns 1998b&c), however the impacts to this area ofdraw-off are not currently known.Grazing(2003 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2003 Assessment):Livestock are not a threat to this area.Scenic Reserve administered by Department of Conservation. A walkingtrack passes through the site.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Not assessed. <strong>An</strong>y significant change unlikely.This site is too small to see any evidence of change since 1941 (Historicalphotos: SN 172 Run 1174 Photos 2, 3, 1941).None required at present.Significance Level: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 3, 5; Table 2 - Factors 9, 12).SignificanceJustification:Notes:This site is of regional significance because it is within a Scenic Reserve. Itcontains a small population of an „At Risk‟ plant species (Christella aff.dentata “thermal”).Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region, and in this study this site was classed asCategory C - the third highest category.References: Given 1989a & 1996; Merrett & Burns 1998a; Wildland Consultants 2004.© 2011389Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011390Contract Report No. 2348

WKV09Waipouwerawera Stream/Tukairangi 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10kmImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m±Legend(Maritime pine)/manuka-broom-blackberry-Himalayan honeysuckle shrublandMonoao shrubland1:5,0000 100200m

WAIPOUWERAWERA STREAM/TUKAIRANGISite Number: WKV09 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG36 651 185GPS Reference:NZTM E1865128 N5718488Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:Wairakei-TauharaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Waipouwerawera Stream Conservation Area)Altitude:468 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.0.1 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.0.1 haDate of Field Survey: 3 March 2011Code Type Landform Extent05.0305.03.25Manuka-dominant shrubland(Maritime pine)/manuka-broom-blackberry-Himalayanhoneysuckle shrublandThis vegetation type covers most of the side walls of theexplosion craters and appears to be expanding downslope asthe ground cools. Occasional maritime pine are emergent overa mixed shrub layer of manuka, prostrate kanuka, broom,blackberry, and Himalayan honeysuckle. Tawiniwini, turutu,and small patches of Paesia scaberula and Gleicheniamicrophylla are also present.Craterwallsc.0.1 haSmall areas of nonvegetated raw-soilfield occur on the craterfloor, and also amongst larger patches of manuka andmingimingi.05.1505.15.01On the cooler crater rim whauwhaupaku is emergent overmanuka, broom, and a thick margin of blackberry.Monoao-dominant shrublandMonoao shrublandA patch of monoao shrubland occurs on crater walls in thenorth-east corner of the explosion craters. There are occasionalemergent maritime pines and radiata pines. Prostrate kanuka,kanuka, mingimingi, bracken, Lycopodium volubile and broomare scattered throughout, and whauwhaupaku occurs on theupper margins of this area.Craterfloor, steepcrater wallsc.0.1 ha28.0128.01.01Nonvegetated raw-soilfield (not mapped)Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldPatches of geothermally-influenced bare soil are present. Noelevated temperatures were found, although access around thesite is very difficult.Crater floorand walls1Previously identified as U18/10 and U17/9 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011392Contract Report No. 2348

Indigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2011 Assessment):Prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Langeet al. 2009) is present. Dicranopteris linearis (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) and Lycopodiella cernuahave been recorded at the site in the past (Given 1989), but were not seen in2003 or during the current survey, and are unlikely to still be present.Common bird species typical of the habitat (including magpie andblackbird) are present.The extent of geothermal vegetation and habitat appears to be declining atthis site. There was no evidence of the fumaroles or hot ground previouslyrecorded in 1989 (Given 1989), but not seen in 2003 or 2011 surveys. Itappears that, since 1989, vegetation cover comprising a mixture of speciestypical of geothermal and non-geothermal habitats) on the crater floor hasincreased and only small areas of nonvegetated raw-soilfield remainscattered amongst monoao shrubland. Weeds are a problem on the marginswith broom, Himalayan honeysuckle, blackberry, and wilding maritimepine on the crater walls and rim terrace.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Wilding pines (maritime pine, radiata pine) (1-5% cover), blackberry (25-50% cover), Himalayan honeysuckle (5-25% cover), poplar (

Significance Level: Local (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 3, 5; Table 2 - Factor 19)SignificanceJustification:Notes:References:This site is of local significance because it contains a small example of a„nationally uncommon‟ habitat (geothermal), and a small population of an„At Risk‟ species (prostrate kanuka).Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region and this site was classed as Category B - the secondhighest category.Department of Conservation 1997; Given 1989a & 1996; Merrett & Burns1998a; Wildland Consultants 2004.© 2011394Contract Report No. 2348

WKV10Craters of the Moon 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz0 2.5 5 10KmNZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m

WKV10Craters of the Moon 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nzLegendCampylopus capillaceous mossfieldCheilanthes sieberi-buffalo grass fernlandBare ground (human induced bare ground amongst geothermal habitat)Mingimingi-kanuka-manuka-karamu/bracken scrubNonvegetated raw-soilfieldProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka shrublandWhauwhaupaku scrub1:6,0000 125250mImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.

CRATERS OF THE MOON 1Site Number: WKV10 2Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG36 671 180GPS reference:NZTM E1867064 N5718041Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:WairakeiBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Ministry of Tourism Reserve)Altitude:c.440-460 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.44.6 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.44.6 haDate of Field Survey:12 August 2004 (a partial site inspection was undertaken on29 August 2007)VEGETATIONCODE TYPE04.01 Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrub04.01.01 Prostrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka up to c.1 m high dominates theseareas, with scattered monoao and patches ofLycopodiella cernua and Dicranopteris linearis.Patches of Campylopus capillaceus are common and04.0204.02.1504.0504.05.02there are occasional wilding pines throughout.Mingimingi-dominant scrubMingimingi-kanuka-manuka-karamu/bracken scrubA mixture of mingimingi, kanuka, manuka and karamuforms a dense scrub cover, with small patches ofbracken, blackberry, Himalayan honeysuckle andDicranopteris linearis around the margins. Near themain entrance of the reserve, Himalayan honeysuckleand bracken dominate a recently cleared hillslope, withbroom and mingimingi scattered throughout and patchesof Dicranopteris linearis on steep banks at the base ofthe hillslope.Indigenous broadleaved species-dominantcommunitiesWhauwhaupaku scrubOccasional wilding radiata pine up to c.10 m tall areemergent over abundant whauwhaupaku. ScatteredHimalayan honeysuckle, koromiko, mingimingi, andbracken dominate the understorey. Nephrolepisflexuosa occurs locally on the margins, andDicranopteris linearis is abundant on small banks at theedge of the crater. Near the main entrance of theReserve, mamaku, in association with mahoe and youngkamahi, dominates a recently cleared hillslope.LANDFORMFlatFlatHillslopeEXTENTc.27.4 hac.3.6 hac.4.3 ha12This site was called Karapiti (Craters of the Moon) in Beadel & Bill (2000).Previously identified as U18/4 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011 397 Contract Report No. 2348

VEGETATIONCODE TYPE05.01 Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrubland05.01.01 Prostrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka to a height of c.0.3-0.5 m is dominant,with patches of Lycopodiella cernua, Campylopus07.0107.01.0107.0507.05.1407.0707.07.0107.1307.13.0114.0214.02.0128.0128.01.0128.0128.01.05capillaceus, lichen, and loamfield throughout.Dicranopteris-dominant fernland (not mapped)Dicranopteris linearis fernlandDicranopteris linearis, in association with Lycopodiellacernua, forms the dominant cover, with prostratekanuka, turutu and emergent manuka scatteredthroughout. Monoao and Histiopteris incisa occuroccasionally. This vegetation type occurs amongstprostrate kanuka scrub and shrubland but is too small tomap separately.Mixed fernland (not mapped)Dicranopteris linearis-Histiopteris incisa fernlandDicranopteris linearis and Histiopteris incisa dominatethe margins of an active fumarole, with local patches ofPaesia scaberula, bracken, monoao, Campylopuscapillaceus and Sphagnum cristatum. Occurs amongstprostrate kanuka scrub and shrubland but is too small tomap separately.Lycopodiella-dominant fernland (not mapped)Lycopodiella fernlandA discontinuous cover of Lycopodiella cernua overdense mats of Campylopus capillaceus occurs inassociation with heated loamfield. Occurs amongstprostrate kanuka scrub and shrubland but is too small tomap separately.Cheilanthes-dominant fernlandCheilanthes sieberi-buffalo grass fernlandThis small area is dominated by Cheilanthes sieberi andmixed exotic grasses, mainly buffalo grass and Indiandoab. It is near a walking track and appears to havedeveloped following disturbance.Campylopus-dominant mossfieldCampylopus capillaceus mossfieldCampylopus capillaceus forms the dominant cover withpatches of buffalo grass, Indian doab, and locallyscattered prostrate kanuka. Fumaroles, steaming pits,and areas of nonvegetated raw-soilfield are commonthroughout.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldSinter pavement. Small patches of Campylopuscapillaceus mossfield with occasional Lycopodiellacernua are present.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldBare ground (human-induced bare ground amongstgeothermal habitat)These areas comprise human-induced bare groundwithin areas of geothermal habitat.LANDFORMFlatFlat andhillslopeFumaroleFlatFlatFlatFlatFlatEXTENTc.7.5 hac.1.2 hac.

Indigenous Flora:Prostrate kanuka (classed as an ‘At Risk-Declining’ species in de Langeet al. 2009) and Campylopus capillaceus, which are both endemic andrestricted to geothermal areas, are common throughout this site.Other ‘At Risk’ species present include Dicranopteris linearis andHypolepis dicksonioides (both classed as ‘At Risk-Naturally Uncommon’),and Nephrolepis flexuosa (classed as ‘At Risk-Declining’ in de Lange et al.2009). D. linearis is known from only c.24 sites in New Zealand.Lycopodiella cernua and Psilotum nudum (both of which are characteristicof geothermal areas) are also present.Other species of interest include Cheilanthes sieberi (currently known to bepresent at this site). Given (1989a) recorded Asplenium flabellifoliumgrowing on hot siliceous soil (which is not its usual habitat) andFimbristylis velata, which was reported to be at its southern limit.A. flabellifolium and F. velata have not been recorded from this site sincethen.Fauna:Current Condition(2004 Assessment):Common indigenous and introduced bird species typical of the habitat arepresent including, tui, New Zealand pipit and grey warbler.This is a large site and is in good condition. There is clear vegetationzonation in response to different levels of heat flux (Given 1980a).Commissioning of the Wairakei geothermal power station resulted in anincrease in steam-heated activity at Karapiti which has increased the size ofthe site and the extent of geothermal vegetation present (Burns et al. 1996;Cave et al. 1993).The site is threatened by wilding pine and other weed species. Control ofthese species will be necessary to maintain the high quality geothermalvegetation at the site.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2007 Assessment):Human impacts(2004 Assessment):Several wilding pines (particularly radiata pine and maritime pine), andeucalyptus are scattered through the site, despite some control of wildingpines having been recently undertaken. Other invasive plant species presentare blackberry, privet, tree lucerne, Himalayan honeysuckle, broom,buddleia, pampas, Spanish heath, buffalo grass, and paspalum (each with 1-5% cover). Where present, these species are having a negative impact onthe indigenous character of the site. The Waikato Regional Council hasrecently undertaken aerial control of pampas at this site. Buffalo grass ispresent on the edge of many craters. Its bright green colour is not typical ofindigenous geothermal vegetation, and it therefore negatively impacts onthe indigenous character of the site.The extent of heated ground around Craters of the Moon increasedsignificantly following the development of the Wairakei geothermal fieldfor electricity generation and there have been many changes in geothermalactivity. The vegetation and geothermal features of this site continue torespond to the heating and cooling of soils, remaining vulnerable to themanagement of the geothermal power plant (Given 1989a).© 2011 399 Contract Report No. 2348

This area is a popular spot for visitors. It is riddled with old paths, butvisitors are now encouraged to keep to the main path which is maintainedby the Craters of the Moon Trust. The site caretaker is utilising a variety oftechniques to discourage people from walking off tracks.The network of informal tracks created by visitors trying to get closer togeothermal features is compacted, which limits the potential for indigenousplants to recolonise these areas. In addition, there may be a significanteffect of compaction on soil micro-organisms.The removal of some wilding pines from the reserve has improved the longtermviability of the site.Grazing(2004 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2004 Assessment):Livestock are not a threat to this site, however brushtail possum, hares, andrabbit are present and are browsing the vegetation.Plantation forests.Site Changes:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Some management of pest plants has been undertaken recently by sitemanagers. Techniques to discourage use of informal tracks have beenimplemented by the Craters of the Moon Trust. The Waikato RegionalCouncil undertook control of patches of pampas at this site in April 2011 bythe aerial application of herbicide.Burns et al. (1996) have assessed vegetation change at this site using aerialphotographs from 1945 to 1993 and found that there has been an eight-foldincrease in geothermal vegetation at this site. However, there is noinformation on changes of structure or composition of this vegetation.Control of wilding pines and other pest plants needs to continue. Continuedmonitoring of this area will be invaluable for assessing the impacts ofgeothermal power extraction (refer to Burns et al. 1996; Merrett & Burns1998b&c). The practice of discouraging the use of informal tracks shouldbe continued.Significance Level: National (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 3, 5, 7, 9; Table 2 - Factor 8).SignificanceJustification:Notes:Craters of the Moon is of national significance because it contains a goodquality representative example of geothermal vegetation, which is anationally uncommon vegetation type. It contains one of the best examplesof thermotolerant vegetation zonation which has developed in response tosoil temperatures, and is an area of high geothermal activity (Given 1980a).Four species classed as ‘At Risk’ are present: prostrate kanuka,Dicranopteris linearis, Hypolepis dicksonioides and Nephrolepis flexuosa.Given (1996) assessed the botanical values of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region, and in this study this site was classed asCategory A - the highest category.© 2011 400 Contract Report No. 2348

References:Beadel & Bill 2000; Burns et al. 1996; Clarkson 1989; Given 1980a, 1989a& 1996; Merrett & Burns 1998b&c; Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data1995; Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2007d.© 2011 401 Contract Report No. 2348

1.13 ROTOKAWA GEOTHERMAL FIELDList of Geothermal SitesRKV01RKV02Rotokawa NorthLake Rotokawa© 2011402Contract Report No. 2348

RKV01Rotokawa North 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10kmNZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m

RKV01 Rotokawa North0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nzLegendGeothermal waterManuka/prostrate kanuka scrubMingimingi-manuka-prostrate kanuka scrubNonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfield (mining operations)Prostrate kanuka shrublandRadiata pine-maritime pine/broom-manuka-mingimingi scrubWilding pine/prostrate kanuka shrubland1:6,500Imagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.0 250500m

ROTOKAWA NORTHSite Number: RKV01 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG37 784 209GPS Reference:NZTM E1878482 N5720902Local Authority:TaupōEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:RotokawaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Lake Rotokawa Conservation Area) and unprotectedprivate landAltitude:c.320-400 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.34.4 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.34.3 haDate of Field Survey: 4 May 2004VEGETATIONCODE TYPE04.02 Mingimingi-dominant scrub04.02.16 Mingimingi-manuka-prostrate kanuka scrubMingimingi, manuka, and prostrate kanuka form acover to c.2 m high, with occasional maritime pineand radiata pine emergent and small patches ofmonoao and nonvegetated raw-soilfield.05.01 Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrubland05.01.01 Prostrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka is dominant with scatteredmingimingi throughout. Kanuka, manuka, monoao,prickly mingimingi, and bracken are locally commonon cooler soils; broom and buddleia are common, andwilding pines (mostly maritime pine) are scatteredthroughout. The groundcover is patchy, comprisingmainly lichens (Cladia and Cladonia species).Fumaroles, thermal springs and gas vents arescattered throughout this area. Several plants ofDicranopteris linearis and Nephrolepis flexuosa werepresent in 2004.05.01.14 Exotic pine/prostrate kanuka shrublandMaritime pine and some radiata pine appear to beestablishing in large areas of prostrate kanukashrubland. Lycopodiella cernua, mingimingi, Mercergrass, prickly mingimingi, bracken, Gleicheniamicrophylla, Paesia scaberula, and Hypolepis distansare scattered throughout. Mingimingi and blackberrybecome more common towards margins. Sheep‟ssorrel and wild seradella occur in disturbed sites.22.0122.01.01Geothermal waterGeothermal waterHot water.LANDFORMFlat and gentlehillslopesFlat and gentlehillslopesFlat and gentlehillslopesFlat and gentlehillslopesEXTENTc.9.2 hac.8.7 hac.13.2 hac.0.1 ha1Previously identified as U17/34 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011405Contract Report No. 2348

CODE28.0128.01.01VEGETATIONTYPENonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldSinter deposits, fumaroles, mud pools. Patches ofprostrate kanuka, and broom.LANDFORMFlatEXTENTc.3.3 haIndigenous Flora:Prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Langeet al. 2009) and Lycopodiella cernua are present. Prostrate kanuka isendemic to geothermal sites, and Lycopodiella cernua, is a characteristicfeature of geothermal areas.Dicranopteris linearis (c.10 plants) and Nephrolepis flexuosa (c.2 plants),classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ and „At Risk-Declining‟respectively in de Lange et al. (2009), were present on the sides of a hotspring at GPS reference: E1877709 N5721043 in 2004.D. linearis is known from only c.24 sites in New Zealand.Fauna:Current Condition(2004 Assessment):New Zealand pipit, harrier, spur-winged plover, fantail, grey warbler and tuiwere recorded in a 2004 survey.This area and its surrounds have been modified by forestry operations andpastoral farming, resulting in a reduction in extent of the originalgeothermal vegetation. Invasive exotic plant species comprise a largecomponent of the vegetation in the north of the site, in particular wildingpines (mainly radiata pine and maritime pine, with some lodgepole pine),which in some areas dominate the canopy over a lower tier of indigenousgeothermal vegetation. However, geothermal vegetation remains relativelyintact in several areas.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2004 Assessment):Human impacts (2004Assessment):Grazing (2004Assessment):Adjoining land use(2004 Assessment):Site Change:Recent change:Wilding pines (6-25% cover) are visually dominant, and are a serious threatto plant communities on the cooler ground. In some areas pines aredominant over a lower indigenous tier comprising prostrate kanuka andmingimingi. Other invasive pest plants present include broom, Himalayanhoneysuckle, buddleia, pasture grasses (including creeping bent, browntop,sweet vernal, Yorkshire fog and ryegrass) and blackberry, each of whichhas approximately 1-5% cover.Forestry and pastoral farming occurs between areas of indigenousgeothermal vegetation. A geothermal power station has been installed(Merrett & Burns 1997). The impacts of draw-off are unknown.Livestock have access to some of the smaller units of geothermalvegetation.Plantation forests and farmland.Changes to the mapping (between 2004 and 2011) are based on better siteinformation rather than real change in the total extent of geothermal© 2011406Contract Report No. 2348

vegetation. Changes are a consequence of the 2007 aerial photographsbeing of better quality than those used in 2004.Historical:ManagementRequirements:<strong>An</strong> assessment was undertaken of the site based on 1941 aerial photographs(Historical photo: SN 172 Run 1173 Photos 10-13, 1941). In the 1941 photothere appears to have been more clearance for farming around geothermalfeatures than in recent years. However by 2007, extensive areas had beenplanted in pine plantation. The impacts of wilding pines in geothermalvegetation are minimal in 1941. While more bare ground was present in1941, it is difficult to determine if this is related to surface geothermalactivity or other land uses such as farming.The spread of wilding pines and other exotic trees needs to be contained,with emphasis on those areas which are still predominantly indigenous.Wilding pines which occur in stands should be removed carefully, takingcare not to disturb the remaining indigenous communities. The site shouldbe monitored to identify changes that may relate to geothermal power drawoff.Significance Level: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 3, 5, 7, 9; Table 2 - Factors 12, 14).SignificanceJustification:This site is of regional significance because it comprises a large area ofgeothermal vegetation, a nationally uncommon vegetation and habitat type.While parts are degraded in quality, an „At Risk‟ species (prostrate kanuka)covers extensive areas and small populations of Dicranopteris linearis andNephrolepis flexuosa (also classed as „At Risk‟) are present.Notes: This area was not surveyed in Beadel & Bill (2000).References: Merrett & Burns 1997; Merrett et al. 2003; Wildland Consultants 2004.© 2011407Contract Report No. 2348

RKV02Lake Rotokawa 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10KmNZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m

RKV02 Lake Rotokawa0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nzLegendGeothermal waterManuka-mingimingi-Scotch broom shrublandManuka/prostrate kanuka scrubMingimingi-manuka-prostrate kanuka scrubNonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfield (mining operations)Prostrate kanuka shrublandRadiata pine-maritime pine/broom-manuka-mingimingi scrubWilding pine/prostrate kanuka shrublandImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.1:7,5000 250500m

LAKE ROTOKAWASite Number: RKV02 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG37 778 198GPS Reference:NZTM E1877887 N5719763Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:AtiamuriGeothermal Field:RotokawaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure: Protected (Lake Rotokawa Conservation Area) andunprotected private landAltitude:c.340-360 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.137.3 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.69.3 haDate of Field Survey: 14 April 2004CODE04.0204.02.1604.0304.03.1104.0904.09.0205.0105.01.01VEGETATIONTYPEMingimingi-dominant scrubMingimingi-manuka-prostrate kanuka scrubMingimingi, manuka, and prostrate kanuka (prostratekanuka is at a much lower density in this type than whenit occurs within prostrate kanuka shrubland) form a coverup to c.2 m high. Occasional maritime pine and radiatapine are present with small patches of monoao andnonvegetated raw-soilfield.Manuka-dominant scrubManuka/prostrate kanuka scrubManuka to 2 m tall dominates this vegetation type, withpatches of prostrate kanuka in warmer areas, andscattered patches of nonvegetated raw-soilfield.Exotic-dominant scrubRadiata pine-maritime pine/ broom-manukamingimingiscrubRadiata pine (some planted) and maritime pine areemergent over broom, manuka, mingimingi, andoccasional prostrate kanuka. Broom dominates someareas.Prostrate kanuka-dominant shrublandProstrate kanuka shrublandProstrate kanuka is dominant with mingimingi scatteredthroughout. Kanuka, manuka, monoao, pricklymingimingi, and bracken are locally common on coolersoils; broom and buddleia are common along thenorthern lake margin, and wilding pines (mostlymaritime pine) are scattered throughout. Groundcover ispatchy, comprising mainly lichens (Cladia andCladonia). Fumaroles, thermal springs and gas vents arescattered throughout this area.LANDFORMFlat and gentlehillslopesFlatFlat and gentleslopesFlat and gentlehillslopesEXTENTc.9.6 hac.9.1 hac.3.0 hac.27.9 ha1Previously identified as U17/7 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011410Contract Report No. 2348

VEGETATIONCODE TYPE05.01.14 Wilding pine/prostrate kanuka shrublandMaritime pine and some radiata pine appear to beestablishing in large areas of prostrate kanuka shrubland.Some control is evident in some parts with recentlyfelled trees. Lycopodiella cernua, bracken, Gleicheniamicrophylla, and Paesia scaberula are scatteredthroughout.05.03 Manuka-dominant shrubland05.03.19 Manuka-mingimingi-broom shrublandMingimingi (up to 2 m high) dominates this area inassociation with broom. Manuka and wilding pines(mostly maritime pine and radiata pine) are emergentthroughout. Also present are prickly mingimingi andpatotara (Leucopogon fraseri). The groundcover issparse with occasional tawiniwini and turutu, as well asmosses, liverworts and lichens. Bracken and exoticgrasses (particularly Yorkshire fog) dominate large areas22.0122.01.0128.0128.01.01within this vegetation type.Geothermal waterGeothermal waterLake Rotokawa, geothermal lakes, hot streams, and mudlakes.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldSinter deposits, fumeroles, mud pools.Patches ofprostrate kanuka, and broom.28.01.02 Nonvegetated raw-soilfield (mining operations)Areas of open pumice loamfield which has been minedfor sulphur are present throughout.LANDFORMFlat and gentlehillslopesGentlehillslopesFlat and gentlehillslopesFlatFlatEXTENTc.6.0 hac.0.6 hac.67.9 hac.12.9 hac.0.3 haIndigenous Flora:Prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) andLycopodiella cernua are present. At least 70 plants of Calochilusrobertsonii (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Lange et al.2009) were recorded from the site in a Rotorua Botanical Society trip to thesite in November 2007 (Bycroft 2008). Prostrate kanuka is endemic togeothermal sites, and Lycopodiella cernua, is a characteristic feature ofgeothermal areas.A field survey of the site by Rotorua Botanical Society on 3 November2007 recorded a total of 27 indigenous and 24 naturalised vascular plantspecies (Bycroft 2008). Other indigenous species typical of geothermalhabitat include monoao, tawiniwini, manuka, prickly mingimingi,mingimingi, potatara, Lycopodiella cernua, Gleichenia microphylla,Histiopteris incisa, turutu, and bracken.Fauna:Banded dotterel and North Island fernbird (classed „Threatened-NationallyVulnerable‟ and „At Risk-Declining‟ respectively in Miskelly et al. 2008)are present (Merrett & Burns 1997). Banded dotterel breed at this site.Banded dotterel and N.I. fernbird were not recorded in the 2004 survey.Pied stilts (also classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ in Miskelly et al. 2008),nesting black backed gulls and other water birds are also present on and© 2011411Contract Report No. 2348

around the lake. A leech, Helobdella, which is not found anywhere else inNew Zealand, occurs in the lake (Department of Conservation 1990).Bellbird and spur-winged plover were also recorded at the site.A 2007 survey of the site recorded one banded dotterel, and a number ofcommon indigenous and exotic bird species, including Indian myna,paradise shelduck, spur winged plover, grey warbler, black-backed gull,Australian magpie, pheasant, California quail, greenfinch, skylark, andstarling (Bycroft 2007).Current Condition(2004 Assessment):This area has been extensively modified during more than 50 years ofsulphur mining, resulting in a reduction in the original extent of geothermalvegetation. However, indigenous geothermal vegetation has begun tore-establish in unvegetated areas in recent years. Invasive exotic plantspecies make up a large component of the vegetation, in particular wildingpines (particularly radiata pine and maritime pine, with some black pine andlodgepole pine), which in some areas dominate the canopy over a lower tierof indigenous vegetation. Geothermal vegetation remains intact in severalareas, particularly to the north-east of the lake.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2004 Assessment):Wilding pines (6-25% cover) are visually dominant, and are a serious threatto indigenous plant communities on cooler ground. Some control ofwilding pines is evident at the site with recently felled trees present. Insome areas pines are dominant over a lower indigenous tier comprisingprostrate kanuka and mingimingi. Other invasive exotic plant speciespresent include broom, Himalayan honeysuckle, buddleia, pasture grasses(including creeping bent, browntop, sweet vernal, Yorkshire fog andryegrass) and blackberry, each of which has approximately 1-5% cover.A 2007 visit to the site by the Rotorua Botanical Society recorded thefollowing pest trees: radiata pine, maritime pine, silver birch, and treelucerne. The Society noted the recent wilding pines control workundertaken by the Department of Conservation. Other exotic pest plantsrecorded were gorse, broom, blackberry, buddleia, pampas, grey willow,Montpellier broom, and Spanish heath, and exotic grassland species,including browntop, Yorkshire fog, sweet vernal, lotus, and catsear (Bycroft2008).Human impacts(2004 Assessment):Grazing(2004 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2004 Assessment):Human impacts on this area have been significant and mainly associatedwith the extraction of sulphur, however this has now ceased. A geothermalpower station has been recently installed, but the impacts of draw-off are atpresent unknown. Some control of wilding pines has taken place.The site is fenced and neither livestock nor livestock damage was observedin the current survey.Plantation forests and farmland.Site Change:Recent change:The vegetation is continuing to improve in quality over time as it re-© 2011412Contract Report No. 2348

establishes after a history of mining and road construction throughout thissite. Pest plant control, mainly pines, has improved the quality of this sitein recent years.Historical:The most dramatic change at this site from historical photographs(Historical photos: SN 172 Run 1173 Photos 10-13, 1941) taken in 1941 isthat it appears that the site was farmed, and there were few wilding pinesamongst geothermal vegetation and habitat. More bare ground may havebeen present in 1941, but this may also be indicative of human land use,rather than a decline in geothermal surface features over time.Extensive sulphur mining was undertaken at this site between the 1960s to1980s, stripping large areas of hot ground, destroying contours andgeothermal vegetation in the vicinity (http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environmental-information/Geothermal-resources/Geothermal-systemsmap/Rotokawa: Accessed 2 July 2011).ManagementRequirements:The spread of wilding pines, silver birch, and grey willow needs to becontained, with emphasis on those areas which are still predominantlyindigenous. Wilding pines which occur in stands should be removedcarefully, taking care not to disturb the remaining indigenous communities.Pampas should also be controlled. The site should be monitored to identifychanges that may relate to geothermal power draw-off.Significance Level: National (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9; Table 2 - Factor 8).SignificanceJustification:Notes:This site is of national significance because it is comprises a large, goodquality, area of geothermal vegetation which is a nationally uncommonvegetation and habitat type, including a wide diversity of geothermalhabitats and at risk plant and animal species. While the site has a longhistory of modification, the quality of the site is noticeably improving sincemanagement has moved to the Department of Conservation.Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region and this site was classed as Category C - the thirdcategory.There would be significant value in reassessing the boundaries ofgeothermal vegetation at this site in the near future. The vegetation of thesite is recovering well following cessation of mining and management ofpines by the Department of Conservation. The effects on terrestrialgeothermal vegetation of geothermal energy extraction from this fieldshould be monitored.Merrett & Burns (1997) note that the geothermal area on the northern shoreof Lake Rotokawa is of biological significance for both the geothermalvegetation growing there, and as a breeding site for banded dotterel andblack-billed gulls.References:Beadel & Bill 2000; Bycroft 2008; Clarkson et al. 1989; Department ofConservation 1998; Merrett & Burns 1997; Merrett & Clarkson 1999;Merrett et al. 2003; Unpublished Atiamuri PNAP data 1995; WildlandConsultants 2004.© 2011413Contract Report No. 2348

1.14 TOKAANU-WAIHI-HIPAUA GEOTHERMAL FIELDList of Geothermal SitesTOV02TOV03/TOV04/TOV05/TOV06TOV07TOV08TOV09TOV10TOV11TOV14HipauaTokaanu Lakeshore WetlandMaunganamu WestTokaanu Thermal ParkTokaanu Urupa Mud PoolsMaunganamu EastMaunganamu North WetlandTokaanu Tailrace Canal© 2011414Contract Report No. 2348

TOV02Hipaua 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10KmImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m±LegendCampylopus sp. mossfieldProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka-mingimingi scrub1:6,5000 100200m

HIPAUASite Number: TOV02 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BH35 368 845GPS referenceNZTM E1836790 N5684476Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:TongariroGeothermal Field:Tokaanu-Waihi-HipauaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:550-700 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.11.4 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.11.4 haDate of Field Survey: No survey. Observed from main road on 19 October 1999.VEGETATIONCODE TYPE04.01 Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrub04.01.01 Prostrate kanuka scrubA dense cover of prostrate kanuka and local patches ofCampylopus moss amongst scattered steaming fissures.04.01.02 Prostrate kanuka-mingimingi scrubProstrate kanuka and mingimingi form a dense coverwith occasional fumaroles. Karamu andwhauwhaupaku occur locally, particularly at themargins of this type where the prostrate kanukamingimingiscrub merges with whauwhaupakukaramu-kamahi/tutuscrub (outside of site).(Source: Given 1995)14.0214.02.0228.0128.01.01Campylopus-dominant mossfieldCampylopus sp. mossfieldCampylopus sp. occurs in patches amongst steamingfissures.Nonvegetated raw-soilfield (not mapped)Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldHeated bare soil (estimated from aerial photographs).Appears to be geothermal clays in site photographs, butshould be assessed in the field.LANDFORMHillslopeHillslope,shallow gulliesHillslopeEXTENTc.2.0 hac.8.7 hac.0.3 hac.0.4 haIndigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(1999 Assessment):Prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Langeet al. 2009) and Campylopus sp., which are both restricted to geothermalareas (Given, 1995), are present. Other „At Risk‟ geothermal plant speciesmay be present.Unknown common indigenous and introduced bird species typical of thehabitat are likely to be present.A relatively unmodified site well buffered by indigenous vegetation. Itcontains a good example of a mosaic of geothermal vegetation zones1Previously identified as T19/1 in Wildland Consultants (2004).© 2011416Contract Report No. 2348

corresponding to soil temperatures (Given 1995).Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants:Human impacts:Grazing:Adjoining land use:Unknown. There appears to be some pampas visible on photographs (takenfrom a helicopter), provided by Waikato Regional Council (July 2002).Human impacts are currently very low, and the site is virtually unaltered byhuman interference (Given 1995).Livestock have no access to this area.Surrounded by indigenous vegetation on unprotected private land.Site Change:Recent change:<strong>An</strong>y change in site boundaries is primarily based on improved 2007 aerialphotographs.Historical: Photographs from 1941 (Historical photo: SN 178 Run 207 Photos 27,1941) were assessed. The site has probably changed little since 1941,although boundaries between the different vegetation types present,particularly the boundary between geothermal scrub and non-geothermalscrub, are difficult to determine.ManagementRequirements:The current low levels of human impact should be maintained and the siteshould be monitored regularly to ensure that it remains in good condition.If pampas is present, as indicated by photographs, then it should becontrolled.Significance Level: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10; Table 2 - Factors 12, 14).Significance/Justification:This site is of regional significance because it is an important habitat for an„At Risk‟ species (prostrate kanuka) and is a relatively large area of anationally uncommon habitat type, and is thus representative of theecological character of the Waikato Region. It is likely to have significantecological values, however these are unknown as it has not been possible toassess the site. The vegetation is highly intact, displaying good zonationand high indigenous component (Given 1995), and it is well buffered.The site is part of an extensive natural area extending from the shores ofLake Taupo to the summit of Kakaramea, Tihia and Pihanga and includingLake Rotopounamu and Lake Rotoaira.Notes:Access to this site was not granted, and the descriptions and assessmentshave been compiled from existing literature, digital aerial photographs(2007) and a visual inspection from SH 41 using binoculars during the1999-2000 survey.The 2007 aerial photographs used for this report are of considerably higherquality than those used in the 2004 report on geothermal vegetation in theRegion (Wildland Consultants 2004), and as a result, additional areas were© 2011417Contract Report No. 2348

added to the site. However, if site access is granted in the future, theboundaries should be reassessed, and the site should be inspected in detailfor all features.Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sitesin the Waikato Region and this site was classed as Category A - the highestcategory.References:Department of Conservation 1998; Given 1995 & 1996; WildlandConsultants 2004.© 2011418Contract Report No. 2348

TOV03Tokaanu Lake Shore Wetland 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10km0 250 500 1,000m±LegendGeothermal waterRaupo reedlandImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:10,0000 100 200m

TOKAANU LAKE SHORE WETLANDSite Number: TOV03/TOV04/TOV05/TOV06 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BG35 394 024GPS reference:NZTM E1839400 N5702400Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:Taupo; TongariroGeothermal Field:Tokaanu-Waihi-HipauaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private land and Protected (Tokaanu RecreationReserve)Altitude:c.340 - 360 mExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.42.4 haDate of Field Survey: 13 February 2007Code Type Landform Extent11.01c.39.1 ha11.01.0122.0122.01.01Raupo-dominant reedlandRaupo reedland<strong>An</strong> extensive area of raupo reedland. A small population ofarrow grass was viewed from the road on 13 February 2007.Crack willow and grey willow were recorded in this wetland,particularly on the margins of Lake Taupo and recentlyreclaimed wetland. Steam could be seen rising from thewetland at some locations, but access to most sites is verydifficult.Geothermal waterGeothermal water (occurs within 11.01.01, not mapped)Geothermally-influenced water. Steam was viewed risingfrom this water on 13 February 2011.LakemarginwetlandIndigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2007 Assessment):No „Threatened‟ or „At Risk‟ species were noted during the 2007 survey;however a full field survey has not been carried out due to the difficulty ofaccessing most of this site.One „Threatened‟ and two „At Risk‟ (Miskelly et al. 2008) bird specieswere recorded in this wetland; New Zealand dabchick („Threatened-Nationally Vulnerable‟), spotless crake („At Risk-Relict‟), and North Islandfernbird („At Risk-Declining‟). Australasian bittern („Threatened-NationallyCritical‟ in Miskelly et al. 2008) are also present in the area (W. Shaw,Wildland Consultants, pers. comm. 2009).This wetland is in excellent ecological condition. Pest plants are relativelyrare in most of this site, with willow species (crack willow and grey willow)noted, particularly on site margins. Some land has been reclaimed for roadconstruction, pasture development, and canal construction.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2007 Assessment):Grey willow and crack willow were recorded in the wetland. These speciesshould be controlled.1Previously identified as T19/9, T19/10, T19/11, T19/12 in Wildland Consultants (2007).© 2011420Contract Report No. 2348

Human impacts(2007 Assessment):Grazing(2007 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2007 Assessment):Drains have been constructed through parts of the wetland. Parts of thewetland have been converted to pasture and residential housing, and roadshave been constructed to access the lake.No grazing is known to occur within the remaining wetland.Farming; roads; Lake Taupo; wetland; residential.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Not assessed. No significant change is known to have taken place in thiswetland in the last ten years.<strong>An</strong> inspection was undertaken of 1941 aerial photographs of this site(Historical photos: SN 178 Run 207 Photos 29-31, 1941). While littleevidence of change is seen when 1941 and 2007 aerial photographs arecompared, a canal (Tokaanu Tailrace Canal) that has been constructedthrough the eastern part of the wetland is likely to have changed thecharacter of parts of the wetland. Land has been reclaimed on each side ofthe canal. <strong>An</strong> area that was in pasture in 1941, to the east of the road thatleads to the boat ramp and jetty (Wharf Road), has now reverted to wetland.Willows have become established alongside this road since 1941. Nowillows are obvious in 1941 aerials, but are common on lake margins in2007 aerial photographs.Control of willows and any other pest plants should be undertaken in thiswetland.Significance Level: National (Table 1 -, Criteria 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11; Table 2 -, Factors 7, 8).SignificanceJustification:Notes:The site is of national significance because it provides habitat for a„Threatened‟ species (Australasian bittern), and because it is a good qualityexample of a nationally uncommon habitat type (i.e. geothermal). It is oneof the best examples of a wetland-geothermal sequence in Taupo EcologicalDistrict and is part of a large freshwater wetland in which is in excellentecological condition.The temperature of the substrate was measured in many locations in theeastern part of the site, but no evidence of geothermal vegetation was foundwith temperatures ranging from 17-19 o C. However, extensive areas ofgeothermal vegetation were found further inland.Part of the area of raupo reedland was viewed from the road and entered bykayak on 13 February 2007. This is an extensive area of wetland vegetationand it is likely geothermal habitat is scattered throughout the site. The sitewas also viewed from State Highway 41 on 16 February 2007. Steam wasseen rising from open water at several locations within this site. <strong>Based</strong> onthese observations, it is therefore considered that extensive areas ofgeothermal water and geothermal wetland are present.This site was not assessed in Wildland Consultants (2004 & 2007).References: Bromley & Mongillo 1991; Hochstein 2007; Wildland Consultants 2007.© 2011421Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011422Contract Report No. 2348

TOV07Maunganamu West0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000m±LegendRaupo reedlandImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:5,0000 100200m

MAUNGANAMU WESTSite Number: TOV07 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BH35 400 825GPS Reference:NZTM E1839981 N5682478Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:Taupo; TongariroGeothermal Field:Tokaanu-Waihi-HipauaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Tokaanu Public Garden Reserve) and unprotectedprivate landAltitude:360 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.0.6 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.0.6 haDate of Field Survey: 13 February 2007VEGETATIONCODE TYPE11.01 Raupo-dominant reedland11.01.01 Raupo reedlandOccasional crack willow occurs over raupo reedland inassociation with Baumea rubiginosa, Schoenoplectustabernaemontani, Eleocharis acuta, pohue, lotus, andcreeping bent. Blackberry and Japanese honeysuckle arecommon on margins. Soil temperatures at 10 cm depthwere around 22.5 o and 25.4 o C (measured with thethermocouple probe). At 1 m depth temperatures wererecorded up to 49.1 o C.LANDFORMWetlandEXTENTc.0.6 haGeophysicalAssessment:Indigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2007 Assessment):Several airborne IR anomalies were recorded to occur along the easternbanks of the Tokaanu Stream along a c.200 m long stretch to the north of6 244 000 m N. Thermal springs and minor mud pools were mapped byHealy (1942) within this stretch.No „Threatened‟ or „At Risk‟ species as listed in de Lange et al. (2009) areknown from this site.Common indigenous and introduced species typical of the habitats werepresent. The wetland vegetation is likely to provide habitat for fernbird andspotless crake (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ and „At Risk-Relict‟respectively in Miskelly et al. 2008), in conjunction with the adjacent largearea of wetland habitat.Weeds are present on the margins, and occasional crack willow is present inthe wetland.1Previously identified as T19/6 in Wildland Consultants (2004 and 2007a).© 2011424Contract Report No. 2348

Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2007 Assessment):Human impacts(2007 Assessment):Grazing(2007 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2007 Assessment):Blackberry (1-5% cover); Japanese honeysuckle (1-5% cover); and crackwillow (1-5% cover).There is a road within 10 m of the site. A culvert is also present.This site is not grazed by stock.Tokaanu Stream and State Highway.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Not assessed. <strong>An</strong>y change not likely to be significant.This site is too small to see any evidence of change since 1941 (Historicalphotos: SN 178 Run 207 Photos 29-31, 1941).Control of pest plants (particularly crack willow) will maintain theecological values of the site.Significance Level: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 5, 6, 10; Table 2 - Factor 9).SignificanceJustification:This site is of regional significance because it is protected and managed bythe Department of Conservation and it forms a small part of an extensiveecological sequence that extends from the shores of Lake Taupo to thesummit of Kakaramea, Tihia and Pihanga and includes Lake Rotopounamuand Lake Rotoaira. This ecological sequence includes extensive areas ofgeothermal habitat.References: Bromley & Mongillo 1991; Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2007a.© 2011425Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011426Contract Report No. 2348

TOV08Tokaanu Thermal Park 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10km0 250 500 1,000LegendCalystegia sepium-Japanese honeysuckle-blackberry vinelandm±Cyperus ustulatus-raupo sedgelandGeothermal waterKanuka forestkanuka shrublandKanuka-manuka/oioi shrublandNonvegetated raw-soilfieldAi-iiiOioi sedgelandProstrate kanuka scrubRaupo reedlandSee textSee text1:5,0000 150300miiiiiiiBiiiAImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright ReservedA(i)iiAi(i)

TOKAANU THERMAL PARKSite Number: TOV08 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BH35 364 833GPS reference:NZTM E1839472 N5683151Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:TaupoGeothermal Field:Tokaanu-Waihi-HipauaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Tokaanu Thermal Park Recreation Reserveadministered by DOC)Altitude:c.360 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.7.8 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.7.6 haDate of Field Survey: 23 August 2004 (partly updated in February 2007)VEGETATIONCODE TYPE01.04 Kanuka forest01.04.11 Kanuka forest kanuka shrubland(i) Kanuka forest forms the vegetation cover over c.80%of this vegetation unit. Kanuka up to c.7 m high witha diameter at breast height of c.10-15 cm comprisesthe canopy, with an understorey of kanuka,mingimingi and oioi, with scattered turutu, hound‟stongue fern, Cyperus ustulatus and manuka. Mudpools and hot water pools are common beneath thekanuka canopy. Kanuka shrubland forms thevegetation cover over the remaining c.20% of thisarea and generally occurs around the site margins.Kanuka shrubs are common with local Cyperusustulatus and narrow-leaved carpet grass. Moss(including Wijkia extenuata and Ptychomnionaciculare) often form a dense groundcover. Manukaand mingimingi are abundant in both vegetation types.Around cooking sites and disturbed areas, weeds, e.g.Japanese honeysuckle, yucca (Yucca sp.), blackberry,broom, and various ornamental trees such asrhododendron (Rhododendron sp. (unidentified)), arepresent. Other common species present includekohuhu, whauwhaupaku, turutu, karamu, wheki,swamp kiokio and Paesia scaberula.(ii) Kanuka forest to 4 m tall. Mud pools and hot springsare common throughout with several patches ofnonvegetated raw-soilfield. Soil temperatures of up to90.5 o C were recorded at 50 cm depth with a fluke andsoil probe in this vegetation type. Ivy, blackberry,Microsorum pustulatum, turutu, Japanese honeysuckleand mingimingi are common in places. AtakororekeLANDFORMFlatEXTENTc.5.7 ha1Previously identified as T19/3 in Wildland Consultants (2004 and 2007a).© 2011428Contract Report No. 2348

VEGETATIONCODE TYPEStream, a geothermal stream, passes through thisvegetation type. The approximate location of thisstream is shown on the site map. The surfacetemperature of water in the stream was 23.0 o C, buttemperatures increased to 58.1 o C (flukethermocouple) at 10 cm depth in substrate. Cyperusustulatus and kiokio are common along streammargins beneath a kanuka canopy. Blackberrybecomes thick around stream margins c.100 mupstream of where the stream flows into the TokaanuRiver. Prostrate kanuka was common, particularlytowards the northern portion of this site near streammargins.03.03 Mixed exotic vineland03.03.01 Pohue-Japanese honeysuckle-blackberry vineland(i) A dense vineland comprising pohue and Japanesehoneysuckle growing over blackberry. Patches oftall fescue are common. Mud pools and hot springsare scattered throughout this vegetation type.(ii) A small mud pool hole has a small bubbling spring(temperature recorded of 88 o C).04.0104.01.0105.0405.04.0709.0209.02.0609.0809.08.0111.0111.01.01(iii) Vineland surrounding a hot spring.Prostrate kanuka-dominant scrubProstrate kanuka scrubProstrate kanuka shrubland with a canopy height of 1-2 m.Pohue, Japanese honeysuckle and blackberry are commonon margins.Kanuka-dominant shrublandKanuka-manuka/oioi shrubland(i) Emergent kanuka is common in association withscattered manuka over a dense cover of oioi. Smallpatches of nonvegetated raw-soilfield are also present inplaces.(ii) A canopy dominant with manuka (height of 3 m),with occasional kanuka and mingimingi, over anunderstorey of oioi and sinter. The site is surrounded bydense blackberry scrub.Cyperus ustulatus-dominant sedgelandCyperus ustulatus-raupo sedgelandDense Cyperus ustulatus and raupo to 2.5 m. Japanesehoneysuckle and blackberry common on margins. Patchesof sinter and nonvegetated raw-soilfield are common.Oioi-dominant sedgelandOioi sedgelandOioi is dominant, with local Eleocharis acuta, Schoenusmaschalinus and adventive grasses, including creepingbent and Yorkshire fog.Raupo-dominant reedlandRaupo reedlandRaupo forms a dense reedland, with scattered Carexvirgata and Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, and a fewsaplings of grey willow and crack willow. CyperusLANDFORMRiver margins;mud pool; hotspringFlatHillslopeWetlandWetlandFlatEXTENTc.0.2 ha

VEGETATIONCODE TYPEustulatus is locally dominant and blackberry is commonalong the road margin. Grey willow is present.14.02 Campylopus-dominant mossfield (not mapped)14.02.02 Campylopus sp. mossfield22.01 Geothermal water22.01.01 Geothermal waterHot stream and hot springs.Site was viewed from a distance and geothermal habitat28.0128.01.01GeophysicalAssessment 1 :was estimated from aerial photography.Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldBoiling water, sinter terraces, hot pools, and boiling mud.Scattered exotic grasses (e.g. narrow-leaved carpet grass,annual poa) and herbs (e.g. wild portulaca) were present.A sinter terrace with oioi common on margins.Nonvegetated raw-soilfield (thermally altered soils)with common raupo and prostrate kanuka and Cyperusustulatus on margins. Hot springs and mud pools arecommon. Temperatures of up to 96.7 o C (flukethermocouple) were recorded.LANDFORMPools; sinterterracesStream; hotsprings; openwaterFlat; gentlysloping;hillslopeEXTENTc.0.2 hac.0.1 haOverview of field workand background:Several poorly-known thermal manifestations of the Tokaanu geothermalfield were visited on Wednesday 7 February 2007. This was a hot, sunnyday with the air temperature increasing from c.23 o C at 10.00 am to almost30 o C at 2.00 p.m.During the second half of the day selected manifestations in the TokaanuDomain were inspected, along with the old discharging bore to the west ofthe Domain (BH2).Visit of two selectedmanifestations in theTokaanu Domain:Manifestations in the Tokaanu Domain which discharged water at boilingtemperature in July 2005 were revisited. The first one was the oldTaumatapuhipuhi geyser where geysering activity had ceased in 1966shortly after commissioning of the first bath house well. The dischargechanged then to some periodic ebullient discharge of boiling water as seenby the author on 14 July 2005. When revisited on 7 February 2007, theebullient cycle had not changed - the temperature (98.5 o C) of the dischargedhot water is still close to local boiling point.However, a previously boiling spring, located halfway betweenTaumatapuhi and the bath Admin. Building, and which discharged atc.100 o C in July 2005 (see Hochstein 2005), had cooled down anddischarged hot water at 72.6 o C when visited on 7 February 2007.Visit of the old ‘HealyBore (BH 2):This c.97 m deep well lies at the western boundary of the Department ofConservation-administered Tokaanu Thermal Park. The well was drilled in1942 and was sited by Mr. J. Healy. It freely discharges some deep thermal1 Hochstein 2007© 2011 430 Contract Report No. 2348

water (probably since 1951) which has created impressive, c.600 m 2 largesilica sinter flats at E1839134 N5683066, covered in part by yellow algae.The site was visited to assess its thermal vegetation. Boiling water isdischarged at the top of a sinter mound (c.3 m diameter). The discharge rateof the thermal water was found to be c.1-1.5 kg/s. A similar rate had beenreported by previous studies, summarized in Hochstein (2005), a summarywhich includes a short history of this manifestation. The recent growth ofshrubs, blackberry, and bracken has made BH 2 an almost inaccessible butstill a spectacular site.Indigenous Flora:A moderate sized population of Korthalsella salicornioides occurs at thissite (Beadel & Bill 2000). Korthalsella salicornioides is a semi-parasiticmistletoe classed as „At Risk-Naturally Uncommon‟ in de Lange et al.(2009). Schizaea dichotoma (also classed as an „At Risk-NaturallyUncommon‟ species in de Lange et al. 2009) known from kauri forests ofNorthland and South Auckland, and locally at geothermal sites, is alsopresent (Beadel & Bill 2000). This is the southern limit of distribution forthis species. (Note no plants of Korthalsella salicornioides or Schizaeadichotoma were recorded in the 2004 or 2007 survey.A good sized population of prostrate kanuka (classed as „At Risk-NaturallyUncommon‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) is present.Given (1995) recorded Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) (classed as „AtRisk-Declining‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) from this site, but it is nowconsidered extinct at this site. Nephrolepis flexuosa (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ in de Lange et al. 2009) was recorded from this site in 1987(de Lange et al. 2009), but has not been recorded in subsequent surveys andis also presumed extinct at this site.Fauna:Current Condition(2007 Assessment):North Island fernbird (classed as „At Risk-Declining‟ in Miskelly et al.2008) are present at this site. Other birds present include tui, bellbird andgrey warbler.Historical photographs held at the tourism complex show that much of thepresent vegetation cover has developed over the last few decades. Thedynamics of this site are not well understood and it is likely that the currentvegetation will continue to evolve and change as the thermal activitychanges. Continuing draw-off of heat or hot water from the site is likely tohave ongoing impacts. However the vegetation is of relatively goodquality, and is contiguous with an extensive wetland to the west. Pest plantsare common in surrounding vegetation and geothermal margins. The site ishighly dissected by formed walking tracks.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2007 Assessment):This site is vulnerable to pest plant invasion along track margins. The mainweed species are Japanese honeysuckle (1-5% cover), ivy (

Human impacts(2007 Assessment):Grazing(2007 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2007 Assessment):Human impacts relate to the draw-off of heat or hot water which is likely tohave ongoing impacts and high use from walkers; however the tracksappear to be generally adhered to. Indigenous species have been planted inparts of this reserve.Livestock are not a threat to this area.Indigenous vegetation; blackberry scrub; residential; farm land; recreationfacilities (swimming baths, tracks).Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:<strong>An</strong>y changes to the extent of geothermal vegetation are likely to be minor.Additional areas were added to this site in 2007, based on additionalinformation on geothermal vegetation. However, this does not representreal change. The site has not been re-assessed in the field.<strong>An</strong> inspection was made of black and white aerial photographs (Historicalphoto: SN 178 Run 207 Photos 29-31, 1941). The Healy Bore to the southof the site, and its associated geothermal vegetation, was not evident onaerial photographs in 1941, as this was drilled in the 1950s (seeGeophysical notes above). The boundary of geothermal surfacemanifestations at Tokaanu are difficult to determine on historical photos, asmuch of the site boundary is masked by wetlands. However, it is evidentthat some geothermal vegetation has been cleared for conversion to pasture,and the establishment of a network of walking tracks is evident on thegeothermal site. There also appears to be significantly more bare groundaround the main tourist part of the geothermal site in 1941 than there istoday, indicating that the character of this site has changed since the 1940s,and may be less active than in the recent past.The site should be kept weed free.Significance Level: A: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 3, 5; 6, 7, 9, 10; Table 2 - Factors 12, 14).B: Local (Table 1 - Criterion 5; Table 2 - Factor 19)SignificanceJustification:Most of the site is ranked as being of Regional Significance (marked as Aon map). The site contains populations of three species ranked as „At Risk‟(Korthalsella salicornioides, prostrate kanuka, and Schizaea dichotoma).The site is protected under the Reserves Act (1977) and comprises arelatively large example of geothermal vegetation, including a widediversity of habitat types.This site is also part of an extensive natural area extending from the shoresof Lake Taupo to the summit of Kakaramea, Tihia and Pihanga andincluding Lake Rotopounamu and Lake Rotoaira.A small part of the site (marked as B on map) is of local significancebecause it contains geothermal habitat, a nationally uncommon habitat type,however it is very small and highly modified with no indigenous plantspecies recorded.Notes:Given (1996) assessed the botanical value of many of the geothermal sites© 2011432Contract Report No. 2348

in the Waikato Region and in this study, this site was classed asCategory B - the second highest category.It is difficult to safely undertake a detailed inspection of the site because ofthe geothermal activity which makes it difficult to determine the exactboundary of geothermal activity in the wetland. However, the geothermalarea mapped in this report is similar to the area shown in IR anomalies inBromley & Mongillo 1991, and Hochstein 2007, Figure 3.2, Page 73).Two pools within this site are listed in Waikato Regional Council(unpublished) as Taumatapuhipuhi spring (an unfenced pool of c.75ºC,which periodically erupts hot water) and Takarea No. 5 (a fenced pool ofc.75ºC).References: <strong>An</strong>on. no date; Beadel & Bill 2000; Department of Conservation 1997;Given 1995 & 1996; Healy 1942; Hochstein 2007; Waikato RegionalCouncil (unpublished); Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2007a.© 2011433Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011434Contract Report No. 2348

TOV09Tokaanu Urupa Mud Pools0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km!0 250 500 1,000m±!Legend! Kanuka forestImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:5,0000 50 100m

TOKAANU URUPA MUD POOLSSite Number: TOV09 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BH35 397 826GPS Reference:NZTM E1839651 N5682603Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:TongariroGeothermal Field:Tokaanu-Waihi-HipauaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Protected (Tokaanu Hot-Springs Reserve)Altitude:c.380 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat:

Current Condition(2007 Assessment):The site is in excellent condition with only scattered blackberry present.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2007 Assessment):Human impacts(2007 Assessment):Grazing(2007 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2007 Assessment):Blackberry (1-5% cover).A small unformed track leads to the site.Horses have been taken to the site, but there were no signs of horse grazingin the area.Indigenous forest and vehicle track.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Not assessed. <strong>An</strong>y changes are not likely to be significant.This site is too small to see any evidence of change since 1941 (Historicalphoto: SN 178 Run 207 Photo 30, 1941). The pools are shown on a map ina 1942 paper (see Figure 2 in Healy 1942) where they are listed as „twolarger mud pots‟.Maintain cover of indigenous vegetation around the mud pools.Significance Level: Regional (Table 1 - Criteria 5, 10; Table 2 - Factor 16).SignificanceJustification:The mud pools are within an extensive natural area that is of regionalsignificance as it forms part of an extensive ecological sequence extendingfrom the shores of Lake Taupo to the summit of Kakaramea, Tihia, andPihanga, and including Lake Rotopounamu and Lake Rotoaira. Theecological sequence includes extensive areas of geothermal habitat.References: Healy 1942; Hochstein 2007; Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2007a.© 2011437Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011438Contract Report No. 2348

TOV10Maunganamu East0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km!!!0 250 500 1,000m±Legend! Raupo reedlandImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:5,0000 100200m

MAUNGANAMU EASTSite Number: TOV10 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BH35 405 826GPS Reference:NZTM E1840588 N5682576Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:TaupoGeothermal Field:Tokaanu-Waihi-HipauaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:c.360 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat:

temperatures of 20 o and 23 o C in this area were observed using the IR gun.At the second site a maximum temperature of 62.1 o C was observed atc.0.3 m depth; the lake bottom also exhibited a growth of brown-grey algae.Smaller seeps of thermal water occurred on land, c.0.2 m above the streammargins, with temperatures of up to 44 o C were observed in one seep.We did not search for the exact location of the other two IR anomalieslocated between 50-100 m upstream on the same bank because themanifestations are likely to be very small and possibly in the canal. Thesecould be searched for and located using a boat with the approval of thecanal managers.Indigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2007 Assessment):Species typical of geothermal wetland are present.None recorded. Common indigenous and introduced bird species typical ofthe habitats are likely to be present.Good condition.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2007 Assessment):Human impacts(2007 Assessment):Grazing(2007 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2007 Assessment):Blackberry (1-5% cover)The site is part of an artificial canal that is utilised for hydro-electricity.This site is not grazed by stock.Tokaanu Stream and State Highway.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Not assessed. <strong>An</strong>y changes not likely to be significant.In 1941 there was bare ground in the vicinity of the site (which may beindicative of the presence of a greater extent of geothermal vegetation andhabitat in the area at that time) and it appears that construction of theTokaanu Tailrace Canal (constructed in conjunction with the TokaanuPower Station, commissioned in 1973) resulted in a reduction of the extentof this site (Historical photos: SN 178 Run 207 Photos 29-31, 1941; SN1099 Run A Photo 2, 1958).None noted.Significance Level: Local (Table 1, Criterion 5; Table 2, Factor 19).SignificanceJustification:The site is of local significance as it is a small example of geothermalwetland, a habitat that is nationally uncommon.© 2011441Contract Report No. 2348

Notes:References:Further surveys are likely to result in the discovery of further examples ofgeothermal habitat in the vicinity of this site, particularly when water levelsin the canal are low.Bromley & Mongillo 1991; Hochstein 2007; Wildland Consultants 2004 &2007a.© 2011442Contract Report No. 2348

TOV11Maunganamu North Wetland 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10km0 250 500 1,000m±LegendRaupo reedlandImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:5,0000 50 100m

MAUNGANAMU NORTH WETLANDSite Number: TOV11 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BH35 403 826GPS Reference:NZTM E1840178 N5682636Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:TaupoGeothermal Field:Tokaanu-Waihi-HipauaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private land and protected (Tokaanu Thermal ParkRecreation Reserve).Altitude:c.440 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.0.9 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.0.9 haDate of Field Survey: February 2007Code Type Landform Extent11.0111.01.01Raupo-dominant reedlandRaupo reedlandThe site was viewed from the distance and appeared to be araupo reedland with common emergent crack willow. This siteis included as geothermal based on geothermal presence foundnear site at Oasis Motel, and evidence of Hochstein (2007) andBromley & Mongillo (1991).Wetland c.0.9 haGeophysicalProperties 2 :We began the search for the manifestations with a visit of the Oasis Motel(owner M.R. Foxall) who showed us his 28 m deep thermal bore (presentexit temperature was 68 o C in February 2007). Mr Foxall also pointed outthe general area (to the east) behind his property where warm ground hadbeen found in the past. As an example we were shown a 2 m deep soakhole (c.1 m diameter, concrete lining) at E1840218 N5682776 where atemperature of 30.5 o C was measured at the water-covered bottom, pointingto the presence of steam-heated, perched groundwater. We could not findthe spring sampled by Healy and stopped our search at the western edge ofthe raupo reedland wetland (near E1840178 N5682636), which is near theproperty boundary. Further searching would require permission for accessfrom another landowner and possibly some preparatory shrub cutting.Indigenous Flora: No „Threatened‟ or „At Risk‟ flora species were noted during the 2007survey.Fauna: No „Threatened‟ or „At Risk‟ fauna species were noted during the 2007survey. However, the site is likely to provide habitat for wetland birdspecies, including spotless crake (classed as „At Risk-Relict‟ in Miskelly etal. 2008).Current Condition(2007 Assessment):A full detailed site inspection has not been undertaken. Fences were poorlymaintained near the site in 2007, however because the site was surroundedby blackberry, stock access was probably minimal. The wetland is in amoderate condition with common emergent crack willow.12Previously identified as T19/8 in Wildland Consultants (2007).Hochstein 2007© 2011444Contract Report No. 2348

Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2007 Assessment):Human impacts(2007 Assessment):Grazing(2007 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2007 Assessment):Crack willow (5-25% cover) is present in the wetland. This should becontrolled.The wetland is farmed near to its edges.The wetland has been farmed until recently, and stock may have access tomargins.Farming and Department of Conservation Reserve. Fences were over-runby blackberry in 2007.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Unknown. Probably no significant change.In the 1958 photograph there appears to be bare ground in the vicinity of thesite, of which only a small portion of this is likely to be geothermal(Historical photo: SN 1099 Run A Photo 2, 1958).Willow control should be undertaken, and the site should be fenced toexclude stock.Significance Level: Local (Table 1 - Criteria 5, 6; Table 2 - Factor 19)SignificanceJustification:Notes:This site is locally significant because it is an example of a nationallyuncommon habitat type (geothermal wetland). A very small portion of thesite is legally protected.Small groups of hot springs were reported by Healy (1942) to occur in astretch of swampy ground over the north region of Mt Maunganamu. Onehot spring (77 o C) discharged c.100 m to the east of the main road and wassampled by Healy who apparently did not visit other manifestations in thesame area. The same or an adjacent spring (Nr.52) was sampled andanalyzed by Mahon & Klyen (1968); its temperature was 66 o C. It is likelythat thermal springs in the swampy area were detected by their IR signaturein 1991; other recorded IR signals (Bromley & Mongillo 1991) areassociated with thermal ground in paddocks to the east of the Oasis Motel.A short summary of the thermal manifestations in the North Maunganamusector has been given by Hochstein (2005).A neighbouring landowner has reported geothermal steam coming from thissite. It is currently a raupo reedland wetland with common crack willow.As we did not have permission to access this site at the time of field surveyin 2007, we have only examined this site from the road and neighbouringproperty.This site has not been assessed in any previous assessment of ecologicalvalues of geothermal sites.References:Bromley & Mongillo 1991; Healy 1942; Hochstein 2005 & 2007; Mahon &Klyen 1968; Wildland Consultants 2007.© 2011445Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011446Contract Report No. 2348

TOV14Tokaanu Tailrace Canal0508 WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km!0 250 500 1,000m±!!Legend! (Crack willow)/raupo reedlandImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:5,0000 100200m

TOKAANU TAILRACE CANALSite Number: TOV14 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BH35 400 819GPS Reference:NZTM E1840064 N5681876Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:TaupoGeothermal Field:Tokaanu-Waihi-HipauaBioclimatic Zone:SubmontaneTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:c.360 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat:

along the northern bank, c.275 m downstream from the power house outlet.The site is near a basic boat launching pad. This time a minor thermalanomaly was found as indicated by near-shore water temperatures of c.18 o Calong a c.10 m long stretch; it was surrounded by water with ambienttemperatures of c.15.5 o C. In the centre of the anomalous stretch(approximately at E1840049 N5681375), water temperatures between 28 oand 29 o C were found at 0.3 m depth using a thermocouple device. Theanomalous temperatures were reproducible when the site was re-occupied.The site lies close to the northeast corner of an old test pond dredged in1969 to assess the danger of hydrothermal eruptions during excavation ofthe tailrace canal. The pond covered hot ground with boiling temperaturesat shallow depths (Hochstein and Prebble 2006).Indigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2007 Assessment):Species typical of geothermal wetland are present.None recorded. Common indigenous and introduced bird species typical ofthe habitats are likely to be present.Site is in a moderate condition and indigenous habitat has formed alongsideartificial tailrace canal.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2007 Assessment):Human impacts(2007 Assessment):Grazing(2007 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2007 Assessment):Crack willow (5-25% cover) is present near the site.The site occurs beside an artificial canal.The site is not grazed by stock.Canal; roads.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Not assessed as site is too small.In 1958 there was bare ground in the vicinity of the site (only a smallportion of this is likely to be geothermal). However the Tokaanu TailraceCanal (constructed in conjunction with the Tokaanu Power Station,commissioned in 1973) is likely to have flooded part of this site (Historicalphoto: SN 1099 Run A Photos 3, 1958), but it is not possible to determinethe extent of loss.Control of crack willow would enhance the ecological values of the site.Significance Level: Local (Table 1, Criterion 5; Table 2, Factor 19).SignificanceJustification:The site is of local significance as it comprises a small example of a habitatthat is nationally uncommon.© 2011449Contract Report No. 2348

Notes:More geothermal sites may be found alongside the canal if the site wassurveyed by boat, particularly when water levels are low.References: Bromley & Mongillo 1991; Hochstein & Prebble 2006; Hochstein 2007;Wildland Consultants 2004 & 2007a.© 2011450Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011451Contract Report No. 2348

1.15 TONGARIRO GEOTHERMAL FIELDList of Geothermal SitesTGV01TGV02TGV03TGV04Te Maari CratersKetetahiEmerald LakesRed Crater© 2011452Contract Report No. 2348

TGV01Te Maari Craters 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000m±LegendNonvegetated raw-soilfieldImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:5,0000 100200m

TE MAARI CRATERSSite Number: TGV01 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BH35 310 683GPS Reference:NZTM E1831000 N5668300Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:TongariroGeothermal Field:TongariroBioclimatic Zone:SubalpineTenure:Protected (Tongariro National Park)Altitude:c.1,525 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.4.9 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.4.9 haDate of Field Survey: 14 June 2011Code Type Landform Extent07.07 Lycopodiella-dominant fernland (not mapped)Crater face

Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Site in National Park, not farmed. Hares present near site and may visitoccasionally.Tongariro National Park (Remote Experience Zone). Occasionally visitedby trampers.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Unknown. Not previously assessed.Site change is not easily identified from historical photos (Historical photos:SN 1035 Run 2569 Photos 3-6, 1957; SN 1035 Run 2570 Photos 2-4,1957).Significance Level: International (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 5, 10; Table 2 - Factor 2)SignificanceJustification:Te Maari Crater is an internationally significant site because it is locatedwithin Tongariro National Park, which is a World Heritage Site. Thevegetation is of relatively low diversity but it is habitat of exceptionalquality, with no recorded pest plant species and few human-inducedimpacts.References: Wildland Consultants 2007© 2011455Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011456Contract Report No. 2348

TGV02Ketetahi 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10KmImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m±LegendNonvegetated raw-soilfield1:5,0000 100200m

Site Number: TGV02 1KETETAHIGrid Reference: NZTopo50 BH35 289 680GPS Reference:NZTM E1828935 N5667965Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:TongariroGeothermal Field:TongariroBioclimatic Zone:SubalpineTenure:Unprotected private landAltitude:c.1460 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.8.2 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.8.2 haDate of Field Survey:No field survey undertaken. Mapping is based on aerialphotograph and descriptions in Given (1995 & 1996). Thereare likely to be additional thermal sites nearby.Code Type Landform Extent28.0128.01.01Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldSilica crusts and fumaroles.Hillslope c.8.2 haIndigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2007 Assessment):Unknown. Not assessed in this survey.Unknown. No survey undertaken.Exceptional quality, few human impacts.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants:Human impacts:Grazing:Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):No significant pest plants known.About twenty years ago a walking track passed through this site and it was apopular bathing spot. Public access is now restricted, the walking track hasbeen relocated, and the site is now rarely visited by people. As aconsequence, it is likely that there are few human impacts.Not grazed. Surrounded by Tongariro National Park. Hares and deer arelikely to be present on margins on occasion.Tongariro National Park.1Previously identified as T19/15 in Wildland Consultants (2007).© 2011458Contract Report No. 2348

Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Unknown. Probably no significant change as the site is rarely visited.Natural changes to surface geothermal manifestations are likely.Apart from fluctuations in surface geothermal activity, little change to thissite is likely. Site change is not easily identified from historical photos(Historical; photos: SN 1035 Run 2569 Photos 3-6, 1957; SN 1035 Run2570 Photos 2-4, 1957).Unknown.Significance Level: National (Table 1 - Criteria 5, 9, 10; Table 2 - Factor 8)SignificanceJustification:Notes:Ketetahi Hot Springs is known to be a very good quality example of anationally uncommon habitat type.This site was described by Given 1995 as being highly unusual in having novegetation on the hot ground area, except for algal crusts on siliceous sitesnear fumaroles. Given (1995) states that it is an unusual site not replicatedelsewhere in the region, and highly unusual even in a botanical sense onaccount of its lack of any flowering plants, mosses or lichens.References: Given 1995 & 1996.Given (1996) gave this site a botanical ranking of „A‟ - the highest possibleranking.© 2011459Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011460Contract Report No. 2348

TGV03Emerald Lakes 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10KmImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved0 250 500 1,000m±LegendGeothermal waterNonvegetated raw-soilfield1:50000 100200m

EMERALD LAKESSite Number: TGV03 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BH35 297 651GPS Reference:NZTM E1829672 N5665082Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:TongariroGeothermal Field:TongariroBioclimatic Zone:SubalpineTenure:Protected (Tongaririo National Park)Altitude:c.1700 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.12.1 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.11.3 haDate of Field Survey: 14 June 2011Code Type Landform Extent22.0122.01.01Geothermal waterGeothermal waterThree geothermally influenced lakelets are included in thissite. Juncus bolbosus is present in the shallow margins.While the water temperature is cold, there is a stronggeothermal influence surrounding the lakes. The lakes are upto 4.5 m deep and have a pH of 3-5; their colour is caused byminerals, mainly fumarolic sulphur, entering the waterCrater lakes c.0.8 ha28.0128.01.01forming polysulphide ions (Williams 2001).Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldOccasional patches of Rytidosperma setifolium occuramongst otherwise unvegetated screefield.Crater wallsc.11.3 haIndigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2011 Assessment):Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):No ‘Threatened’ or ‘At Risk’ plant species are known to occur at this site.No ‘Threatened’ or ‘At Risk’ fauna species are known to use this site.While not botanically diverse, the lakes and surrounding geothermal habitatis of exceptional ecological quality, of high scientific value and highecological interest.The exotic rush Juncus bolbosus is present in at least the lower EmeraldLake.<strong>An</strong> internationally renowned walking track (Tongaririo Alpine Crossing)passes within close proximity to the Emerald Lakes, and track users haveaccess to the site. Occasional trampling of features and vegetation are themain human impacts.1Previously identified as T19/18 in Wildland Consultants (2007).© 2011 462 Contract Report No. 2348

Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):Grazing of domestic stock is not an issue at the Emerald Lakes (NationalPark and the site is not farmed). Introduced mammal impacts on this siteare likely to be minor.Tongariro National Park.Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:No known significant ecological change is known to have occurred at thissite in the last ten years.Site change is not easily identified from historical photos (Historical photos:SN 1035 Run 2569 Photos 3-6, 1957; SN 1035 Run 2570 Photos 2-4,1957). The site is under snow in these historical photographs. The authorsknow of no major change at this site in the last 50 years.None noted.Significance Level: International (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 5, 10; Table 2 - Factor 2)SignificanceJustification:Notes:Emerald Lakes is an internationally significant site because it is locatedwithin Tongariro National Park, which is a World Heritage Site.These lakes occur downslope of Red Crater. They comprise three explosionpits that have formed in the last 1,800 years (Williams 2001).References: Wildland Consultants 2007a; Williams 2001.© 2011463Contract Report No. 2348

© 2011464Contract Report No. 2348

TGV04Red Crater 0508WILDNZ www.wildlands.co.nz± ±0 2.5 5 10Km0 250 500 1,000m±LegendNonvegetated raw-soilfieldImagery sourced from Terralink International Limited (TIL) 2007 and is the property of TIL andthe Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Syndicate (WRAPS) 2007. Copyright Reserved.NZTOPO50/250, Crown Copyright Reserved1:5,0000 100200m

RED CRATERSite Number: TGV04 1Grid Reference: NZTopo50 BH35 292 648GPS Reference:NZTM E1829200 N5664800Local Authority:TaupoEcological District:TongariroGeothermal Field:TongariroBioclimatic Zone:Subalpine - AlpineTenure:Protected (Tongaririo National Park)Altitude:c. 1860 mExtent of Geothermal Habitat: c.0.7 haExtent of Geothermal Vegetation: c.0.7 haDate of Field Survey: 14 June 2011Code Type Landform Extent28.0128.01.01Nonvegetated raw-soilfieldNonvegetated raw-soilfieldBare heated scoria and soils. Fumarole present. Site viewedfrom the distance.Crater andcrater wallsc.0.7 haIndigenous Flora:Fauna:Current Condition(2011 Assessment):No „Threatened‟ or „At Risk‟ plant species are present.No „Threatened‟ or „At Risk‟ fauna species are present.The active Red Crater is located on the slopes of Mount Tongariro.Threats/Modification/Vulnerability:Invasive pest plants(2011 Assessment):Human impacts(2011 Assessment):Grazing(2011 Assessment):Adjoining land use(2011 Assessment):None known.Although near the Tongariro Alpine Crossing, the site is rarely visited andhuman impacts are negligible.Grazing is not an issue in the Crater, Tongariro National Park.Tongariro National Park.1Previously identified as T19/18 in Wildland Consultants (2007).© 2011466Contract Report No. 2348

Site Change:Recent change:Historical:ManagementRequirements:Unknown. Probably little change (see historical change below). The siteappears to have changed little in the last 20 years (Chris Bycroft pers.comm. 2011).Site change is not easily identified from historical photos (Historical photos:SN 1035 Run 2569 Photos 3-6, 1957; SN 1035 Run 2570 Photos 2-4,1957). Geothermal activity is likely to change through natural variationover time, but human impacts are likely to be negligible.None noted.Significance Level: International (Table 1 - Criteria 1, 5, 10; Table 2 - Factor 2)SignificanceJustification:Red Crater is an internationally significant site because it is located withinTongariro National Park, which is a World Heritage Site.© 2011467Contract Report No. 2348

APPENDIX 2SITES FOR WHICH FIELD INSPECTIONS WERE MADEAS PART OF THIS STUDYSite No.Site NameEcologicalDistrictYear of MostRecent FieldSurvey 1Horohoro Geothermal FieldHHV01 Horohoro Atiamuri 2003Waikite Geothermal FieldWAV01 Waikite Valley Atiamuri 2011 (part)WAV02 Northern Paeroa Range Atiamuri 2010Waiotapu Geothermal FieldWTV05 Waiotapu South Atiamuri 2004WTV04 Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Atiamuri 2004WTV03 Waiotapu North Atiamuri 2004WTV02 Ngapouri Atiamuri 2004WTV01 Maungaongaonga Atiamuri 2004Mokai Geothermal FieldMKV04 Paerata Rd Atiamuri 2011MKV03 Tirohanga Rd Atiamuri 2011MKV02 Waipapa Stream Atiamuri 2011MKV01 Whakamaru Atiamuri 2008Atiamuri Geothermal FieldATV02 Whangapoa Springs Atiamuri 2011ATV03 Matapan Rd Atiamuri 2011ATV01 Upper Atiamuri West Atiamuri 2007Te Kopia Geothermal FieldTKV06 Mangamingi Station Atiamuri 2010TKV02 Murphy's Springs Atiamuri 2010TKV03 Te Kopia Northwest Atiamuri 2010TKV05 Te Kopia Red Stream Atiamuri 2010TKV04 Te Kopia West Mud Pools Atiamuri 2010TKV01 Te Kopia Atiamuri 2004Orakeikorako Geothermal FieldOKV05 Akatarewa East Atiamuri 2011OKV03 Orakeikorako Atiamuri 2011OKV02 Akatarewa Stream Atiamuri 2007OKV04 Red Hills Atiamuri 2007OKV01 Waihunuhunu Atiamuri 2007Ngatamariki Geothermal FieldNMV02 Ngatamariki Atiamuri 2011NMV01 Waikato River Springs Atiamuri 2011Whangairorohea Geothermal FieldWGV01 Whangairorohea Atiamuri 2011Reporoa Geothermal FieldRPV02 Wharepapa Rd Atiamuri 2010RPV03 Golden Springs Atiamuri 2007RPV01 Longview Rd Atiamuri 2004Okaaki Geothermal FieldOHV02 Ohaaki Steamfield East Atiamuri 20111Date of most recent survey given. Some sites have been surveyed multiple times between 2000 and 2011.© 2011468Contract Report No. 2348

Site No.Site NameEcologicalDistrictYear of MostRecent FieldSurvey 1OHV01 Ohaaki Steamfield West Atiamuri 2011Wairakei-Tauhara Geothermal FieldTHV04 Broadlands Rd Atiamuri 2011THV06 Crown Rd Taupo 2011WKV01 Te Rautehuia Atiamuri 2011WKV02 Te Rautehuia Stream Atiamuri 2011WKV03 Upper Wairakei Stream (Geyser Valley) Atiamuri 2011WKV05Te Kiri O Hine Kai StreamAtiamuriCatchment/Wairoa Hill2011WKV09 Waipouwerawera Stream/Tukairangi Atiamuri 2011THV01 Otumuheke Atiamuri 2010THV07 Waipahihi Valley Taupo 2009WKV04 Wairakei Borefield Atiamuri 2007WKV06 Lower Wairakei Stream Atiamuri 2007THV03 Spa Thermal Park Atiamuri 2006THV05 Crown Park Taupo 2006WKV07 Karapiti Forest Atiamuri 2004WKV10 Craters of the Moon Atiamuri 2004WKV08 Hall of Fame Stream Atiamuri 2003Rotokawa Geothermal FieldRKV02 Lake Rotokawa Atiamuri 2004RKV01 Rotokawa North Atiamuri 2004Tokaanu-Waihi-Hipaua Geothermal FieldTOV10 Maunganamu East Taupo 2007TOV07 Maunganamu West Taupo 2007TOV14 Tokaanu Tailrace Canal Taupo 2007TOV08 Tokaanu Thermal Park Taupo 2007TOV09 Tokaanu Urupa Mud Pools Taupo 2007TOV03 to TOV06 Tokaanu Lakeshore Wetland Taupo 2007TOV02 Hipaua Tongariro 1999Tongariro Geothermal FieldTGV03 Emerald Lakes Tongariro 2011TGV02 Ketetahi Tongariro 2011TGV04 Red Crater Tongariro 2011TGV01 Te Maari Craters Tongariro 2011© 2011469Contract Report No. 2348

SITES FOR WHICH FIELD INSPECTIONS WERE NOTUNDERTAKEN AS PART OF THIS STUDYAPPENDIX 3No field inspection was carried out for the 20 known geothermal sites listed below. This wasdue to either the site being extremely small, with little to no geothermal vegetation known tobe present; or because landowner permission to access the site was withheld.Site NameLocationGrid Reference (NZTM)Geothermal FieldEcological DistrictVegetationNotesReferencesSite NameLocationGrid Reference (NZTM)Geothermal FieldEcological DistrictVegetation and SiteDescriptionReferencesSite NameLocationGrid Reference (NZTM)Geothermal FieldEcological DistrictVegetationNotesReferencesParekiri PoolTirohanga RoadE1853183 N5734523MokaiAtiamuriNo geothermal vegetation. Pool enclosed by dirt, concrete and woodenrailings.A small bathing pool securely fenced off. Wooden shed beside fence.Waikato Regional Council (undated).Atiamuri School SpringCorner SH30 and Ohakuri RoadE1867993 N5752733AtiamuriAtiamuriHighly modified spring surrounded by blackberry, that looks more like aculvert than a natural spring.Waikato Regional Council (undated).Mangatete StreamWaikite ValleyE1880300 N5746800Te KopiaAtiamuriNo geothermal vegetation present.Site inspected on 7 May 2004. No geothermal vegetation or activityfound within a kilometre upstream or downstream of the grid reference.The general area was also inspected from a vantage point hill on true leftof Mangatete Stream. The landowner did not know of any geothermalvegetation in this area.Spring-Rice (unpublished).Site NameLake Ohakuri/Tainui RoadLocationLake OhakuriGrid Reference (NZTM) E1877700 N5731800Geothermal Field NgatamarikiEcological District AtiamuriNotesA small hot spring and a number of warm seepages occur along the lakeedge. Not located during 2000 survey.References Ecroyd 1979b.© 2011470Contract Report No. 2348

Site NameLocationGrid Reference (NZTM)Geothermal FieldEcological DistrictVegetationNotesSite NameLocationGrid Reference (NZTM)Geothermal FieldEcological DistrictVegetationReferencesButcher‟s PoolBroadlands Road, ReporoaE1891750 N5738690 (estimate only)ReporoaAtiamuriNo geothermal vegetation.A small spring enclosed by man-made, wooden edges. Recreational use.MihiMangamingiNear: E1887950 N5734030OhaakiAtiamuriTepid spring in pasture behind haybarn.Waikato Regional Council (undated).Site NameKathleen SpringLocationTaupōGrid Reference (NZTM) E1869700 N5714500Geothermal Field Tauhara/TaupoEcological District TaupoVegetationGeothermal vegetation comprises less than 1 ha. Lycopodiella cernuapresent.NotesThis spring ceased flowing in 1997 and there was no further evidence offlow in 2009 according to Bromley et al. (2010).References Beadel & Bill 2000; Given 1989a.Site NameWaihi Geothermal siteLocationWaihi Village, Lake TaupoGrid Reference (NZTM) E1837824 N5685065 (estimate only)Geothermal Field TokaanuEcological District TaupoVegetationPresence, extent and composition of geothermal vegetation is not known.NotesMore than a dozen small springs discharging hot water along a c.0.7 kmstretch of the Waihi foreshore following the main fracture zone of theWaihi Fault. Some areas of geothermal vegetation is mapped in this reportin the Hipaua site (TOV02). It is likely that there are additional areas ofgeothermal vegetation that are not mapped in the Hipaua site, howeverpermission to access this site was not granted in 2011.References Bromley and Mongillo 1991 cited in Hochstein 2005; Hochstein 2005.Site NameSouthern StreamLocationTurangiGrid Reference (NZTM) E1839428 N5682165 (estimate only)Geothermal Field TokaanuEcological District TongariroVegetationPresence, extent and composition of geothermal vegetation is not known.Notes Permission to access this site was not granted in 2011.References Bromley and Mongillo 1991 cited in Hochstein 2005.© 2011471Contract Report No. 2348

Site NameToputomatua StreamLocationTurangiGrid Reference (NZTM) E1838631 N5677862 (estimate only)Geothermal Field TokaanuEcological District TongariroVegetationPresence, extent and composition of geothermal vegetation is not known.Notes Permission to access this site was not granted in 2011.References Bromley and Mongillo 1991 cited in Hochstein 2005.Site NameLocationGrid Reference (NZTM)Geothermal FieldEcological DistrictVegetationSite NameLocationGrid Reference (NZTM)Geothermal FieldEcological DistrictVegetationNotesReferencesSite NameLocationGrid Reference (NZTM)Geothermal FieldEcological DistrictVegetationNotesReferencesSite NameLocationGrid Reference (NZTM)Geothermal FieldEcological DistrictVegetationNotesReferencesNgauruhoe CraterTongariro National Park, Mount NgauruhoeE1827400 N5662500TongaririoTongaririoNo geothermal vegetation present.Mokena GeyserTe ArohaNear E1839920 N5841305Te ArohaHinueraSurrounded by concrete. No vegetation present, geothermal or otherwise.<strong>An</strong> artificial geyser located within the grounds of the Mokena private spabaths. Water temperature c.90ºC.Waikato Regional Council (undated).Waitoa SpringWaitoaE1828164 N5845856WaitoaHinueraSpring in pasture. No geothermal vegetation present.Located beside a farm drain. Water c.50ºC.Waikato Regional Council (undated).Opal BathsOkauiaE1850008 N5841305OkauiaHinueraBathing pools. No geothermal vegetation present.Pools constructed for commercial, recreational use. Water c.40ºC.Waikato Regional Council (undated).© 2011472Contract Report No. 2348

Site NameLocationGrid Reference (NZTM)Geothermal FieldEcological DistrictVegetationNotesReferencesSite NameLocationGrid Reference (NZTM)Geothermal FieldEcological DistrictVegetationNotesReferencesSite NameLocationGrid Reference (NZTM)Geothermal FieldEcological DistrictVegetationNotesReferencesOkoroire SpringOkoroireE1846375 N5795776OkoroireHinueraBathing pools. No geothermal vegetation present.Natural spring around/beside which concrete pools have been constructedfor commercial, recreational use (two pools).Waikato Regional Council (undated).Miranda Hot PoolsWaitakaruruE1806963 N5879559MirandaHaurakiNo geothermal vegetation present.A spring contained by a metal shaft on a lawn behind the camping groundshop/office. Water c.50ºC.Waikato Regional Council (undated).Kerepehi SpringKerepehiE1823825 N5873435 (estimate only)KerepehiHaurakiSpring in pasture. No geothermal vegetation present.Water is c.40ºC and escapes from pipe with variable pressure. Locatedon the far side of Paddock 76 from the race (on the boundary with theneighbouring farm).Waikato Regional Council (undated).Site NameWaingaro Hot PoolsLocationWaingaroGrid Reference (NZTM) E1776332 N5826606Geothermal Field WaingaroEcological District RaglanVegetationBathing pools. No geothermal vegetation present.Notes Pools constructed for commercial, recreational use. Fed by a boreopposite the entrance to the hot pools. Water c.50ºC.ReferencesWaikato Regional Council (undated).Site NameLocationGrid Reference (NZTM)Geothermal FieldEcological DistrictVegetationNotesReferencesNaike (Te Maire) SpringNaikeE1771803 N5848022NaikeRaglanPool in pasture. Vegetation not assessed.Pool bank is a little unstable. Water c.45ºC.Waikato Regional Council (undated).© 2011473Contract Report No. 2348

Site NameLocationGrid Reference (NZTM)Geothermal FieldEcological DistrictVegetationReferencesHot Water BeachCoromandelNear: E1851525 N5913975Not knownTairuaHot water seepage on beach. No geothermal vegetation present.Waikato Regional Council (undated).© 2011474Contract Report No. 2348

APPENDIX 4NOTES ON THE VASCULAR FLORA OF GEOTHERMAL AREASDistinctive vegetation types are a characteristic feature of geothermal areas. There are two categoriesof characteristic geothermal species; those which are restricted to geothermal sites, and those whichhave dispersed into geothermal sites because the habitat mimics aspects of the usual habitat of thespecies (Given 1995). Prostrate kanuka is the best known example of a plant restricted to geothermalareas, and the moss Campylopus capillaceus, is another example which may be virtually an obligategeothermal species (Given 1995). Plants which occur in geothermal sites because the habitat mimicsthat of their usual habitat, include plants of warmer climates which occur in regions generallyrecognised as being outside the climatic range of the species. In these cases, the geothermal heatcreates a microclimate warmer than that of adjacent non-geothermal areas. In New Zealand, manytropical and temperate ferns and fern allies fall within this category (Given 1995).FERNS AND FERN ALLIESCheilanthes sieberi: New Zealand, Australia, and New Caledonia. More commonly found in coastalsites, it is currently known from three sites in the Waikato Region: Waikite Valley, Craters of theMoon, and Akatarewa East.Threatened species ranking 1 : Not threatened.Plate 99: Cheilanthes sieberi at Craters of the Moon, August 2007.Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”): North Island, Kermadec Islands, and probably also in tropicsand subtropics of the old world. Apparently distinct from C. dentata, which also occurs in NewZealand, by its shorter rhizome and smaller frond but its taxonomic status is not yet determined(Brownsey & Smith-Dodsworth 2000) in the North Island. In the central North Island it only occursin geothermal areas. These geothermal populations are the southern limit for this taxon in the world.Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) is currently known from 14 sites in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, withten of these sites in the Waikato Region. Several populations have less than ten plants present and arevery vulnerable to extinction (e.g. Hall of Fame Stream and Waikato River Springs). Three sites have1From de Lange et al. 2009.© 2011475Contract Report No. 2348

a declining population ofChristella aff. dentata (“thermal”)(Akatarewa Stream, GoldenSprings and Otumuheke Stream),while the populations at Waikiteappear to be immediatelythreatened by the marked increaseof blackberry scrub around streammargins and stock access to drainsand waterways. One site, LowerWairakei Stream, has had apopulation increase since thesurvey of Merrett and Burns(1999), although this population isvulnerable to the clearance ofstream margins and to any increasein density of blackberry at the site.There are six populations withc.50 or more plants present -Waipapa Stream, Red Hills,Waihunuhunu, Murphys Farm, andWaikite; the largest population in New Zealand occurs at Waimangu-Rotomahana in the Bay ofPlenty Region (Bycroft and Beadel 2007). These sites are key sites for the conservation of this taxonin the North Island. There are previous records from a further four sites in the Taupō Volcanic Zonein the Waikato Region (Tokaanu Thermal Park, Te Kiri O Hine Kai Stream Catchment/Wairoa Hill,Upper Wairakei Stream, and Kathleen Springs), but it is presumed to be extinct from these sites.Threatened species ranking 1 : At Risk-Declining.Cyclosorus interruptus: Pantropical. This species is found in the North Island in New Zealand; andalso in Australia, south-east Asia,and the Pacific. In the North Islandit is confined to geothermal areas inthe Taupo Volcanic Zone andcoastal areas from Kawhia andTauranga northwards (Brownseyand Smith-Dodsworth 2000). Thepopulations that occur in geothermalareas are the southern limit for thisPlate 101: Cyclosorus interruptus at Waihunuhunu, 2007.Plate 100: Christella aff. dentata (“thermal”) alongsideOtamakokore Stream, Waikite, May 2007.species in the world. Where itoccurs in geothermal influencedsites it is present near geothermalhot springs, geothermally heatedstream margins, geothermalwetlands, and steam vents.In the Waikato Region it is knownfrom eight sites in the following fivegeothermal fields; Waikite, Waiotapu, Orakeikorako, Ngatamariki, Wairakei-Tauhara. The species isthought have become extinct at four geothermal sites in the last 40 years (Bycroft and Beadel 2007).Threatened species ranking 1 : At Risk-Declining.1From de Lange et al. 2009.© 2011476Contract Report No. 2348

Dicranopteris linearis: Pantropical. In New Zealand it is confined to geothermal habitats of theTaupo Volcanic Zone, North Island, where it occurs in prostrate kanuka scrub and shrubland, and alsoother scrub, shrubland and fernland habitats around heated water (hot springs and geothermallyheatedstreams), andgeothermally heated soils.Several populations are presentin forest nearby geothermal sites(e.g. Te Kopia and Ngatamariki).These populations in geothermalareas are the southern limit forthis species in the world.Elsewhere it is widespread in thetropics and subtropics (Brownseyand Smith-Dodsworth 2000). Itis known from c.24 sites in theWaikato Region; however 12 ofthese populations are very small.It is present in the followinggeothermal fields; Waikite,Waiotapu, Te Kopia,Orakeikorako, Ngatamariki,Plate 102: Dicranopteris linearis at Maungaongaonga.Ohaaki, Wairakei-Tauhara andRotokawa. The most important populations in terms of size for this species at geothermal sites in theWaikato Region occur at Te Kopia, Orakeikorako, Red Hills, Te Kiri O Hine Kai StreamCatchment/Wairoa Hill, and Craters of the Moon.Threatened species ranking 1 : At Risk-Naturally Uncommon.Hypolepis dicksonioides: In New Zealand it is known from Kermadec Islands, North Island andSouth Island (Brownsey and Smith-Dodsworth), as well as the Chatham Islands (NZPCN website:accessed 4 May 2007). Outside New Zealand it is known from Norfolk Island, Samoa, Tahiti, and theMarquesas Islands (Brownsey and Smith-Dodsworth 2000). It is occasionally found in coastal areasof Northland and the Bay ofPlenty, and very locally incoastal localities fromWairarapa to Cook Strait andnorth-west Nelson(Brownsey and Smith-Dodsworth 2000). In NewZealand it is also found ingeothermal habitat of theTaupo Volcanic Zone, whereit favours light soils ordisturbed ground on forestmargins, or streams andditches (Brownsey andSmith-Dodsworth 2000).Known from threegeothermal sites in theWaikato Region. Hypolepisdicksonioides is probablynaturally rare at geothermalsites in the Waikato Region.Plate 103: Hypolepis dicksonioides alongside Otamakokore Stream,downstream of Corbett Road bridge, May 2007.It is a naturally short-lived, somewhat ephemeral, opportunistic species, which requires disturbance tocreate fresh habitats to colonise. It also is known from three geothermal sites in the Bay of PlentyRegion (Wildland Consultants 2005). However, all populations at geothermal sites are of botanical© 2011477Contract Report No. 2348

interest as they often occur at sites outside its normal altitudinal range. The three Waikatopopulations in geothermal sites (Otumuheke Stream, Waipahihi Valley, and Waikite) are vulnerableto competition with pest plants (particularly blackberry).Threatened species ranking: At Risk-Naturally Uncommon.Lycopodiella cernua: Pantropical and warm temperate. In New Zealand this species usually occursat coastal sites, or at geothermal sites where it is a characteristic feature. This species is common atgeothermal sites throughout the Waikato Region. A new population was found in Te Maari Crater inJune 2011.Threatened species ranking 1 : Not threatened.Plate 104: Lycopodiella cernua at Te Maari Craters, June 2011.Nephrolepis flexuosa (native ladder fern: distinct from N. cordifolia): This indigenous species isknown with certainty from New Zealand, Raoul, Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands, and also Fiji andRarotonga. This species may also be present in Samoa and Sri Lanka, and it is probably wide rangingthroughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It may also be in Australia. Abundant in coastal forest andscrub on Raoul Island, otherwise inNew Zealand confined to the NorthIsland where it is only known fromactive geothermal fields fromKawerau, Rotorua Lakes District toPlate 105: Nephrolepis flexuosa at Waihunuhunu, 2007.Lake Taupo. It reaches a worldsouthern limit at Tokaanu nearTurangi (NZPCN website: accessed4 May 2007). Its main habitatswithin geothermal sites are banksalongside stream margins, steamvents and geothermally heated soilsusually in scrub, shrubland, andfernland. It is known from c.15 sitesin the Waikato Region. The mostimportant populations for theconservation of Nephrolepisflexuosa in the Waikato Region are Waihunuhunu Geothermal Area (where it is common along theentire length of the unnamed geothermal stream), Upper Wairakei Stream, and Te Kiri O Hine KaiCatchment/Wairoa Hill. There is also a large population of this species at Waimangu-Rotomahana in© 2011478Contract Report No. 2348

the Bay of Plenty Region. Several populations are small (several clumps only) and could bevulnerable to extinction. The population at Otumuheke Stream has declined since the 2004 survey,following restoration works at Otumuheke Stream mouth.Threatened species ranking 1 : At Risk-Declining.Psilotum nudum: Pantropical. Coastal northern New Zealand, and geothermal sites in the centralNorth Island - Bay of Plenty. It is known from nine geothermal sites in New Zealand, three of thesein the Waikato Region.Threatened species ranking 1 : Not threatened.Schizaea bifida (forked comb fern): New Zealand (North and South Islands), also Australia andNew Caledonia. Local throughout New Zealand, present in geothermal areas in the central NorthIsland, including at least two sites in the Waikato Region.Threatened species ranking 1 : Not threatened.Schizaea dichotoma: Pantropical. Kauri forests of Northland and South Auckland, and locally atgeothermal sites in the central North Island - Bay of Plenty. Known from three sites in the WaikatoRegion.Threatened species ranking 1 : At Risk-Naturally Uncommon.Thelypteris confluens: Commonnames are swamp fern, marsh fern,and swamp lady fern (Brownsey andSmith-Dodsworth). This species iffound in the North Island of NewZealand, and it is widely distributedfrom Africa to Australia. Its NorthIsland distribution is from Te Paki inthe north to the Waitakare in thewest, and Bay of Plenty in the east.It is mostly found in coastalwetlands, but extends inland towetlands near geothermal sites. 2 Ithas been recorded from twogeothermal sites in the WaikatoRegion. These are Waikite WildlifeManagement Reserve, where twosmall populations are present(Bycroft and Beadel 2007), andWaihunuhunu. Although it has notbeen seen at this latter site in recent surveys, it is probably still present.Threatened species ranking:At Risk-Declining.Plate 106: Thelypteris confluens at Waikite WildlifeManagement Reserve.DICOTYLEDONOUS TREES AND SHRUBSKorthalsella salicornioides: New Zealand endemic. A semi-parasitic, dwarf mistletoe which growson a variety of hosts. It is known from at Maungaongaonga, Te Kopia, and Tokaanu Thermal Park inthe Waikato Region.Threatened species ranking 1 : <strong>An</strong> „At Risk‟ species classed as „Naturally Uncommon‟.12From de Lange et al. 2009.http://nzpcn.org.nz: Accessed 19 September 2011.© 2011479Contract Report No. 2348

Kunzea ericoides var. microflora (prostrate kanuka): New Zealand endemic. Prostrate kanuka isrestricted to geothermal sites in the central North Island, and appears to be a distinct ecotype adaptedto shallow warm soils.Threatened species ranking 1 : At Risk-Naturally Uncommon.Plate 107: Prostrate kanuka scrub atCraters of the Moon, August 2007.SEDGESFimbristylis velata: Pantropical. In New Zealand it occurs occasionally at northern coastal andgeothermal sites. Known from one geothermal site in the Waikato Region (also occurs at LakeWhangape in the Waikato Region).Threatened species ranking 1 : At Risk-Naturally Uncommon.MONOCOTYLEDONOUS HERBSTriglochin striata (arrow grass): InNew Zealand, generally a coastal specieswhich occasionally occurs inland. Knownfrom at least six geothermal sites in theWaikato Region from the followinggeothermal fields; Waikite, Waiotapu,Ngatamariki, Reporoa, Ohaaki, andWaiarakei-Tauhara.Threatened species ranking 1 : Notthreatened.Plate 108: Arrow grass (Triglochin striata) atWaikite Valley, February 2011.© 2011480Contract Report No. 2348

ORCHIDSCalochilus paludosus (brown bearded orchid): Australia and New Zealand. Currently known fromseveral sites in New Zealand, including areas of geothermally heated ground. Recorded from twogeothermal sites in the Waikato Region.Threatened species ranking 1 : At Risk-Naturally Uncommon.Calochilus robertsonii (red bearded orchid): Australia and New Zealand. Recorded from 15-20coastal and geothermal sites in New Zealand, including three geothermal sites in the Waikato Regionin the Waiotapu, Te Kopia, and Rotokawa Geothermal Fields.Threatened species ranking 1 : At Risk-Naturally Uncommon.Prasophyllum pumilum (leek orchid): Australia and New Zealand. Recorded from coastal andinland sites in the northern half of the North Island, including one geothermal site in the WaikatoRegion.Threatened species ranking 1 : Not threatened.1From de Lange et al. 2009.© 2011481Contract Report No. 2348

APPENDIX 5BIOCLIMATIC ZONES (SOURCE: LEATHWICK ET AL. 1995)Refer to the broad distribution of vegetation zones along both altitudinal and coastal to inlandgradients where a particular climatic regime dictates the character of the natural ecosystem.Bioclimatic zones used were based on the published definitions of Meurk (1984), but withone further subdivision, and with the addition of a coastal zone to delineate thoseenvironments which are typified by frequent windblown salt and a marked reduction in theseverity of frost. The zones are described below:Coastal Less than 1 km from the coast, and with altitude less than 300 m.LowlandSubmontaneMontaneSubalpineExtending from the coastal zone up to an altitude of 300 m = the warmtemperatezone of Meurk (1984).Extending from 300 m to 800 m altitude = the warmer part of the CoolTemperate zone of Meurk (1984).Extending from 800 m to 1300 m altitude = the cooler part of the CoolTemperate zone of Meurk (1984).Extending from 1,300 m to 1,800 m = the Subantarctic zone of Meurk(1984).Alpine Extending upwards from 1,800 m = the Low <strong>An</strong>tarctic zone of Meurk (1984).© 2011482Contract Report No. 2348

APPENDIX 6HABITATS FOR GEOTHERMAL VEGETATION(SOURCE: MERRETT & CLARKSON 1999)Heated GroundGeothermal WetlandsCooled Hydrothermally-Altered SoilsAtmospheric InfluenceGeothermally heated soils generally have temperaturesabove 20 C at 10 cm depth and increasing with depth.Permanently or intermittently wet areas, shallow water, orland water margins that support a natural ecosystem ofplants adapted to wet conditions, and in which some or all ofthe water is geothermally sourced.Habitats where geothermal heating has ceased, but thechemically altered soils restrict plant colonization anddiversity. These habitats include inactive craters andsolfataras, old sinter pavements, and dried mud pools.Habitats subject to (a) regular toxic gas emissions to theextent that vegetation growth is negatively influenced(e.g. White Island), or (b) a warm micro-climate created byhot-springs discharge (e.g. the fern Christella aff. dentata(“thermal”) occurs along the margins of hot streams wherethe atmosphere is influenced by steam).© 2011483Contract Report No. 2348

APPENDIX 7VEGETATION CLASSES (DEFINITIONS FOR THOSE CLASSESUSED IN THIS REPORT) (SOURCE: ATKINSON, 1985)Bambooland Vegetation in which the cover of bamboo in the canopy is 20-100% and in whichthe bamboo cover exceeds that of any other growth form or bare ground.Boulderfield Land in which the area of unconsolidated bare boulders (>200 mm diameter)exceeds the area covered by any one class of plant growth form. Boulderfieldsare named from the leading species when plant cover ≥ 1%.Cushionfield Vegetation in which the cover of cushion plants in the canopy is 20-100% and inwhich the cushion plant cover exceeds that of any other growth form or bareground. Cushion plants include herbaceous, semi-woody and woody plants withshort densely packed branches and closely spaced leaves that together formdense hemispherical cushions. The growth form occurs in all species of Donatia,Gaimardia, Hectorella, Oreobulus, and Phyllachne as well as in some species ofAciphylla, Celmisia, Centrolepis, Chionohebe, Colobanthus, Dracophyllum,Drapetes, Haastia, Leucogenes, Luzula, Myosotis, Poa, Raoulia andScleranthus.FernlandFlaxlandForestVegetation in which the cover of ferns in the canopy is 20-100% and in whichthe fern cover exceeds that of any other growth form or bare ground. Treeferns >10 cm dbh are excluded as trees (cf. forest).Vegetation in which the cover of flax in the canopy is 20-100% and in which theflax cover exceeds that of any other growth form or bare ground.Woody vegetation in which the cover of trees and shrubs in the canopy is>80% and in which tree cover exceeds that of shrubs. Trees are woody plants>10 cm dbh. Tree ferns >10 cm dbh are treated as trees.Geothermal water 1Areas where 100% of the ground is covered by geothermally sourced waterwhere geothermal water means water heated within the earth by naturalphenomena to a temperature of 30 0 C or more; and includes all steam, water,and water vapour, and every mixture of all or any of them that has been heatedby natural phenomena.GrasslandHerbfieldVegetation in which the cover of grass in the canopy is 20-100% and in whichthe grass cover exceeds that of any other growth form or bare ground.Tussock-grasses are excluded from the grass growth-form.Vegetation in which the cover of herbs in the canopy is 20-100% and in whichthe herb cover exceeds that of any other growth form or bare ground. Herbs1Definition from Waikato Regional Council Regional Plan.© 2011484Contract Report No. 2348

include all herbaceous and low-growing semi-woody plants that are notseparated as ferns, tussocks, grasses, sedges, rushes, reeds, cushion plants,mosses or lichens.Loamfield/peatfieldLand in which the area of loam and/or peat exceeds the area covered by anyone class of plant growth form. The appropriate name is given depending onwhether loam or peat form the greater part of the ground surface. Loamfieldsand peatfields are named from the leading species when plant cover ≥ 1%.LichenfieldMossfieldVegetation in which the cover of lichens in the canopy is 20-100% and in whichthe lichen cover exceeds that of any other growth form or bare ground.Vegetation in which the cover of mosses in the canopy is 20-100% and in whichthe moss cover exceeds that of any other growth form or bare ground.Nonvegetated Raw-soilfieldAreas bare of vegetation that are too hot to support plant life, are cooled buthydrothermally altered, sinter pavements, or are subjected to regular mudejection or gas emission that prevent colonisation and establishment of plants.These areas are often small scale, and may not be visible on aerialphotographs.- Very hot soils are often associated with steam vents and/or boiling mudcraters, and soil temperatures at 10 cm depth are usually >90 o C.- Hydrothermally altered soils often occur where geothermal expression hasceased, e.g., dried mud craters, that result in soils with unusual chemicalcomposition.- Vigorously boiling mud pools and craters that regularly eject hot mudaround their margins effectively prevents plant colonisation. In cases wheretoxic gas is emitted, vegetation is either absent, or if present, killed.ReedlandRocklandSandfieldVegetation in which the cover of reeds in the canopy is 20-100% and in whichthe reed cover exceeds that of any other growth form or open water. Reeds areherbaceous plants growing in standing or slowly-running water that have tall,slender, erect, unbranched leaves or culms that are either hollow or have a veryspongy pith. Examples include Typha, Bolboschoenus, Schoenoplectustabernaemontani, Eleocharis sphacelata, and Baumea articulata.Land in which the area of residual bare rock exceeds the area covered by anyone class of plant growth-form. They are named from the leading plantspecies when plant cover ≥1% e.g. [koromiko] rockland.Land in which the area of bare sand (0.02-2 mm diameter) exceeds the areacovered by any one class of plant growth form. Dune vegetation oftenincludes sandfields which are named from the leading species when plantcover ≥1%.Scrub Woody vegetation in which the cover of shrubs and trees in the canopy is >80%and in which shrub cover exceeds that of trees (cf. forest). Shrubs are woodyplants

SedgelandShrublandVegetation in which the cover of sedges in the canopy is 20-100% and in whichthe sedge cover exceeds that of any other growth form or bare ground. Includedin the sedge growth form are many species of Carex, Uncinia, Isolepis, andBolboschoenus. Tussock-sedges and reed-forming sedges (cf. reedland) areexcluded.Vegetation in which the cover of shrubs in the canopy is 20-80% and in whichthe shrub cover exceeds that of any other growth form or bare ground. It issometimes useful to separate tussock-shrublands as a sub-class for areas wheretussocks are >20% but less than shrubs. (Note: the term scrubland is not used inthis classification.)Stonefield/gravelfieldLand in which the area of unconsolidated bare stones (20-200 mm diameter)exceeds the area covered by any one class of plant growth form. Theappropriate name is given depending on whether stones or gravel form thegreater part of the ground surface. Stonefields are named from the leadingspecies when plant cover ≥1%.Vegetation TypeA term which includes the dominant canopy species and structural class of anarea of vegetation, e.g. rimu/tawa-kamahi forest, Isolepis nodosa/ Muehlenbeckiacomplexa sedge-vineland.In addition, cover values and tiers are included, i.e.(tawa)(rimu)/tawatawa-hinaumosaicless than 5% cover of the bracketed speciesindicates less than 5% cover of rimu emergent over a canopy oftawaindicates tawa and hinau occur in the same tierVinelandVegetation in which the cover of unsupported (or artificially supported) woodyvines in the canopy is 20-100% and in which the cover of these vines exceedsthat of any other growth form or bare ground. Vegetation containing woodyvines that are supported by trees or shrubs is classified as forest, scrub orshrubland. Examples of woody vines occur in the genera Actinidia, Clematis,Lonicera, Metrosideros, Muehlenbeckia, Ripogonum, Vitis and others.© 2011486Contract Report No. 2348

APPENDIX 8ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLSc. approximately; aboutDOChamDepartment of Conservationhectaremetre/ separates various tiers of the vegetation in the type descriptions- links plants in the same tier( ) less than 5% cover of the bracketed speciesmosaicIRInfra red (used for finding hot spots in the ground that may indicate geothermalactivity)© 2011487Contract Report No. 2348

APPENDIX 9COMMON PLANT NAMES USED IN TEXTAfrican feather grassagapanthusaloeappleannual poaarrow bambooarrow grassAustralian fireweedbarberrybeggars’ ticksbishop pineblack nightshadeblack pineblack wattleblackberrybrackenbroombrowntopbuddleiabuffalo grassCalifornian thistlecatsearChinese privetcleaversclimbing rosecocksfootcommon aldercrack willowcreeping bentcreeping buttercupDouglas firdwarf mistletoeeucalyptusEuropean larchfalse acaciafeijoafleabanefoxglovegorsegrapegreater bindweedgrey willowharakekeheatherCenchrus macrourusAgapanthus praecoxAloe sp.Malus domesticaPoa annuaPseudosasa japonicaTriglochin striataSenecio bipinnatisectusBerberis glaucocarpaBidens frondosaPinus muricataSolanum nigrumPinus nigraAcacia mearnsiiRubus sp. (R. fruticosus agg.)rarahu; Pteridium esculentumCytisus scopariusAgrostis capillarisBuddleja davidiiStenotaphrum secundatumCirsium arvenseHypochoeris radicataLigustrum sinenseGalium aparineRosa sp.Dactylis glomerataAlnus glutinosaSalix fragilisAgrostis stoloniferaRanunculus repensPseudotsuga menziesiiKorthalsella salicornioidesEucalyptus sp.Larix deciduarobinia; black locust; Robinia pseudoacaciaFeijoa sellowianaConyza sumatrensisDigitalis purpureaUlex europaeusVitis viniferaCalystegia silvaticaSalix cinereaflax, Phormium tenaxCalluna vulgaris© 2011 488 Contract Report No. 2348

Himalayan honeysucklehoroekahound’s tongue fernIndian doabinkweedivyJapanese cedarJapanese honeysucklekahikateakamahikanukakaramukiokiokohuhukoromikoLawson’s cypresslodgepole pinelotuslupinmacrocarpamahoemakomakomamakumanukamapoumaritime pineMercer grassmingimingimintmonoaomontbretiaMontpellier broomnarrow-leaved carpet grassnarrow-leaved plantainoakoioiornamental cherryoliveovens wattlepampaspaspalumpatotaraplumpohuepongapoplarprairie grassprickly mingimingiprostrate kanukaradiata pineLeycesteria formosalancewood, Pseudopanax crassifoliuskowaowao; Microsorum pustulatumCynodon dactylonPhytolacca octandraHedera helixCryptomeria japonicaLonicera japonicaDacrycarpus dacrydioidesWeinmannia racemosaKunzea ericoidesCoprosma robustaBlechnum novae-zelandiaePittosporum tenuifoliumHebe stricta var. strictaChamaecyparis lawsonianacontorta pine; Pinus contortaLotus pedunculatusLupinus arboreusCupressus macrocarpaMelicytus ramiflorus subsp. ramifloruswineberry, Aristotelia serrataCyathea medullarisLeptospermum scoparium agg.Myrsine australisPinus pinasterPaspalum distichumLeucopogon fasciculatusMentha sp.Dracophyllum subulatumCrocosmia crocosmiifloraTeline monspessulanaAxonopus fissifoliusPlantago lanceolatumQuercus sp.Apodasmia similisPrunus sp.Olea sp.Acacia pravissimaCortaderia selloanaPaspalum dilatatumLeucopogon fraseriPrunus ×domesticaCalystegia sepium subsp. roseatasilver fern; Cyathea dealbataPopulus sp.Bromus willdenowiiLeptecophylla juniperina subsp. juniperinaKunzea ericoides var. microfloraPinus radiata© 2011 489 Contract Report No. 2348

agwortrauporeed sweetgrassrewarewarhododendronrimuScotch thistlesea rushsheep’s sorrelshaking brakesilver birchSpanish heathstrawberry treestrobus pineswamp kiokioswamp milletsweet vernaltall fescuetall willow herbTasmanian blackwoodtawiniwiniti koukatoatoatorutotaratradescantiatree lucernetree privetturutututuumbrella sedgewater purslanewater lilywhauwhaupakuwheki-pongawhekiwhite cloverwild portulacawild seradellayarrowYorkshire fogyuccaJacobaea vulgarisTypha orientalisGlyceria maximaKnightia excelsaRhododendron sp.Dacrydium cupressinumCirsium vulgareJuncus kraussii var. australiensisRumex acetosellaturawera, Pteris tremulaBetula pendulaErica lusitanicaArbutus unedoPinus strobusBlechnum minusIsachne globosa<strong>An</strong>thoxanthum odoratumSchedonorus arundinaceusEpilobium ciliatumAcacia melanoxylonGaultheria antipodacabbage tree; Cordyline australisPhyllocladus toatoaToronia toruPodocarpus totara var. totaraTradescantia fluminensisChamaecytisus palmensisLigustrum lucidumDianella nigraCoriaria arborea var. arboreaCyperus eragrostisLudwigia palustrisNymphaea albafivefinger; Pseudopanax arboreusDicksonia fibrosaDicksonia squarrosaTrifolium repensPortulaca oleraceaOrnithopus perpusillusAchillea millefoliumHolcus lanatusYucca sp.© 2011 490 Contract Report No. 2348

APPENDIX 10UPDATED* WAIKATO REGIONAL COUNCIL CRITERIA FOR THE EVALUATION OFINDIGENOUS VEGETATION AND HABITATS OF INDIGENOUS FAUNA* Criterion 3 is updated to reflect the revised threat classification system of Townsend et al. (2008).Complete Column E only if you need to determine level of significance.A. CriteriaB. Definitions and FurtherInformationC. LikelyInformation 1SourcesD. Response(Yes? No?Not Sure?)E. If Yes, provide the informationrequested below to assist withdetermining level of significanceSITE PROTECTED ORASSESSED PREVIOUSLY1 It is indigenous vegetationor habitat that has beenspecially set aside bystatute or covenant forprotection andpreservation, unless thesite can be shown to meetnone of Criteria 3-11.This may include sites protected underthe Conservation Act, ResourceManagement Act, or with QEII orNWR.The assumption inherent in thiscriterion is that legally protected areashave been assessed and deemedworthy of protection. Therefore suchsites are assumed to be significantunless challenged, in which case thechallenger would have to show that thesite does not meet criteria 3-11.DOC, EW,NWR, QEII,TLA.Y / N / NSWhat type of legally protected area is it?E.g. Scenic Reserve, National Park, QEIICovenant._________________________________1CE = Consultant Ecologist, CRI= Crown Research Institute e.g. Landcare Research or National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), DOC =Department of Conservation, EW = Environment Waikato , NHF = Nature Heritage Fund, NWR = Nga Whenua Rahui, P = Published reports or maps, QEII = QEIINational Trust, TLA = Territorial Local Authority (district or city council), UW = University of Waikato..© 2011491Contract Report No. 2348

A. CriteriaB. Definitions and FurtherInformationC. LikelyInformation 1SourcesD. Response(Yes? No?Not Sure?)E. If Yes, provide the informationrequested below to assist withdetermining level of significance2 It is indigenous vegetationor habitat recommendedfor protection by theNature Heritage Fund orNga Whenua Rahuicommittees, or the QueenElizabeth the SecondNational Trust Board ofDirectors, unless the sitecan be shown to meetnone of Criteria 3-11.Assumption is as above.NHF, NWR,QEIIY / N / NSWhat type of legal protection has beenrecommended?RARE / DISTINCTIVEFEATURES3 It is vegetation or habitatthat is currently habitatfor indigenous species orassociations ofindigenous species thatare;Classed as„Threatened‟ or „At Risk‟ inthe New Zealand ThreatClassification System, orClassed as „DataDeficient‟ in the NewZealand ThreatClassification System, orendemic to the WaikatoRegion, orSpecies that are Threatened‟, „At Risk‟or „Data Deficient‟ are indigenousspecies that have been evaluated andplaced within categories under theNew Zealand Threat ClassificationSystem.Endemic to the Waikato Region,means currently only occurs naturallywithin the Waikato Region.CE, CRI, DOC,EWY / N / NSList the „Threatened‟, „At Risk‟ or „DataDeficient‟ species and their classification_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________List any „Threatened‟, „At Risk‟ or „DataDeficient‟ species that use the site whichare international migrants.__________________________________________________________________List any regionally endemic speciesit is a habitat ofimportance for the__________________________________________________________________© 2011492Contract Report No. 2348

A. Criteriaconservation of regionallythreatened or regionally atrisk species (orgenetically distinctpopulation) in the WaikatoRegion.B. Definitions and FurtherInformationC. LikelyInformation 1SourcesD. Response(Yes? No?Not Sure?)E. If Yes, provide the informationrequested below to assist withdetermining level of significance4 It is indigenous vegetationor habitat type that isunder-represented (10%or less of its known orlikely original extentremaining) in anEcological District, orEcological Region, ornationally.Maps of ecological districts andregions (McEwen 1987) are availablefrom DOC and EW.A “type” of indigenous vegetation orhabitat could refer to a broad unit suchas podocarp/tawa-dominant forest, ora more detailed classification andmapping unit such as harakekeflaxland.Definitions (and examples) ofvegetation/habitat structural classesand vegetation types are provided inAtkinson (1985) and, for wetlands,Clarkson et al. (2002). Vegetationtypes for non-wetland vegetation in theWaikato Region are described inLeathwick et al. 1995.CE, CRI, DOC,EW, PY / N / NSList under-represented vegetation/habitattype(s) and state whether rare at thenational, regional, or ecological districtscale?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Comparison with known or likelyoriginal extent may require analysis(for example, using a GeographicInformation System) of current extentand previous extent.Leathwick et al. 1995 mapped anddescribed the extent of indigenousvegetation types in 1840 and 1995.© 2011493Contract Report No. 2348

A. CriteriaB. Definitions and FurtherInformationVegetation types are not directlycomparable and many vegetationtypes need to be grouped forcomparison with the estimated 1840extent. Future analysis usingframeworks such as LandEnvironments may enable comparisonwith vegetation prior to humanoccupation. In the meantimecomparison with the 1840 datum willprovide useful information for mostvegetation classes.C. LikelyInformation 1SourcesD. Response(Yes? No?Not Sure?)E. If Yes, provide the informationrequested below to assist withdetermining level of significance5 It is indigenous vegetationor habitat that is, and priorto human settlement was,nationally uncommon,such as geothermal,Chenier plain, or karstecosystems.Geothermal habitats can includegeysers, springs, sinter terraces, andhydro-thermally altered soils. Theyprovide habitat for geothermallyinfluencedvegetation, and heattolerantbacteria.Chenier plain is a plain comprisingshell ridges with infilled muds andother sediment between the ridges.<strong>An</strong> extensive area at Miranda provideshabitat for international wadermigrants.CE, CRI, DOC,EWY / N / NSType of feature:__________________________________________________________________Area:_________________________________Condition:__________________________________________________________________Karst ecosystems are limestonesystems, providing habitat forspecialist limestone plants (e.g.Asplenium cimmeriorum,Gymnostomum calcereum) and fauna(e.g. cave weta).Note that these three examples are nota comprehensive list of nationallyuncommon vegetation or habitat types.© 2011494Contract Report No. 2348

A. CriteriaB. Definitions and FurtherInformationC. LikelyInformation 1SourcesD. Response(Yes? No?Not Sure?)E. If Yes, provide the informationrequested below to assist withdetermining level of significance6 It is wetland habitat forindigenous plantcommunities and/orindigenous faunacommunities 1 that has notbeen created andsubsequently maintainedfor or in connection with:(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)waste treatment; orwastewaterrenovation; orhydro electric powerlakes 2 ; orwater storage forirrigation; orwater supplystorage;unless in those instancesthey meet the criteria inWhaley et al. (1995).Wetlands have been severely depletednation-wide, and are recognised as arare habitat type. The RMA definitionof a wetland is: “Wetland” includespermanently or intermittently wetareas, shallow water, and land watermargins that support a naturalecosystem of plants and animals thatare adapted to wet conditions.Wetlands may have fluctuating waterlevels and the edge of a wetland maybe difficult to define but will generallybe where wetland plant species (e.g.raupo) are replaced with drylandspecies (e.g. kanuka). Note thatmanuka can occur in wetland anddryland habitats.All artificially-created wetlands listed inCriterion 6a-e should also beevaluated using the criteria in Whaleyet al. (1995), as well as criteria 1-5 and7-11 in Table 1.CE, CRI, DOC,EW, PCopies ofWhaley et al.(1995) can beobtained fromEW.Y / N / NSType of wetland habitats/indigenouscommunities present:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Origins of wetland (natural, artificial):__________________________________________________________________Area (ha): _________________________12Does not include exotic rush/pasture communities.Does not include Lake Taupo.© 2011495Contract Report No. 2348

A. CriteriaB. Definitions and FurtherInformationC. LikelyInformation 1SourcesD. Response(Yes? No?Not Sure?)E. If Yes, provide the informationrequested below to assist withdetermining level of significance7. It is an area of indigenousvegetation or naturallyoccurring habitat that islarge relative to otherexamples in the WaikatoRegion of similar habitattypes, and which containsall or almost allindigenous species typicalof that habitat type.This criterion is not intended to selectthe largest single example of a habitattype in the Waikato Region.Refer to vegetation maps (e.g.Leathwick et al. 1995), to determinewhich other parts of the Region havesimilar habitat, and the size of thoseexamples. Refer to natural areainventories (e.g. report by WildlandConsultants Ltd and EPRO Ltd 1999),DOC compilations of Sites of SpecialWildlife Importance (SSWI), DOCConservation Management Strategiesfor Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui,Auckland, and Tongariro/TaupoConservancies, Protected Natural AreaProgramme reports (e.g. CoromandelPNAP) to help determine the speciesthat are typical of each habitat type.CE, CRI, DOC,EWY / N / NSBroad habitat types present:__________________________________________________________________Area (ha)Notable flora or fauna:__________________________________________________________________How does the size compare with othersimilar habitat types in the Region? e.g.the site is part of one of the largestexample of similar habitat types in theRegion.__________________________________________________________________© 2011496Contract Report No. 2348

A. CriteriaB. Definitions and FurtherInformationC. LikelyInformation 1SourcesD. Response(Yes? No?Not Sure?)E. If Yes, provide the informationrequested below to assist withdetermining level of significance8 It is aquatic habitat that isa portion of a stream,river, lake, wetland,intertidal mudflat orestuary, and theirmargins, that is critical tothe self sustainability ofan indigenous specieswithin a catchment of theWaikato Region andwhich contains healthy,representativepopulations of thatspecies.Excluding artificial water bodies,except those created for themaintenance and enhancement ofbiodiversity or as mitigation for aconsented activity.Critical means essential for a specificcomponent of the life cycle andincludes breeding and spawninggrounds, juvenile nursery areas,important feeding areas, and migratorypathways.It is likely that sound technical advicewill need to be obtained from anappropriately qualified andexperienced aquatic ecologist.CE, CRI, DOC,EW, UWY / N / NSCatchment:__________________________________________________________________Area (ha) or length of habitat:_________________________________Breeding species present:___________________________________________________________________________________________________REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES9 It is an area of indigenousvegetation or habitat that isa healthy, representativeexample of its typebecause:its structure, composition,and ecological processesare largely intact, and ifprotected from the adverseeffects of plant and animalpests and of adjacentlanduse (e.g. stock,discharges, erosion), canmaintain its ecologicalsustainability over time.Fencing and pest control would berequired for most mainland sites in theRegion (irrespective of habitat type).Ecological sustainability means a site‟sability to continue to exist as an area ofindigenous vegetation or habitat forindigenous fauna when taking intoaccount its size, shape, buffering fromexternal effects, connection to othernatural areas, and likely threats. Itmay change naturally into a differenthabitat but indigenous species areprobably prominent or dominant and itwill retain a natural character.Ecologists assessing this criterionshould take into account the site‟s size,CE, CRI, DOC,EW, PThis criterion willrequire the inputof anexperienced andqualifiedecologist.Goodinformation isprobablyrequired, and, inmost instances,a field visit isprobablyY / N / NSRank the following factors High (H),Medium (M) or Low (L):structural intactness ____ratio of indigenous: exotic species ____connectivity to other natural areas ____size of the area in the context of therelevant ecological district ____degree of protection from likely threats(e.g., fenced, buffered) ____species diversity ____© 2011497Contract Report No. 2348

A. CriteriaB. Definitions and FurtherInformationC. LikelyInformation 1SourcesD. Response(Yes? No?Not Sure?)E. If Yes, provide the informationrequested below to assist withdetermining level of significanceshape, buffering from external effects,and connection to other natural areas.Other factors to be considered includeindigenous regeneration (presence offruit, seedlings, nests, juvenile animalsetc), structural tiers (layers),hydrological processes in wetlands,invasive weeds, pest animals,domestic stock, threat management,and management history.Representative areas are sites that arethe best examples of sites that form anetwork covering the full range oflandforms, soil sequences, vegetationand fauna communities within anecological district (c.f. Shaw 1994).The reality for many landscapes,particularly throughout much of theWaikato, is that a „representativeexample‟ is probably the larger andmost diverse remaining examples ofindigenous vegetation and habitats.necessary.List no. of responses to the abovequestions:HML__________________Indicate overall ecological quality of thesite._________________________________Would you consider this to be among thebest examples of its type nationally (Y/N),in the Waikato Region (Y/N), or in aparticular ecological region/ district (Y/N)?Provide justification.___________________________________________________________________________________________________10 Is it an area of indigenousvegetation or habitat thatforms part of an ecologicalsequence that is either notcommon in the WaikatoRegion or an ecologicaldistrict, or is an exceptional,representative example ofits type.Ecological sequence means a series oftwo or more connected ecosystems orvegetation types that retain naturaltransition zones along anenvironmental gradient.Ecological sequences that are notcommon in the Waikato Regioninclude, but are not restricted to,indigenous dune vegetation through toCE, CRI, DOC,EW, PY / N / NSDoes the site include or is it part of one ofthe best or only examples of this type ofecological sequence nationally (Y/N),regionally (Y/N), or in the relevantecological district (Y/N)?Location:________________________________© 2011498Contract Report No. 2348

A. CriteriaB. Definitions and FurtherInformationcoastal scrub or forest, lake margins orgeothermal systems to indigenousforest, coastal to montane or alpinevegetation.Such sequences should be largelyintact (e.g. perhaps bisected by roadsbut not by large tracts of nonindigenousland cover), such that theycan be traversed by the majority ofindigenous species that are reliant onsuch sequences for the completion ofpart or all of their life-cycles (e.g. bymovement of key fauna or dispersal ofpropagules such as seed).It will probably be necessary to provideor obtain a map(s) of the sequenceand the main vegetation types andhabitats that it comprises.<strong>An</strong> exceptional, representativesequence is probably one of the bestexamples of its type, taking intoaccount its intactness, composition,and ecological processes.C. LikelyInformation 1SourcesD. Response(Yes? No?Not Sure?)E. If Yes, provide the informationrequested below to assist withdetermining level of significanceKey elements of sequence:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Justification:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________GIS analysis using a vegetation mapand an appropriate evaluationframework (e.g. ecological districtboundaries) may demonstrate if asequence is uncommon or one of thebetter examples.© 2011499Contract Report No. 2348

A. CriteriaB. Definitions and FurtherInformationC. LikelyInformation 1SourcesD. Response(Yes? No?Not Sure?)E. If Yes, provide the informationrequested below to assist withdetermining level of significanceROLE IN PROTECTION OFECOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANTAREA11 It is an area of indigenousvegetation or habitat forindigenous species (whichhabitat is either naturallyoccurring or has beenestablished as amitigation measure) thatforms, either on its own orin combination with othersimilar areas, anecological buffer, linkageor corridor, and which isnecessary to protect anysite identified assignificant under Criteria1-10 from externaladverse effects.This also includes riparian vegetationthat protects a freshwater fishery.CE, CRI, DOC,EW, PY / N / NSKey ecological function(s) of site (buffer,ecological linkage, other):__________________________________________________________________Which site(s) does this area provide abuffer or linkage for?__________________________________________________________________How significant is the site(s) listed above?i.e. which of criteria 1-10 does thebuffered or linked site comply with?__________________________________________________________________Justification:___________________________________________________________________________________________________© 2011500Contract Report No. 2348

APPENDIX 11UPDATED* WAIKATO REGIONAL COUNCIL CRITERIA FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RELATIVEECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF INDIGENOUS VEGETATION AND HABITATS OF INDIGENOUS FAUNA* Factors 7 and 12 are updated to reflect the revised threat classification system of Townsend et al. (2008).In Column A, circle the criteria numbers for which you scored a „Yes‟ in Table 1. Then consider the factors to be assessed, and completeColumn D, using your answers in Table 1 Column E to justify your response.A. RPSCriteriamet (seeTable 1above)B. FACTORS TO BE ASSESSED C. NOTESINTERNATIONALLY SIGNIFICANTD. RESPONSE(Yes / No / NotSure)A site is Internationally Significant if yourespond „YES‟ to any of the questions in thissection:Internationally significant natural areas have usually been identified inprevious assessments. These sites are so important that some of themare already protected by international conventions. For example, theTongariro National Park is a World Heritage Area, and there are threewetlands in the Waikato listed as Wetlands of International Importanceunder the international RAMSAR Convention (Whangamarino Swamp,Kopouatai Peat Dome, and the Firth of Thames estuary).Other natural areas may be internationally significant if they contain highquality vegetation or habitat that is unique in the world - for example,geothermal systems at Waiotapu and Orakeikorako.Internationally significant sites are likely to attract the interest of overseasand NZ scientists, and be a primary attraction for international andnational tourists, e.g. Miranda bird sanctuary, Tongariro National Park.© 2011501Contract Report No. 2348

A. RPSCriteriamet (seeTable 1above)B. FACTORS TO BE ASSESSED C. NOTES1 1. Has it been recognised under internationallegislation or convention as an internationallysignificant area (e.g. as a World Heritage Siteor a RAMSAR site)?2 2. Has it been recommended for protectionas a World Heritage Site or Wetland ofInternational Importance (RAMSAR site) byQEII or NWH, or NHF?3 3. Is it currently habitat for an indigenousspecies which is threatened with extinction(in the categories Nationally Critical, orNationally Endangered or NationallyVulnerable) and endemic to the WaikatoRegion?3 4. Is it a key habitat for the completion of thelife cycle of species that migrateinternationally and that would be threatened ifthese habitats weren‟t sustained?<strong>An</strong> example of key habitat for international migrants is the Firth ofThames.D. RESPONSE(Yes / No / NotSure)Y / N / NSY / N / NSY / N / NSY / N / NS© 2011502Contract Report No. 2348

A. RPSCriteriamet (seeTable 1above)If meetsseveral of4 & 9 or5 & 9 or6 & 9 or7 & 9 or8 & 9 or10 & 9B. FACTORS TO BE ASSESSED C. NOTES5. Is the site the best or only remaining largerepresentative example in New Zealand of asuite of relatively intact indigenousecosystems and ecological sequences e.g. awetland/forest complex with altitudinalsequences?This would need to be justified by several well-qualified and experiencedecologists.D. RESPONSE(Yes / No / NotSure)Y / N / NSA. RPSCriteria(seeTable 1above)B. FACTORS TO BE ASSESSED C. NOTESNATIONALLY SIGNIFICANTThe site is at least Nationally Significant if you cananswer „YES‟ to any of the questions in this section.Nationally Significant natural areas includes sites that containhealthy populations of threatened species (such as kokako andkaka habitat at Pureora), or are very good examples of nationallyrare habitat or vegetation (such as the large wetlands in thenorthern Waikato). They also include sites that are the onlylocation where certain species occur, such as the hooded orchidat Whangamarino, or the Mercury Islands tusked weta.Nationally significant sites tend to attract the interest of scientists,technical specialists, and/or tourists from other parts of NewZealand.D. RESPONSE(Yes / No / NotSure)© 2011503Contract Report No. 2348

A. RPSCriteria(seeTable 1above)B. FACTORS TO BE ASSESSED C. NOTES1 or 2 6. Is it protected, or recommended for protection, underthe Conservation Act 1987 (as an Ecological Area, orForest Sanctuary), National Parks Act 1980, MarineReserves Act 1971, or Reserves Act 1977 (as a NatureReserve or Scientific Reserve).3 7. Is it habitat for an indigenous species (or geneticallydistinct population) threatened with extinction in thecategories „Nationally Critical‟, „Nationally Endangered‟,or „Nationally Vulnerable‟,4 & 9 or5 & 9 or6 & 9ORIt is one of the best quality examples, on a nationalbasis, of habitats used on an ongoing basis by aspecies (or genetically distinct population) in the „AtRisk‟ category,ORIt is a key habitat for the completion of the lifecycle of aspecies (or genetically distinct population) in one of thethreat categories above, that migrate nationally and thatwould be threatened if these habitats were notsustained.8. Is it indigenous vegetation or habitat for indigenousspecies that is under-represented nationally (10% orless remains), or nationally uncommon (includingwetland) that is a good quality example that isrepresentative of its type?In the Waikato Region these include: Tongariro National Park,Waihaha Ecological Area, Waipapa Ecological Area, MangatutuEcological Area, Rapurapu Ecological Area.Sites where low numbers are present on only a few occasions(and are unlikely to be important for the long-term viability of thespecies) do not meet this factor. Sites that meet this factor will beused on an on-going basis, or be important for sustaining apopulation on a seasonal basis for key comiponents of itslifecycle (e.g. feeding site), or be an important migratory site,breeding site, or over-wintering site.Good quality examples would receive mostly highs or mediumsfor Criterion 9 in Table 1(taking into account size, presence ofplant and animal pests, stock damage, and other damagingeffects).For the definition of vegetation types refer to Criterion 4 in Table1 above - Column B, Definitions and Further Information.D. RESPONSE(Yes / No / NotSure)Y / N / NSY / N / NSSpecies:__________________ ______Threat Status:________________________List no. ofresponses tocriterion 9 inTable 1:HML__________________© 2011504Contract Report No. 2348

A. RPSCriteria(seeTable 1above)B. FACTORS TO BE ASSESSED C. NOTESD. RESPONSE(Yes / No / NotSure)REGIONALLY SIGNIFICANTThe site is at least Regionally Significant if you canrespond „YES‟ to any of the questions in this section:1 9. Is it protected under the Reserves Act 1977, as aWildlife Management Reserve, Wildlife Refuge, ScenicReserve, Nga Whenua Rahui Kawenata, or for anyconservation purpose under the Conservation Act suchas a Conservation Area or Conservation Park, withsignificant fauna and/or flora values.1 10. Is it protected under the Queen Elizabeth theSecond National Trust Act 1977 as an Open SpaceCovenant for any purpose other than those outlined forsites of international or national significance?2 11. Is it a site that has been recommended forprotection by NHF, NWR, or QEII?Regionally significant natural areas include the best examplesin the Waikato Region of habitats that may be commonelsewhere in New Zealand - for example, our best dune systemsor largest mangrove-filled estuaries, or large examples of morecommon vegetation types. They may also include examples ofnationally rare features that are not in good condition.Y / N / NSY / N / NSStatus:___________RecommendedStatus:________________________Y / N / NSY / N / NS© 2011505Contract Report No. 2348

A. RPSCriteria(seeTable 1above)B. FACTORS TO BE ASSESSED C. NOTES3 12. Is it habitat of considerable importance for theconservation of an indigenous species (or geneticallydistinct population) in the „At Risk‟ category or it is animportant habitat for a species that is endemic to theWaikato Region,ORIt is habitat of importance for the conservation ofregionally threatened of regionally at risk species (orgenetically distinct population) within the WaikatoRegion, although the species is secure elsewhere,ORHabitat considered, by several qualified andexperienced ecologists to be of importance for thesustainability of a „Data Deficient‟ species on a regionalbasis.4 & 9 13. Is it indigenous vegetation or habitat for indigenousspecies that is under-represented regionally (i.e. withinrelevant ecological regions and districts) and which is agood quality example that is representative of its type(taking into account size, plant and animal pests, stockdamage, other damaging effects)?Species currently known to be endemic to the Waikato Region(defined as currently only occurs naturally within the WaikatoRegion) include: Sporadanthus ferrugineaus, Mercury Is. Tuskedweta, Te Aroha stag beetle, Moehau stag beetle, Hebe „Awaroa‟,Corybas carsei.Assessment of whether a species is classified as at risk orthreatened in the Waikato Region would have to be justified byseveral well-qualified and experienced ecologists familiar with thespecies and ecology of the Waikato Region.Good quality examples would receive highs or mediums forCriterion 9 in Table 1.Assessment must be justified by a well qualified and experiencedecologist.D. RESPONSE(Yes / No / NotSure)Y / N / NSSpecies:__________________ ______Threat Status:________________________List no. ofresponses toquestion 9 inTable 1:HML__________________Y / N / NS© 2011506Contract Report No. 2348

A. RPSCriteria(seeTable 1above)B. FACTORS TO BE ASSESSED C. NOTES4, 5, or 6 14. Is it a relatively large example of indigenousvegetation or habitat for indigenous species that isunder-represented nationally, or nationally uncommon(including wetlands), but which is degraded in quality(taking into account presence of plant and animal pests,stock damage, other damaging effects)?4 15. Is it the Region‟s only remaining representativeexample (irrespective of its size) of a particularindigenous vegetation type or indigenous specieshabitat that is degraded in quality?9 or8 & 9 or10 & 916. Is it one of the best representative examples in theWaikato Region of indigenous vegetation or habitat forindigenous fauna or an ecological sequence?7 & 9 17. Is it a good quality example of indigenousvegetation or habitat for indigenous speciesrepresentative of the ecological character typical of theWaikato Region?11 18. Is it a buffer (or a key part of a buffer) to a site thatis of international or national significance?Assessment must be justified by a well qualified and experiencedecologist. Use the results from Criterion 9 in Table 1 to determinethe relative quality of the site.Representative areas are the best examples of indigenousvegetation and habitats that comprise a network covering the fullrange of landforms, soil sequences, vegetation and faunacommunities within an ecological district (c.f. Shaw 1994). Thereality for many landscapes, particularly throughout much of theWaikato, is that a „representative example‟ is probably the largestand most diverse remaining examples of indigenous vegetationand habitats.Degraded sites would receive mostly Low scores for the factorslisted in Criterion 9.Assessment must be justified by a well qualified and experiencedecologist.This may include examples of indigenous vegetation that arelarge or moderately large relative to other similar habitats in theRegion or within the relevant ecological district. They should berelatively intact and retain the main elements of their originalcomposition structure. Examples would include relatively largetracts of indigenous forest and habitats on the Hakarimata Rangeand Kaimai Range.The site buffered must have first been shown to be of national orinternational significance using relevant sections above in Table2.D. RESPONSE(Yes / No / NotSure)Y / N / NSList no. ofresponses toquestion 9 inTable 1:HML__________________Y / N / NSY / N / NSY / N / NSY / N / NS© 2011507Contract Report No. 2348

A. RPSCriteria(seeTable 1above)AllB. FACTORS TO BE ASSESSED C. NOTESLOCALLY SIGNIFICANT19. The site is at least of Local Significance if youanswered “Yes” to at least one criterion in Table 1 butdid not answer “Yes” to any of the questions above inTable 2.HOW SIGNIFICANT IS THE SITE?Locally significant natural areas are healthy examples ofrelatively common vegetation and habitat types. They are oftensmall areas, but large enough to enable key ecological processesto occur, such as regeneration of seedlings or reproduction ofindigenous fauna. These sites may not be particularly significantin their own right, but nevertheless play an important part in anetwork of natural areas. For example, a locally significant sitemight be important as a seasonal feeding or breeding area. Itmight also act as a stepping stone between other natural areas,allowing indigenous fauna to move in search of food or mates.Such sites are likely to provide representative examples ofcommon or typical vegetation types or habitat for commonindigenous species. They will not be among the best examples inthe Region but will meet Criterion 9 as healthy, functioning, andecologically viable sites.Circle the highest level for which you allocated at least one “Yes”response in Table 2. This indicates the relative importance of thesite.D. RESPONSE(Yes / No / NotSure)Y / NInternational,National,Regional,Local© 2011508Contract Report No. 2348

APPENDIX 12THREAT CLASSIFICATIONS SYSTEM(from Townsend et al. 2008) followed in de Lange et al. (2009).NATIONALLY CRITICALA. Very small population (natural or unnatural)A taxon is „Nationally Critical‟, regardless of population trend and regardless ofwhether the population size is natural or unnatural, when evidence 1 indicates that:1. There are fewer than 250 mature individuals; or2. There are ≤2 sub-populations and ≤200 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation;or3. The total area of occupancy is ≤1 ha (0.01 km 2 ).B. Small population (natural or unnatural) with a high ongoing or predicted declineA taxon is „Nationally Critical‟ when evidence indicates that it fits at least one Statuscriterion and the Trend criterion as follows:Status1. The population comprises 250-1,000 mature individuals; or2. There are ≤5 sub-populations and ≤300 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation;or3. The total area of occupancy is ≤10 ha (0.1 km 2 ).TrendThere is an ongoing or predicted decline of 50-70% in the total population due toexisting threats, taken over the next 10 years or three generations, whichever islonger.C. Population (irrespective of size or number of sub-populations) with a very highongoing or predicted decline (>70%)A taxon is „Nationally Critical‟ when the population has an ongoing trend or predicteddecline of >70% in the total population due to existing threats taken over the next 10years or three generations, whichever is longer.1Evidence in this context is defined as quantitative data and supporting information about the status of acandidate taxon.© 2011509Contract Report No. 2348

NATIONALLY ENDANGEREDA. Small population (natural or unnatural) that has a low to high ongoing orpredicted declineA taxon is „Nationally Endangered‟ when evidence indicates that it fits at least oneStatus criterion and the Trend criterion as follows:Status1. The total population size is 250-1000 mature individuals; or2. There are ≤5 sub-populations and ≤300 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation;or3. The total area of occupancy is ≤10 ha (0.1 km 2 ).TrendThere is an ongoing or predicted decline of 10-50% in the total population due toexisting threats, taken over the next 10 years or three generations, whichever islonger.B. Small stable population (unnatural)To trigger this pathway to „Nationally Endangered‟, taxa must have currentpopulation sizes that result from unnatural causes. Such taxa are defined as„Nationally Endangered‟ when evidence indicates that they fit at least one Statuscriterion and the Trend criterion as follows:Status1. The total population size is 250-1,000 mature individuals; or2. There are ≤5 sub-populations and ≤300 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation;or3. The total area of occupancy is ≤10 ha (0.1 km 2 ).TrendThe population is stable (±10%) and is predicted to remain stable over the next10 years or three generations, whichever is longer.C. Moderate population and high ongoing or predicted declineA taxon is „Nationally Endangered‟ when evidence indicates that it fits at least oneStatus criterion and the Trend criterion as follows:Status1. The total population size is 1,000-5,000 mature individuals; or2. There are ≤15 sub-populations and ≤500 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation;or3. The total area of occupancy is ≤100 ha (1 km 2 ).© 2011510Contract Report No. 2348

TrendThere is an ongoing or predicted decline of 50-70% in the total population due toexisting threats, taken over the next 10 years or three generations, whichever islonger.NATIONALLY VULNERABLEA. Small, increasing population (unnatural)To trigger „Nationally Vulnerable‟, taxa must have current population sizes that resultfrom unnatural causes. Such taxa are defined as „Nationally Vulnerable‟ whenevidence indicates that they fit at least one Status criterion and the Trend criterion asfollows:Status1. The total population size is 250-1,000 mature individuals; or2. There are ≤5 sub-populations and ≤300 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation;or3. The total area of occupancy is ≤10 ha (0.1 km 2 ).TrendThe population is increasing (>10%) and is predicted to continue to increase over thenext 10 years or three generations, whichever is longer.B. Moderate, stable population (unnatural)To trigger „Nationally Vulnerable‟, taxa must have current population sizes that resultfrom unnatural causes. Such taxa are defined as „Nationally Vulnerable‟ whenevidence indicates that they fit at least one Status criterion and the Trend criterion asfollows:Status1. The total population size is 1,000-5,000 mature individuals; or2. There are ≤15 sub-populations and ≤500 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation;or3. The total area of occupancy is ≤ 100 ha (1 km 2 ).TrendThe population is stable (±10%) and is predicted to remain stable over the next 10years or three generations, whichever is longer.C. Moderate population, with population trend that is decliningA taxon is „Nationally Vulnerable‟ when evidence indicates that it fits at least oneStatus criterion and the Trend criterion as follows:© 2011511Contract Report No. 2348

Status1. The total population size is 1,000-5,000 mature individuals; or2. There are ≤15 sub-populations and ≤500 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation;or3. The total area of occupancy is ≤100 ha (1 km 2 ).TrendThere is an ongoing or predicted decline of 10-50% in the total population due toexisting threats, taken over the next 10 years or three generations, whichever islonger.D. Moderate to large population and moderate to high ongoing or predicted declineA taxon is „Nationally Vulnerable‟ when evidence indicates that it fits at least oneStatus criterion and the Trend criteria as follows:Status1. The total population size is 5,000-20,000 mature individuals; or2. There are ≤15 sub-populations and ≤1,000 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation;or3. The total area of occupancy is ≤1,000 ha (10 km 2 ).TrendThere is an ongoing or predicted decline of 30-70% in the total population due toexisting threats, taken over the next 10 years or three generations, whichever islonger.E. Large population and high ongoing or predicted declineA taxon is „Nationally Vulnerable‟ when evidence indicates that it fits at least oneStatus criterion and the Trend criterion as follows:Status1. The total population size is 20,000-100,000 mature individuals; or2. The total area of occupancy is ≤10,000 ha (100 km 2 ).TrendThere is an ongoing or predicted decline of 50-70% in the total population or area ofoccupancy due to existing threats, taken over the next 10 years or three generations,whichever is longer.CRITERIA FOR ‘AT RISK’ TAXATaxa that qualify as „At Risk‟ do not meet the criteria for any of the „Threatened‟ categories.However, they are declining (though buffered by a large total population size and/or a slowdecline rate), biologically scarce, recovering from a previously threatened status, or surviveonly in relictual populations.© 2011512Contract Report No. 2348

Four „At Risk‟ categories exist: „Declining‟, „Recovering‟, „Relict‟ and „NaturallyUncommon‟. Definitions for each are provided below.Declining„Declining‟ taxa do not qualify as „Threatened‟ because they are buffered by a large totalpopulation size and/or a slower decline rate. However, if the declining trends continue, thesetaxa may be listed as „Threatened‟ in the future.A. Moderate to large population and low ongoing or predicted declineA taxon is „Declining‟ when evidence indicates that it fits at least one Status criterionand the Trend criterion as follows:Status1. The total population size is 5,000-20,000 mature individuals; or2. The total area of occupancy is ≤1000 ha (10 km 2 ).TrendThere is an ongoing or predicted decline of 10-30% in the total population or area ofoccupancy due to existing threats, taken over the next 10 years or three generations,whichever is longer.B. Large population and low to moderate ongoing or predicted declineA taxon is „Declining‟ when evidence indicates that it fits at least one Status criterionand the Trend criterion as follows:Status1. The total population size is 20,000-100,000 mature individuals; or2. The total area of occupancy is ≤10,000 ha (100 km 2 ).TrendThere is an ongoing or predicted decline of 10-50% in the total population or area ofoccupancy due to existing threats, taken over the next 10 years or three generations,whichever is longer.C. Very large population and low to high ongoing or predicted declineA taxon is „Declining‟ when evidence indicates that it fits at least one Status criterionand the Trend criterion as follows:Status1. The total population size is >100,000 mature individuals; or2. The total area of occupancy is >10,000 ha (100 km 2 ).TrendThere is an ongoing or predicted decline of 10-70% in the total population or area ofoccupancy due to existing threats, taken over the next 10 years or three generations,whichever is longer.© 2011513Contract Report No. 2348

RecoveringTaxa that have undergone a documented decline within the last 1,000 years and now have anongoing or predicted increase of >10% in the total population or area of occupancy, takenover the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is longer. Note that such taxa that areincreasing but have a population size of

INDEXAkatarewa East 263Akatarewa Stream 240Broadlands Road 338Craters of the Moon 397Crown Park 342Crown Road 347Emerald Lakes 462Golden Springs 309Hall of Fame Stream 388Hipaua 416Horohoro 76Karapiti Forest 384Ketetahi 458Lake Rotokawa 410Longview Road 281Lower Wairakei Stream 380Mangamingi Station 224Matapan Road 189Maungakakaramea (RainbowMountain) 129Maunganamu East 440Maunganamu North Wetland 444Maunganamu West 424Maungaongaonga 105Murphy‟s Springs 200Ngapouri 109Ngatamariki 271Northern Paeroa Range 89Ohaaki Steamfield East 321Ohaaki Steamfield West 315Orakeikorako 245Otumuheke 327Paerata Road 175Red Crater 466Red Hills 259Rotokawa North 405Spa Thermal Park 333Te Kiri O Hine Kai StreamCatchment/Wairoa Hill 374Te Kopia 194Te Kopia Northwest 204Te Kopia Red Stream 218Te Kopia West Mud Pools 210Te Maari Craters 454Te Rautehuia 355Te Rautehuia Stream 359Tirohanga Road 168Tokaanu Lake Shore Wetland 420Tokaanu Tailrace Canal 448Tokaanu Thermal Park 428Tokaanu Urupa Mudpools 436Upper Atiamuri West 181Upper Wairakei Stream (GeyserValley) 363Waihunahuna Geothermal Area 234Waikato River Springs 267Waikite Valley 81Waiotapu North 114Waiotapu South 141Waipahihi Valley 351Waipapa Stream 163Waipouwerawera Stream/Tukairangi 392Wairakei Borefield 369Whakamaru 159Whangairorohea 277Whangapoa Springs 185Wharepapa Road 285© 2011515Contract Report No. 2348