Annual Report 2001 - ETH - North-South Centre North-South Centre

ZIL membersPresidentZIL MembersMember institutesProf. Dr. Ralf HütterZIL BoardProf. Dr. Silvia DornIPW, ETHZProf. Dr. Emmanuel FrossardIPW, ETHZDr. Monika GesslerStab ForschungChristina GriederSDCDr. Dominique GuenatACADE, FontanezierProf. Dr. Richard HurrellILW, ETHZProf. Dr. Michael KreuzerINW, ETHZProf. Dr. Peter RiederIAW, ETHZDr. Jean-Pierre SorgFOWI, ETHZDr. Henri SuterIntercooperation, BernZIL ManagementDr. Barbara BeckerExecutive ManagerGermaine L. MeisterAdministratorGabriela MeierAdministrator(from September 2001)Institute of AgriculturalEconomics, D-AGRLProf. Dr. Awudu AbdulaiProf. Dr. Bernard LehmannDr. Sibyl Anwander Phan-huyProf. Dr. Peter RiederInstitute ofAnimal Sciences, D-AGRLProf. Dr. Michael KreuzerProf. Dr. Wolfgang LanghansProf. Dr. Gerald StranzingerProf. Dr. Caspar WenkInstitute ofFood Science, D-AGRLProf. Dr. Renato AmadoProf. Dr. Felix EscherProf. Dr. Richard HurrellDr. Zakaria FarahProf. Dr. Zdenko PuhanProf. Dr. Michael TeuberProf. Dr. Erich J. WindhabInstitute ofPlant Sciences, D-AGRLProf. Dr. Nikolaus AmrheinProf. Dr. Klaus ApelProf. Dr. Geneviève DéfagoProf. Dr. Silvia DornProf. Dr. Emmanuel FrossardProf. Dr. Wilhelm GruissemDr. Ueli Hartwig(until September 2001)Prof. Dr. Bruce McDonaldDr. Astrid ObersonDr. Christof SautterProf. Dr. Peter StampDepartment ofForest Sciences, D-FOWIMembership of the D-FOWI wasformalized in December 2001.Prof. Dr. Peter BachmannProf. Dr. Harald BugmannProf. Dr. Hans Rudolf HeinimannProf. Dr. Ottmar HoldenriederDr. Peter NiemzProf. Dr. Franz SchmitthüsenProf. Dr. Jean-Philippe SchützDr. Jean-Pierre SorgGeobotanical InstituteProf. Dr. Peter EdwardsCABI BioscienceDr. Matthew CockNADELProf. Dr. Rolf KappelAll institutes of theDepartment of Agricultural andFood Sciences are members of ZIL:Institute of Agricultural Economicswww. iaw.agrl.ethz.chEconomics of Farming, Agribusinessand Rural AreasAgricultural Markets and PolicyFood EconomicsInstitute of Animal Scienceswww. inw.agrl.ethz.chAnimal NutritionNutrition BiologyBreeding BiologyAnimal Physiology and HusbandryInstitute of Food Sciencewww. ilw.agrl.ethz.chDairy ScienceFood Chemistry and Food TechnologyFood EngineeringFood MicrobiologyHuman NutritionInstitute of Plant Scienceswww. ipw.agrl.ethz.chPlant NutritionPlant BiotechnologyPlant GeneticsGrassland Science and Crop PhysiologyAgronomy and Plant BreedingApplied EntomologyPhytopathologyPlant Biochemistry and Physiology2

An Introduction to ZILholder milk production and marketing in East Africa, andlegumes for increasing the sustainability and productivity oftropical agro-ecosystems. The last projects of the formerfunding phase II (1997–1999) could all be successfully concludedwith dissertations of the respective candidates(two on IPM, one on phosphorous dynamics in the soil, andone on household economics in Tanzania).Research Fellow Partnership Program (RFPP) foragriculture and for forestrydeveloping countries, and in particular with the InternationalAgricultural Research Centers of the CGIAR (ConsultativeGroup for International Agricultural Research). In the courseof the years, intensive partnerships have been developedwith scientists in various CG and associated centers whichare a valid basis for joint research work.In addition to the collaboration with centers of the CGIAR,several ZIL members have joint research projects with theCentre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique (CSRS) in Ivory Coast.The second pillar of ZIL’s research activitiesis the SDC funded Research FellowPartnership Program (RFPP). While the ZILprojects in the Research Priority Areas arerestricted to the ZIL members of the ETHZ,the RFPP is open to all Swiss research institutions.ZIL has been commissioned bySDC with the management and administrationof this program. The scope of thisprogram is thus wider with regard to institutionalcollaboration and the researchsubjects. In some cases, RFPP projectssupervised by ZIL members are complementaryto their activities in the ResearchPriority Areas. In other cases, they areentirely independent, and permit theinvestigation of subjects outside the RPAagenda.Currently, ten RFPP projects are funded, eight in agriculture,and two in forestry (pp.29–39). Eight RFPP projects are supervisedby ZIL members, or are linked to the ETHZ.Apart from the generation of research results, the purpose ofthe research projects is the collaboration with partners inCountries with ZIL activitiesCountry ZIL project RFPP project CG partnerEthiopia x ILRIKenya x ICRAFTanzania x ILRI, IFPRIColombia x x CIATIvory Coast (x) x CSRSIndonesia x (Forestry) CIFORMexico x CIMMYTNigeria x IITAPhilippines x ISNARUganda x ISNARNicaragua x CIATPeru x CIPEcuador x CIPKyrgystan x (Forestry) CIFORGlobal (basic research at ETHZ) x, x CIAT, IITAThese projects are funded from several sources (not necessarilythrough ZIL), and form a considerable network ofresearch efforts in one region. Due to the 50 th anniversary ofthe CSRS and a number of special activities related to thisjubilee, a special chapter of this report is dedicated to theresearch collaboration with the CSRS.5

An Introduction to ZILNetworking and linkagesThe generally accepted development objectives poverty alleviation,food security, and the sustainable use of naturalresources can only be achieved if multiple actors worldwidework together at different levels. Besides the execution ofresearch projects, ZIL therefore engages in networking at differentlevels, within the ETHZ, with national partners outsidethe ETHZ, in the European Forum, and with other internationalpartners.This is reflected in ZIL’s second objective to “promote coordinationand interdisciplinary approaches to problem solving inrelation to development relevant agricultural research”(Mission and goals, inside cover).International partnershipsConsultative Group for International Agricultural Research(CGIAR) and Global Forum for Agricultural Research (GFAR)In 2001 SDC invested approx. 23 million CHF in agriculturalresearch, nearly half of it as core contribution to the CGIAR.The ZIL activities are fully in line with these efforts, and complementthe core contribution by bilateral research collaborationin fields where Switzerland has a comparative advantageand specific expertise. This is highly appreciated by theZIL partner centers.The ZIL Executive Manager participates in the Annual GeneralMeeting of the CGIAR as member of the Swiss delegation. Sheis therefore fully aware of the policy developments within theCGIAR, and an active partner in pursuing the Swiss policy ofsupporting the generation of international public goodsthrough agricultural research, and to implement the relevantinternational conventions (biodiversity, climate, etc.).The dominant subject within the CGIAR in the year 2001 wasits restructuring process. In view of an enlarged agenda, multiplestakeholders, and at the same time stagnating fundsover the last decade, the CGIAR now aims at increased crosscentercollaboration and new partnerships with players outsidethe CGIAR. Therefore, the concept of “ChallengePrograms” has been developed in order to mobilize researchresources to most urgent global or regional topics. In 2001the first potential subjects for such Challenge Programs wereidentified, and the selection procedure was developed. ZILactively pursues these developments, as a potential partnerin a couple of these emerging programs.The multiple stakeholders involved in international agriculturalresearch have organized themselves since 1996 in theso-called Global Forum for Agricultural Research (GFAR).GFAR is an informal network with a coordinating office withinFAO. Partly in response to the discussion within the CGIAR,and partly as an output of its self-organizing efforts inregional fora, GFAR has collated emerging research subjectsat the regional and global level which require multistakeholdercollaboration.ZIL has used the results of this GFAR process in defining thepotential Research Priority Areas in its priority setting exercise.Guided by the principle of defining its research agendain response to the demands of its developing country partners,ZIL consulted the GFAR list of potential subjects, andactively requested priority subjects from its principle currentCGIAR partner centers.Beyond these considerations at the policy level, individualcontacts between ZIL scientists and their colleagues in theCGIAR centers continued, and a number of research visitstook place. ZIL also participated in a couple of meetings at7

An Introduction to ZILSDC with visiting colleagues from CG centers. In addition tothe CGIAR centers, the Centre Suisse de RechercheScientifique (CSRS) in Ivory Coast ranked high on ZIL’s partnershipagenda, with several ZIL members taking part in theInternational Symposium of the CSRS in August 2001, and ajoint ZIL-CSRS workshop at the ETHZ in June. These activitiesare presented in more detail on p. 44.European Forum for Agricultural Research for Development(EFARD)The European Forum is the regional multi-stakeholder networkof 17 European countries: the EU member states,Norway, and Switzerland. The ZIL Executive Manager is theSwiss representative in its Steering Committee. In 2001 theagenda of this forum was dominated by two themes: thepreparation of the new EU research framework program, andthe 2 nd European Forum in Rome in 2002.In the first draft papers for the new framework program(NFP), there was little mention of international cooperationwith developing country partners. The members of theEFARD Steering Committee therefore took the initiative toconvince the European Commission and the EuropeanParliament to earmark a portion of the NFP budget for suchactivities. After discussions with the Commissioner forResearch, Philippe Busquin, and his staff, a list of 19 themeson international agriculture were identified as potentialfuture projects in the NFP. Philippe Busquin agreed to attendthe European Forum in Rome in 2002 for further discussionof a window for this type of research. Although theEuropean Parliament did not explicitly endorse an internationalsub-program, the Commission earmarked 600 millionEuro for this purpose (all subjects, not only agriculture). Theexact modalities and content for this budget line will bedefined in 2002.Network of European Agricultural [Tropically and SubtropicallyOriented] Universities and Scientific Complexes Relatedwith Agricultural Development (NATURA)NATURA (www.natura.agropolis.fr) presently unites 35 universitiesof 18 European countries (the EU member states,Czech Republic, Norway, Switzerland) as well as more than adozen universities from developing countries as “AffiliateMembers”. The Department for Agriculture and Food Science(D-AGRL) of the ETHZ joined NATURA in 1999.In December 2000, the Conference of the D-AGRL decidedto delegate its representation in the NATURA network to theZIL Executive Manager. In June 2001, the NATURA membersmet in Helsinki, Finland. The main purpose of NATURA is theexchange of experiences and initiatives for inter-universitycollaboration. Four working groups have been established toimplement NATURA activities:• information and communication,• relationship with Southern partners,• education, and• NATURA involvement in the European Research Area inAgricultural Research for Development (ERA-ARD).The latter is intimately related to the initiative of theEuropean Forum (EFARD). Future NATURA activities willdepend on the success of establishing ERA-ARD programs,and on mandates assigned to NATURA by the EU or membercountries.8

An Introduction to ZILNational partnerships and linkagesSwiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)ZIL’s principal partner in Switzerland is the Swiss Agency forDevelopment and Cooperation (SDC). This is not only due tothe fact that the ZIL activities are jointly funded by SDC andETHZ, but rather because of the joint implementation ofSwiss policies on international agricultural research.In the year 2001 SDC’s new structure has become fully operational.Within the Thematic and Technical ResourcesDepartment the section Natural Resources and Environment(NRU) is responsible for international agricultural research,and thereby for ZIL. Other aspects of agriculture, in particularits productive function, are dealt with by the neighbor sectionon Employment and Income (E+I). Close working relationshipwith colleagues in both sections continued or wereestablished. The collaboration with the SDC representativefor ZIL, Christina Grieder, was extremely constructive. Hercontribution to the ZIL board meetings, her input in the prioritysetting process, and many general policy discussionwere highly appreciated. So was the participation of SDC’sresearch policy representative Daniel Maselli in the ZIL taskforce for priority setting. Their contributions made sure thatZIL’s future program is fully in line with SDC’s objectives.ZIL representatives took part in several meetings by SDC, inpublic events (e.g. conferences on India, Central Asia) as wellas in internal meetings related to agricultural research (policydiscussions, visits of CGIAR leaders).Swiss Forum for International Agricultural Research(SFIAR)At the national level, the Swiss Forum for InternationalAgricultural Research (SFIAR) is the multi-stakeholder representationof institutions and individuals interested in internationalagricultural research. SFIAR members currentlycome from different universities, research institutes, federaloffices, the agro-food industry, development agencies, NGOs,and the farmers’ organization.Poster presentation at the ZIL-SFIAR joint Annual Conference.9

An Introduction to ZILZIL’s active involvement in the Swiss Forum continued. Thiswas most visible through the joint Annual Conference bySFIAR and ZIL (see below). In December 2001, it was furthermoreconfirmed by the election of the ZIL Executive Manageras SFIAR president for the years 2002–3, and the decision toorganize another SFIAR-ZIL conference in 2003.Apart from the preparation of the conference, the principalsubject dealt with by SFIAR in 2001 was the restructuring ofthe CGIAR. This discussion was in response to SDC’s requestfor policy advice by the national multiple stakeholder forum.The organizational structure of SFIAR was another topic fordebate with the objective to balance its informal networkingwith a clear division of responsibilities for efficient work.Linkages with other Swiss institutions engaged ininternational development and cooperationLinkages to other Swiss institutions with a mandate in internationaldevelopment and research continued. ZIL played anactive role in LiveNet, the network of Swiss institutionsinvolved in international livestock development. Based onthe experience of the joint SFIAR-ZIL Annual conference in2001, ZIL asked LiveNet to become the co-convenor of itsAnnual Conference 2002 on the role of livestock in food securityand poverty reduction. Since then, a number of meetingswith ZIL and LiveNet representatives have taken place forpreparing this event. The fact that ZIL has chosen livestocksystems research as its future focus, increases the involvementof ZIL in LiveNet and bears the potential for an evenmore dynamic network.ZIL continued its participation in the forum on sustainableland management (NBN, Nachhaltige Bodennutzung at theUniversity of Bern), and the Swiss Commission for ResearchPartnership with Developing Countries (KFPE, Kommissionfür Forschungs-Partnerschaften mit Entwicklungsländern), aCommission of the Council of the Swiss Scientific Academies(CASS). The good informal collaboration with InfoAgrar continuedand was even intensified through the joint internetplatform SwissNode for the SFIAR-ZIL Annual Conference.The same holds true for the Syngenta Foundation who generouslycontributed to funding of the conference. Similarly,well established links to colleagues from the developmentagencies Intercooperation, SwissContact, and Helvetas, tothe Federal Office for Agriculture (BLW, Bundesamt fürLandwirtschaft), the Swiss College of Agriculture (SHL,Schweizerische Hochschule für Landwirtschaft in Zollikofen),and to the Swiss Association of Agronomic and FoodEngineers (SVIAL, Schweizerischer Verband der Ingenieur-AgronomInnen und der Lebensmittel-IngenieurInnen) weremaintained.The Annual Meeting of SwissAid and The Bern Declaration(Erklärung von Bern) in September 2001 was convenedunder the title “Agricultural research – for whom?” The ZILExecutive Manager and with Christina Grieder from SDCwere invited together as key speakers to expose the Swisscontribution to international agricultural research. At thesame time, the two co-authored an article for the AnnualSwitzerland-Third World 2002 (Annuaire Suisse-Tiers Monde)by the Graduate Institute of Development Studies (IUED,institute universitaire d’études du développement, Geneva)on the Swiss contribution to international agriculturalresearch.10

An Introduction to ZILStrategic linkages within the ETHZTogether with SDC, the ETHZ is ZIL’s umbrella institution withan active involvement in ZIL’s funding and policy. ZIL greatlyappreciated the ETHZ support by its delegate to the ZILboard, Monika Gessler, who was furthermore fully engagedin the task force on priority setting. The continuous feedbackbetween ZIL and the delegate of the ETHZ managementmade sure that ZIL’s policy is based on the governing principlesof ETHZ. Beyond this exchange on strategic directions,the ETHZ provided material input to ZIL with regard to infrastructure,as well as financing of the Annual Report and partof the Annual Conference.Two major strategic discussions dominated ZIL’s networkingwithin the ETHZ. The first one was the continued preparatoryprocess for the Network for International Developmentand Cooperation (NIDECO). The second one was the emerging“Project Environmental Systems”.In December 2001 the NIDECO preparation reached its firstmilestone with the agreement by the ETHZ president to providefunding for this new initiative.It is expected that NIDECO and ZIL will develop a high degreeof synergy. The physical expression of the envisaged close collaborationbetween ZIL and NIDECO is the reservation ofrooms for the new network in the ETHZ facilities where ZIL islocated.The so-called “Project Environmental Systems” is the preparatoryinitiative for an emerging ETHZ Center for Environmentand Natural Resources. The objective of this initiative hasbeen to create synergies by integrating the departments ofagricultural and food sciences, forestry, environmental sciences,and earth sciences in one larger unit. Over the entireyear 2001 working groups at several levels have been activein preparing a vision and mission, a structural framework,common curricula, and a joint strategy for human resourcesdevelopment and research planning. ZIL has actively participatedin this process with several ZIL members in variousworking groups and intensive exchange with the head of theproject’s steering committee Felix Escher.ZIL will continue to actively pursue the development of bothinitiatives, NIDECO and the forthcoming Center forEnvironment and Natural Resources, and will position itselfin both new structures.Beyond these two strategic developments, ZIL strengthenedits close linkages with the Department of Agricultural andFood Sciences. All institutes are now firm members of ZILwith representatives in the ZIL board, and funding contributions.The ZIL Executive Manager has been accepted in theconference of the department as an Associate Member. InApril 2001 she was invited to present ZIL in this forum. InDecember 2001 the Department of Forest Sciences formalizedits ZIL membership, including the agreement to pay itsmembership fee. Therefore, the ZIL members now compriseall institutes and professors of two entire departments, aswell as a number of individuals.Furthermore, ZIL maintained close contact with the Indo-Swiss Collaboration in Biotechnology (ISCB), and the Alliancefor Global Sustainability (AGS). Both institutions manage aseries of international research projects with some affinity toZIL’s project portfolio.11

An Introduction to ZILInformation and public awarenessThe third objective of ZIL is to “raise awareness for the importanceof investing into strategic research that addressesproblems faced by developing countries” (Mission and goals,inside cover).This objective was pursued by various activities in capacitybuilding, diffusion of information and public relations.ZIL’s commitment to education at the ETHAll ZIL members participated in the teaching program of theETHZ in their respective subjects. The teaching program relatedto international agriculture, food and forestry sciencesis documented in a separate chapter on pp. 54. A number ofPhD students have been engaged in ZIL projects, as well as inthe RFPP program. The output of this participation is documentedby the list of dissertations in the publications chapterof this report. Through these activities ZIL strongly supportsthe ETH and the SDC in education and capacity buildingrelated to the problems faced by developing countries.Annual ConferenceIn 2001 the ZIL Annual Conference was jointly organized withSFIAR as a co-convenor. It took place on May 11 in the KunsthausZurich. The location outside the ETHZ facilities was dueto the fact that the SFIAR-ZIL conference was one event in thecontext of the large program Science et Cité which includedthe entire ETHZ and other research institutions.The subject of the conference was “Agricultural Markets inDeveloping Countries – Synergies and Conflicts betweenTrade and Subsistence”. The program was divided in threeparts: In the morning session, two international speakerspresented the implications of trade regulations for develop-ing countries at the global andnational level; SFIAR and ZIL activitiesand projects were presentedin a session after lunch; and finally,the conference subject was dealtwith from different Swiss perspectivesby representatives from SDC,the NGO sector, and the SwissSecretariat for Economic Affairs.The morning speakers were UlrikeGrote from the Center forDevelopment Research (ZEF) inBonn, Germany, and Norbert Béhi, Silvia Dorn in front ofher poster at thea visiting scientist from the Centre2001 Annual Conference.Suisse de Recherche Scientifique(CSRS) in Ivory Coast. All ZIL membersand representatives were most sad to learn of his violentdeath in November 2001 back in his home country (p. 45).The co-convenor SFIAR not only participated in the preparationof the program, and in the poster exhibition, but alsowith half of the funding of the conference. This fundingcame from the Syngenta Foundation, the Federal Office forAgriculture (BLW), and the Swiss College for Agriculture (SHL).Public relationsApart from the Annual Conference and the PR activities relatedto this event, the presentation of ZIL through differentmedia and in different fora continued as a major focus in theyear 2001.The most visible expression of these efforts were the newdesign and layout of the Annual Report 2000, which was verywell received by ZIL’s partners. ZIL’s website was continuous-12

An Introduction to ZILly updated, and the close collaboration with SwissNode andmutual links strengthened the use of this medium.As in the year before, ZIL was present with a poster stall atthe German Annual Conference on Tropical and SubtropicalAgriculture and Natural Resource Management in Bonn inOctober 2001. The ZIL presence was again highly appreciatedamong the German colleagues as a window to Swissresearch on international agriculture. The ZIL presentation atthe conference of SwissAid and Bern Declaration (p. 10) wasa valuable opportunity for raising the awareness for internationalagricultural research among a target group outside thescientific community.Internal developmentsOrganisation of ZILPresidentBoardManagementLegally, ZIL is an association based at the ETHZ. Members arenow all institutes and professors of the departments of agriculturaland food sciences, and forestry sciences, as well assome individuals. The ZIL membership of board membersfrom outside the ETHZ was explicitly confirmed in the ZILstatutes at the General Assembly in May 2001.OtherinstitutionsZIL projectsRFPPprojectsOther ETHZprojectsMembersProfessors;Institutes(D-AGRL,D-FOWI);Senior scientists;individualmembers ofother facilitiesGeneralAssemblyandAnnualConferenceTwo ZIL members resigned in 2001 due to leaving the ETHZ:Ueli Hartwig, and Sibyl Anwander Phan-huy. S. Anwandergenerously offered to continue her obligation as internalauditor until the General Assembly in 2002. Haja Kadarmideenjoined ZIL as a new member when taking up his positionas professor for statistical genetics in the Institute forAnimal Sciences. Emmanuel Frossard succeeded Klaus Apelin the ZIL board as representative of the Institute for PlantSciences. Henri Suter (Intercooperation) left the board inDecember 2001 because of an assignment in Pakistan. Hisposition is still vacant. The ZIL management was enforced bya new administrative position, taken up by Gabriela Meier inSeptember 2001.Apart from these changes in membership composition, theyear 2001 was a period of continuity and the development ofnew perspectives, as indicated in the chapters above. The ZILboard met in March, June, October and November 2001. Thelast three meetings were primarily dedicated to the prioritysetting process. The second major issue was the preparationof the third external review in February 2002. Terms of referencewere defined, the panel members were identified andprovided with the preparatory documents.In conclusion, ZIL continued its mission to promote sustainableuse of natural resources in agriculture and forestry innon-OECD countries through strategic research, capacitybuilding and education, consolidation and diffusion of information,and through the promotion of institutional partnershipswith developing countries.Barbara Becker13

An Introduction to ZILThe decision-making process usedto determine ZIL’s future research programIn June 2001 the ZIL board decided to carry out a formalpriority-setting exercise to determine the most promisingResearch Priority Areas (RPAs). In preparation of this processa call for concept notes was launched to collect suggestionsfrom all ZIL members. This provided a first set of potentialRPAs.A task force consisting of board members and the managementof ZIL and assisted by an external consultant preparedand coordinated the decision-making process. ZIL membersand the board intensively participated in individual phases.The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied as decision-supporttool. The method helps to structure and analyzedecision problems by breaking down the complex problem ina hierarchic order and by employing pair-wise comparisonsof its elements to determine the preferences among the setof alternatives. The essential components of the AHP are thecreative process of constructing and analyzing a hierarchyand the analytical process of judgments. The former providesdetailed insights and helps to achieve a common understandingof the important factors of the decision problemwhereas the latter offers a sound technique to elicit andquantify the decision-makers’ preferences.The strategic nature of the decision, the complexity andmulti-criteria dimension of the decision problem, and theneed for transparency and participation require a rigorousand systematic procedure. The decision-making process consistsof nine steps that are structured around four majormeetings. The process started with the identification anddescription of alternative RPAs, based on concept notes fromZIL members (“supply side”) and developments in ZIL’s environment(“demand side”). Also, a list of potential decisioncriteria was prepared. In the first meeting of the task force,the set of initially eleven potential RPAs and the criteria listwere refined and the decision model established. Feedbackfrom the members and the board of ZIL were incorporated.Four potential RPAs were finally included in the model (shorttitle bold):• Food chain: Legumes;• Livestock systems: Contributions to food security,human nutrition, income generationand environmental sustainability;• Molecular tools for crop improvement;• Production and availability of improved food quantity andquality with focus on peri-urban areas.This reduction was primarily based on the comparativeadvantage of ZIL in the respective fields, and the coverage ofthe research subjects by alternative programs. The preselectedthemes are all in line with ZIL’s first objective to“identify and address priority research needs, for which theETHZ has a comparative advantage and a relevant contributionto make” (Mission and goals, inside cover).The decision criteria used to assess the potential impact ofthe RPAs are research relevance, development relevance,capacity strengthening, competence, and additional desirableeffects. Each criterion was divided into subcriteria toimprove the accuracy of the assessment.Step 4 consisted of a detailed definition and description ofthe RPAs and decision criteria. In its first meeting, the board14

An Introduction to ZILGoal Criteria Subcriteria RPADevelopmentrelevancePoverty reductionNatural resourcesEconomic developmentFood securityResearchrelevanceInnovationInternational relevanceMultidisciplinaryRelated to ETHZ researchSelection of future research priority areasAdditionaleffectsAdditional researchCapacitystrengtheningPartnership in DCInternational partnershipStrengtheninginstitutions in DCMolecular tools Livestock systemsLegumes Peri-urban areasCompetenceCapacity at ETHZExisting championInterest of severalZIL membersdiscussed the suggested RPAs and criteria and proposedsome modifications. It then weighted the criteria and subcriteriain terms of their relative importance for assessing theRPAs. Development relevance was considered the mostimportant criterion (34%), followed by research relevance(24%) and competence (23%). Capacity building received aweight of 12%, whereas the relevance of additional desirableeffects was regarded as low (6%). Prior to the second meetingof the task force, additional information on each RPA wasgathered and processed. In the meeting, the alternative RPAswere assessed against the decision criteria, using the pairwiseprocedure of the AHP. The criteria-specific priorities ofthe RPAs are shown in the figure below. It shows LivestockDecision hierarchy of the RPA selection process.15

An Introduction to ZILsystems as most preferred option in terms of developmentrelevance and competence. The strength of Molecular toolson the other hand lies in its research relevance, whereasLegumes and Peri-urban areas perform quite well withrespect to development relevance. In addition, the latter gotthe highest score under the aspect of capacity building.The final priorities for the four RPAs are as follows: Livestocksystems 32.2%, Peri-urban areas 24.2%, Molecular tools23.5%, and Legumes 19.8%. Based on the clear result of thepriority-setting exercise and taking into account the limitedresearch funds, the ZIL board decided to choose Livestock systemsas the only future research priority area, subject to theapproval of the General Assembly in 2002.The decision-making process was well received by the membersof the External Review panel who in February 2002 car-CompetenceDevelopmentrelevanceResearchrelevanceMolecular toolsLivestock systemsLegumesPeri-urban areasried out the third ZIL review. They concluded that “themethodology applied, the process of elaboration (…) and theapplication of criteria have been implemented in a thoroughlyprofessional way which corresponds with the state of the art.ZIL disposes today a framework for sound program development.”The panel further observed that the overwhelmingmajority of ZIL members interviewed agreed that the processwas thorough, fair, unbiased and transparent.CapacitystrengtheningCriteria-specific priorities of the RPAs.AdditionaleffectsFollowing the priority-setting exercise, the board establisheda steering committee to advance the planning process. In2002, the content of the RPA Livestock systems will be specifiedin order to develop a coherent research program, whichgenerates maximal synergies between individual researchprojects. This includes the identification of key constraints infodder and livestock production, processing, and marketingin developing countries to guarantee the relevance of theprogram. Furthermore, the procedure for submitting andapproving project proposals has to be set out.Thomas BraunschweigBarbara Becker16

Research Priority AreasCassavaResearchOverviewThe principal objective of the ZIL Cassava Research PriorityArea is to employ both strategic and applied research methodsto improve food security in a sustainable way in resourcelimitedtropical farming systems based on cassava. As a goal,our research will contribute to poverty alleviation in developingcountries by facilitating the production of more food forconsumption, increasing the output of marketable qualityenhancedproducts, and lowering costs per unit of output forsubsistence farmers.In 2001, substantial progress has been reported for ZIL cassavaprojects, both in strategic and applied research in thefields of biotechnology and agricultural ecology. Thisprogress has been documented in presentations at internationalmeetings (e.g., CBN-V, St. Louis, USA, November 2001)and in papers published in international journals and conferenceproceedings.In cassava biotechnology, the challenge was to develop reliabletransformation methods for genetic improvement ofcassava. This has now been accomplished, and the technologyis currently used for production of transgenic cassavaplants with agriculturally important and novel traits. To facilitateour efforts in technology transfer, the organogenesisbasedplant regeneration and transformation system developedin our laboratory has been made available to theInternational Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Africaand is now being used for a number of agriculturally importantIITA varieties in Africa.Infection of cassava by the African Cassava Mosaic Virus(ACMV) is currently one of the most devastating problems inCentral Africa, depriving families of food and farmers ofneeded income. As the result of research in our laboratory onthe regulation of ACMV gene expression, novel strategies forengineering virus resistance in cassava have been designedand are ready for testing in transgenic cassava. During thiswork we established the first in vitro virus replication assay incassava leaves.Quality enhancements of cassava are focused on protein productionin storage roots and prolonging the life of leaves.Both traits will provide substantial benefits to nutritionalimprovement programs and food security. To develop thesenovel traits, we are producing cassava plants that express aprotein with a balanced composition of amino acids.Prolonging leaf life can be accomplished by a switch systemthat turns on cytokinin hormone production to retard leafsenescence.In other research programs, the sustainability of differentcassava cropping systems in the Colombian hillsides hasbeen assessed in long-term studies. Furthermore, the use of33P isotope techniques, allowed ETH researchers to determinethe available soil phosphorus (P). The resulting informationon P dynamics, coupled with the long-standing expertiseof ETH researchers, was important to facilitate the evaluationof different soil/plant systems on acid tropical soils.The strategic cassava research in ZIL benefits from strongand successful international collaborations with the CentroInternacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) and theInternational Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA).Scientists from these institutions and other laboratories indeveloping countries have been trained at the ETHZ in differentaspects of cassava research. Links to the internationalresearch centers and other universities in developing countrieswere strengthened by visits of both scientific andadministrative staff. The training of students at the ETHZ aspart of the SDC Research Fellow Partnership Program has furtherintensified collaborations between ETHZ and the CGIARresearch centers.Peng ZhangWilhelm Gruissem17

Research Priority AreasCassavaResearchCategoryZIL Project, Phase IIIDurationFrom 01/2000 – presentProject leadersWilhelm GruissemPeng Zhang (Coordinator)Contact personPeng ZhangCollaboratorsMartin Fregene, CIAT, Colombia /Alfred Dixon, IITA, Nigeria /Jesse M. Jaynes, NovaTero Foundation,Raleigh, North Carolina, USAGenotype independentgene transfer techniques for cassavaRep/AC1TrAP/AC218Cassava biotechnology is a state-of-the-art tool for breedingnew varieties with desirable agronomic traits, such as virusdisease resistance, pest resistance and improved nutritionalvalue of storage roots. Based on our reliable transformationmethods established for cassava, strategies towards diseaseresistance and quality improvement of this crop have beendeveloped and are currently being tested in genetically modifiedcassava plants.Infection of cassava by the African Cassava Mosaic Virus(ACMV) is currently one of the most devastating problems incentral Africa, depriving families of food and farmers of neededincome. To engineer ACMV resistance, a novel strategy hasDNA A2779 bpRen/AC3LIRAV2CP/AV1MBP/BC1LIRDNA B2724 bpNSP/BV1Diagram of cassavagemini virus genome.The two genomic componentsDNA-A and -Bare represented as circular,double-strandedforms. The solid arrowsdisplay the positionsof open reading frames.The thin lines withtwo arrowheads showthe extent of the largeintergenic region (LIR).been designed to mimic a hypersensitive reaction duringACMV infection. The technology uses a block/anti-block system(barnase/barstar) and exploits the unique regulatoryproperties of the ACMV DNA-A promoter. Constructs carryingthe barnase-ACMV promoter-barstar cassette were clonedand transferred into cassava. Plants that have the completecassette are currently being evaluated for their resistanceproperties. In a novel and complementary approach, we haveconstructed plants that express viral anti-sense RNAs as partof the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of a selection markergene. Antisense sequences of AC1, AC2 and AC3 of ACMVDNA-A are linked to the 3'UTR of hygromycin B phosphotransferasegene, which is directed by the constitutive CaMV35S promoter. Several transgenic cassava plant lines havebeen produced and are being analyzed for increased resistanceto ACMV infection.Cassava is also prone to attack by chewing insects, whichoften results in substantial crop losses. To improve the pestresistance of cassava plants, a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensistoxin gene CryIA(b) under the control of CaMV 35S promoterwas transferred into cassava. Provided that transgenic linesshow high expression of the CryIA(b) gene, insect feedingtests will be conducted for resistance against hornworms,whiteflies, mealybugs and green mites in CIAT (Colombia) orIITA (Nigeria).Cassava roots are the major staple of several hundred millionpeople, yet the roots contain very low protein levels. Toimprove the nutritional quality of cassava roots, a syntheticgene (ASP1), which encodes a storage protein rich in most ofthe essential amino acids, was transformed into cassava.Expression of the ASP1 gene has already been confirmed inleaves and primary roots of in vitro-grown plants. Additionaltransgenic plant lines have been produced to validate thestrategy and to maximize ASP1 expression levels.Novel cassava traits must be targeted to specific organs. Tofacilitate this approach, differential screening of a storageroot cDNA library has allowed us to identify root-specific promoters.Two promoters, p15 and p54, were isolated and usedto construct cassava transformation vectors. The specificitiesof these promoters are currently being analyzed in cassavaand the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Preliminary GUSassays revealed activity in vitro in leaf vascular tissues andprimary roots. The specificity of the promoters will be testedfurther using mature greenhouse-grown plants.

CategoryZIL project, Phase IIDurationSeptember 1997–August 2001Project leaderEmmanuel FrossardContact personsSusanne BühlerAstrid ObersonCollaboratorsIdupulapati M. Rao, CIAT, Colombia /D. K. Friesen, IFDC-CIMMYT, KenyaApplication of 33 P isotope techniquesto low-P acid tropical soilsPhosphorus (P) is the main limiting nutrient for crops andforage plants in acid tropical soils. Besides low total andavailable P contents, these soils are often highly P fixing dueto their high aluminum and iron oxide concentrations. Thecorrect determination of plant available P and profoundknowledge about P dynamics are prerequisites for the evaluationof different soil/plant systems with respect to efficientuse of the scarce P resource. The aim of this work was toimprove this knowledge by using P-isotope techniques. Whilethese techniques have successfully been used mainly in temperatesoils, the application to tropical, low-P soils has beenshown to be rather difficult.The isotopic exchange method was applied in soil/solutionsuspension in a batch experiment (E value determination) toquantify plant available P to soils of different P status fromtwo sites in Colombia. The extrapolated E values were veryclose to the measured values, but were not in all cases identical.Especially in the P-poorest native savanna (SAV) soil, theextrapolated values were clearly and significantly lower thanthe measured values. The measured E values might havebeen influenced by microbial activity and therefore notstrictly have followed the prediction of the model of isotopicexchange. For most soils the P concentration (C p ) was higherthan the detection limit but for some soils C p was lower thanthe quantification limit (i.e. < 4 µg 1 -1 ), showing that thedetermination of C p remains one of the major limitations ofthe methodology.L values were determined in the same soils to quantify plantavailable P calculated from the specific activity of the testplant Agrostis capillaris grown on 33 P-labeled soil. As in thesoils with the lowest P availability, the seed-P diluted the specificactivity of the plant and therefore hindered the precisedetermination of the L value. It can be concluded that the isotopicexchange method, i.e. E and L values, can only be usedwith limitation in such low P acid soils. Due to these constraints,the comparison of L values of different plants (beans,maize, rice, the forage legume Arachis pintoi, and the foragegrass Brachiaria decumbens) with the purpose to identifyspecial P uptake mechanisms which would be manifested inincreased L values, resulted in unsatisfying results. ForBrachiaria decumbens,however, the resultingL value strongly indicatedP uptake from normallyunavailable P-pools. Theapplication of carrier-Pwith the label to overcomethe problem of limitedplant growth was shownto modify the system,making it impossible tomeasure P exchange.Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is notonly planted by small scale farmers inthe Colombian hillsides, but is an importantstaple food for the rural poor inmore than ninety countries worldwide.This crop is well adapted to low P acidsoils, but at the same time contributesto further soil degradation by nutrientdepletion and soil erosion. More diverseproduction systems need to be developed,including adapted germplasm ofother crops, combined with the efficientuse of renewable and economicallyavailable P sources. This requires a profoundunderstanding of P transformationprocesses in soil/plant systems.By the sequential P extractionof labelled soil samplesderived from different landusesystems with varyingP fertilizer inputs it wasfound that already 14 daysafter labelling, a significantamount (20%) of thelabel was found in organicP forms in the non- or weaklyfertilized soils whereasthis percentage was lowerin the soils with more P input. Most of the label, however,was recovered in inorganic P fractions in all soils, showingthat they contained most of the available P.19

Research Priority AreasIntegrated PestManagementOverviewThe principal objective of the Research Priority Area“Integrated Pest Management” (IPM) is to develop innovativemeans of pest management and to integrate these intoeffective and environmentally safe programs. Naturalresources are a promising tool for reducing crop losses due toinsects, diseases and weeds, and have a potential for integrationinto more comprehensive pest management systems.Globally, these losses amount to 42.1% of attainable production,and the figure would be 69.8% without the currentmeasures of crop protection (OERKE et al., 1994 1 ). This underlinesthe importance of pest management for food securityand income generation.ZIL activities in 2001 focussed on the “Food Chain Legumes”.Legumes provide 25% of the dietary protein worldwide, makingit the primary source of protein. The global production is18 million tons/year, representing an equivalent value of 10.6billion USD. Developing countries account for 72% of thetotal legume production, the main centres of productionbeing South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and India. Due totheir nutritional value, legumes offer a great potential for theglobal combat of malnutrition. Their potential for storageover an extended period of time makes them valuable in preventingtemporary food shortages. Beyond their nutritionalvalue, legumes have considerable economic importance,generating income for millions of small-scale farmers, thevast majority of which are women as has been shown in asurvey of bean producers.Due to financial constraints, ZIL funding is currently limitedto one project dealing with safeguarding bean harvest. Thefocus of this project is on host-plant resistance to Thripspalmi, a pest which was recently accidentally introduced inLatin America and often causes complete loss of bean crops.Our partner CIAT (Centro Internacional de AgriculturaTropical), Cali, Colombia, acquired matching funds allowingfor studies on biological and synthetic control agents againstthese intruders, and for some basic molecular studies onresistant inbred lines. The ETHZ has addressed post-harvestprotection and technologies in collaborative projects outsidethe scope of funding by ZIL. The collaborative network nowcomprises all major bean-producing regions, i.e. LatinAmerica (with CIAT, Cali, Colombia), India (with LoyolaCollege, Chennai), and Sub-Saharan Africa (with CIAT, Arusha,Tanzania). Visits by several scientists and extended trainingof a scientist each from India and Africa at ETHZ AppliedEntomology further strengthen these links. The work on IntegratedInsect Pest Management in the tropics in 2001 resultedin five refereed publications, and three further papers arein press. The project leader has been asked to join a COSTaction on Stored Product Protection in Europe which willsupport dissemination and implementation of the findingsin a broad geographic area including transition countries.Major efforts have been made to establish “Food Chain Legumes”as a key research area into which ZIL will continue toinvest funds to support long-term efforts of its members infavour of sustainable agriculture in the tropics. One lessonlearned from the Green Revolution is that any modification tothe crop plant may result in altered interaction with organismsin the environment. Thus, host-plant resistance of a givengroup of pest organisms may have an impact on the plant’snetwork of interactions with other pests or with beneficialorganisms, and further may influence food quality for humans.Along the legume food chain, host-plant resistance may influencestorage characteristics of importance to pests and parasitoids,and to food processing as well. Such relationshipsrequire continued studies in an interdisciplinary framework.Silvia Dorn201 Oerke, E.C., Dehne, H.-W., Schönbeck, F., and Weber, A., 1994. Crop Productionand Crop Protection. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 808 pp.

CategoryZIL project, Phase IIIDurationJanuary 2000–2003Project leaderSilvia DornContact personsAndrea FreiHainan GuCollaboratorCesar Cardona, CIAT, ColombiaResearch Priority AreasGenetic plant resources as a core elementto safeguard bean harvestThe accidentally introduced pest insect Thrips palmi endangersthe grain legume production in Latin America. Effectivecontrol strategies against this dangerous intruder are urgentlyneeded, as no satisfactory methods exist yet for the protectionof beans.The goal is to develop the basis for an IPM system in beanproduction, using genetic plant resources as a core element.The first part of the project has been successfully completedwith four bean varieties with similar growth habits beingidentified, which are relatively resistant to T. palmi. Resistancecharacteristics are not frequent in beans as out of the1'138 genotypes tested (of which 80 were preselected forthis study) only 60 were rated as resistant, i.e. 5.3%.Resistance was not specifically associated with days to maturity,growth habit, pubescence, and seed colour or size. Ingen-eral, correlations between visual damage scores andreproductive adaptation scores and between damage scoresand yields were high and significant. Overall, resistance levelsidentified can be considered as moderate, renderingfollow-up studies on resistance mechanisms particularlyimportant as they will lay the basis for resistance breeding.In the current second part of the study, experiments onantibiosis and antixenosis have been completed. To investigateantibiosis, i.e. the “resistance by hindering insect development”,numerous parameters characterizing developmentand reproduction were assessed. In all experiments, test varietiesdid not differ from the susceptible control S, indicatingthat antibiosis is not of relevance. To investigate antixenosis,i.e. the “resistance to colonisation”, the resistant test varietiesA, B, C and D were compared to the susceptible standard S.Results of the multiple choice test showed that a significantlylower number of thrips colonized variety B as compared toS, and, surprisingly, that a higher number colonized variety A.This result triggered the design of dual choice tests. Both laboratoryand field dual choice tests consistently showed 38and 62% of thrips distributing on plants of variety B and A,respectively, positioned next to each other. This indicates thepotential to use variety A as a trap crop to reduce infestationdensity on variety B. We hypothesise that variety A is tolerantto T. palmi; respective tolerance trials both in laboratory andin the field are planned.Thrips palmi is native to Sumatraand has invaded many differentareas throughout the world. Mostrecently it intruded Latin Americacausing high yield losses invegetables, particularly in beans.21

Research Priority AreasLegumesOverviewThe productivity of agro-ecosystems in subsistence agriculturein tropical areas is often strongly limited by both N andP deficiencies. Furthermore, high prices and/or logisticalrestrictions make it almost impossible for farmers to applyinorganic fertilisers. This, together with the constant reductionof traditional fallow periods leads in many areas to nutrientexhaustion, soil degradation and eventually to strongproductivity decline. Introduction of legumes as greenmanure or feedstuffs into those agro-ecosystems can be asustainable solution to overcome these limitations byimproving N input and soil biological fertility. However, awidespread introduction of legumes into tropical agroecosystemsis still hampered by biophysical constraints, suchas P deficiency, and/or by socio-economic constraints.The overall goal of this research priority area is to improveproductivity in a sustainable way in resource-limited tropicalfarming systems by optimising the implementation oflegumes as green manure and feed. Specifically, the twoon-going projects within this research priority area areaiming at understanding the links between phosphorusavailability in soils, N 2 fixation by the legumes-bacteriumassociation, and at studying the effect of legume fallowon subsequent crop growth as well as P transfer through thesoil microbial biomass.The aims of these two projects are:• To understand and overcome low-P caused inhibition ofroot nodulation and symbiotic N 2 fixation in legumes by(i) assessing P use efficiency in various tropical legumes,(ii) localising the exact stage where nodulation is inhibited,and (iii) developing strategies to overcome that inhibitionof nodulation (KELLER et al., 2001a).• To assess the effect of legume fallow species on subsequentmaize growth, on P uptake by maize and on microbiallymediated P transformations in soils (BÜNEMANN etal., 2001a).The highlights of 2001:KELLER et al (2001b) measured mRNA abundancy in Lotusjaponicum grown at two levels of P by microarray analysisand observed that the gene encoding for asparagine synthetasewas significantly lower expressed under low P treatment,whereas the asparagine concentration measured inthe root tissue of low P treated plants was significantly higher.These results suggest a N feedback regulation ofasparagine on asparagine synthetase under P deficiency.BÜNEMANN et al. (2001b) showed that soil organic and microbialP were significantly increased in maize-fallow rotationswhile inorganic P remained unchanged. Microbial P wasmore limited by C and N than by P availability. In spite ofthe very low levels of available inorganic P, the microbial biomasswas able to rapidly take up and release P when suppliedwith easily available sources of C and N. This suggests that intropical low-P soils, organic and microbial P can play a majorrole in supplying P to the plant.Emmanuel Frossard22

CategoryZIL project, Phase IIIDurationJanuary 2000–December 2002Project leaderUeli HartwigContact personSabina KellerCollaboratorsChristof Sautter /Andreas Lüscher /Emmanuel FrossardResearch Priority AreasApproach to overcome low phosphorus causedinhibition of root nodulation in legumesA major limiting factor for legume growth and symbioticnitrogen fixation is phosphorus (P). In extreme cases P deficiencyprevents nodulation and symbiotic N 2 fixation. In thisstudy the legume Lotus japonicus and its symbiont, the soilbacterium Mesorhizobium loti serve as models to analyze themechanisms of the inhibitory effect of low P supply on thesymbiosis.Last year’s work was focused on the difference in geneexpression of infected roots of Lotus japonicus plants grownunder a sufficient and a very low supply of P. We have usedcDNA arrays 1 to identify differentially-expressed genes, andby inference processes that may enable plants to cope withsevere P limitation 2 . The cDNA array membranes containedmore than 2300 clones from a library of expressed sequencetags (ESTs) of L. japonicus mature nodule tissue. To verify thedata real-time RT-PCR 3 has been done with those genes,which have shown a significantly different expressionbetween the different P treatments in the micro array analysis.Additionally, the asparagine concentration in the rootshas been measured.Up-regulated under low P supply were genes homologue tophosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, farnesyl transferase anddifferent protein kinases. In the same treatment LjAS2, a geneencoding for asparagine synthetase was down-regulated.To summarize, responses to P-deprivation included increasedexpression of genes involved in carboxylic acid synthesis,which may facilitate phosphate sequestration from the soil.Down-regulation of genes involved in translation may indicatea decline in protein synthesis during P-stress, whichcould enable cells to redirect energy metabolism and/or inorganicphosphate toward more urgent processes. Down-regulationof translation could explain the build-up of asparagineconcentrations in P-deprived roots, which was measuredhere. Asparagine or a related metabolite might in turn negativelyregulate the expression of genes involved in amino acidsynthesis, including the gene LjAS2, which was repressed byP-deprivation. Our results are also consistent with the modelthat elevated concentrations of amino acids, especiallyasparagine act as signals, which suppress nodulation underconditions in which nitrogen is not limiting to plant growth.Lotus japonicus plant setting pods.1 cDNA clones of a cDNA library (a collection of DNA sequences generated frommRNA sequences) are spotted in duplicate onto nylon membranes. 33 P-labeledsingle stranded cDNA samples generated from nodule tissue of high P and lowP treated plants are hybridized on the membranes. Phosphoimage plates areexposed to the membranes, and expression profiles are calculated throughspot-wise quantification of the signal distribution. The amount of hybridizedtarget cDNA on each spot is detected through the radioactive label. It reflectsthe relative abundance of the corresponding mRNA in the tissue and thus thetranscription rate of the corresponding gene. Spot finding and signal intensitydetermination are performed with the help of image analysis programs.2 In collaboration with Dr. M. Udvardi, Max Planck Institute of Molecular PlantPhysiology, 14424 Potsdam, Germany3 PCR (polymerase chain reaction) products can be measured in real time by useof a double-stranded DNA-binding dye, which binds only double-stranded butnot single-stranded DNA, or labeled oligonucleotides (oligos) that specificallybind to the PCR product. The amount of PCR product can then be directly measuredin real-time using a fluorimeter.23

Research Priority AreasLegumesCategoryZIL project, Phase IIIDurationNovember 1999–October 2002Project leaderEmmanuel FrossardContact personsElse BünemannAstrid ObersonCollaboratorsPaul C. Smithson and Bashir Jama,ICRAF, KenyaInfluence of leguminous improved fallowson P transformations in tropical soilsSoils in the densely populated areas of Western Kenya arehighly deficient in P and sometimes also N. While inorganicfertilization is not an economic option for small farmers,short-term improved fallows with legumes such as Crotalariagrahamiana have shown potential to increase maize yields.Biologically mediated P transformations supposedly play amajor role in the observed increase in soil fertility but are notwell understood. This projectaims at following the fate of Preleased from fallow biomass intodifferent inorganic and organicsoil P pools and into growingplants, because the quantificationof short- and medium-termeffects of fallows on plant growthis a prerequisite to assess the sustainabilityof this technology.year after the previous incorporation of fallow biomass. Afour-week pot experiment under controlled conditionsshowed that this residual effect can enhance maize growthby up to 20%, but it also revealed methodological limits dueto severe P deficiency, making it difficult to quantify the contributionof mineralization of organic P to the increased Puptake. Microbial uptake and release of P after addition ofplant residues was not affected by P fertilization. This suggeststhat microbial activity could play a significant role inimproving P availability. During the third year of this project,the focus will be on the role of the microbial biomass in mediatingplant P uptake from 33 P-labeled plant residues and soil.4A four-year-old field trial conductedby ICRAF on a Western KenyaOxisol comparing continuousmaize production with maize-fallowrotations at two levels of Pfertilization was selected for thestudy. The incorporation of plantGrain yield (t ha -1 )200Incorporated residues (t ha -1 )2 4 6ContinuousmaizeMaize-crotalariarotationMaize-naturalfallow rotationbiomass into the soil increasedSevere P deficiency in apot experiment with soilsfrom Western Kenya.the following season’s maizeyield. In addition, organic andmicrobial P were still elevated aMaize grain yield as influenced by the incorporationof fallow and weed biomass into the soil(data from 3 seasons; P treatments only).24

Research Priority AreasSmallholderMilk Productionand MarketingOverviewReturns from milk constitute a major contribution to theincome of smallholder farmers in many parts of the world.Domestic milk production, however, falls short of localdemand in many developing countries. In Africa, supplymeets only 15% of demand, in Asia 21% and in Latin America59%. Thus, the potential benefits for increased local milk productionto producers is quite large. It, however, depends onwhether smallholder producers can be competitive enough,considering serious constraints in feed availability. In the verybeginning, ZIL activities were concentrated on the socio-economicanalysis of milk production and marketing in India.The objective was to study the demand of milk and milkproducts in India, the production and marketed surplus functionsfor milk, and the crossbreeding technology adoption indifferent regions of the country.In 1997, the Smallholder Milk Production and Marketing RPAmoved its research emphasis from India to Africa. There, thesocio-economic expertise gained in India was used in aregional research effort coordinated by the InternationalFood Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the InternationalLivestock Research Institute (ILRI). As part of this effort ZILsupported a project entitled “An empirical analysis of thehousehold demand for food and nutrition in Dar es Salaamand Mbeya regions in Tanzania”. The major Tanzanian partnerwas the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA). The keyfindings on demand for nutrition are presented in this report.The current research program of the RPA for the 2000 to 2003funding period maintains its focus on Africa, and two newprojects were started in 2000. The first one named “A comparativeevaluation of response to and carry-over effects ofundernutrition in indigenous tropical and Western dairybreeds” aims to optimise the use of feed resources, consideringshort- and long-term fluctuations in feed availability. Thisstudy is carried out in collaboration with ILRI in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia. The other one, also in collaboration with ILRI andIFPRI, is examining “The role of information acquisition forthe adoption of dairy-related technologies in Tanzania” and isusing a socioeconomic approach. The reports presented herebriefly describe these projects, and discuss the progress ofthe experiments in Ethiopia and on the data collection inTanzania in 2001.Awudu Abdulai25

Research Priority AreasSmallholderMilk Productionand MarketingCategoryZIL project, Phase IIDurationJune 1997–December 2003Project leaderAwudu AbdulaiContact personsDominique AubertAwudu AbdulaiCollaboratorsN. Mdoe, Sokoine University ofAgriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania /S. Staal, IRLI, Kenya / C. L. Delgado,IPFRI, Washington D. C., USAThe impact of household expenditure on human nutritionin Dar es Salaam and Mbeya regions of TanzaniaLog of per capita calories121110ZIL funded in Phase II a research project entitled “An empiricalanalysis of household demand for food and nutrition inDar es Salaam and Mbeya regions of Tanzania”. A householdsurvey on food and non-food expenditures was carried out inDar es Salaam and Mbeya regions of Tanzania in 1998 and1999. The results of the food demand analysis were presentedin last year’s ZIL Annual Report, and showed that householdsraise food expenditureas total expenditure increase.However, households tend toimprove the quality of thefood consumed as theirincomes increase, and theirdemand patterns shift withinfoods of different nutritivecomposition. Thus householdscan increase theirfood budget without improvingnutrient availability.Therefore, a direct analysis ofthe impact of household percapita expenditure and other demographics on availability ofindividual nutrients was carried out.8 10 12Log of per capita expenditureNonparametric representationof expenditure oncalorie availability.In a first stage, a nonparametric procedure was used to visualizethe effect of per capita expenditure on per capita nutrientavailability using logarithmic scales. The representationof the influence of expenditure on calorie availability is presentedin the figure above as an example. As can be seen,calorie availability continuously increases with raising expenditure.In a second stage parametric estimations were carried out inorder to estimate nutrient-expenditure elasticities as well asthe influence of other socio-demographic variables on nutrientavailability. The figures in the table are the estimatednutrient-expenditure elasticities, which indicate the percentageincrease of nutient availability if household expenditureincreases by one percent.The results show that nutrient availability increases withincreasing expenditure and thus with increasing householdincome. Availability of calories increases by 0.34%, and availabilityof protein by 0.44% when expenditures raise by 1%.This is a clear indication that households not only raisetheir food expenditure with increasing income, but alsoimprove nutrient availability. Therefore, policies aiming atraising household incomes, especially of low income householdsare very likely to be effective in improving human nutrientavailability.NutrientElasticityCalories 0.34Protein 0.44Fat 0.88Cholesterol 2.13Fiber 0.02Vitamin A 0.38Vitamin E 0.68Vitamin C 0.55Vitamin B6 0.29Vitamin B12 1.50Thiamin 0.26Riboflavin 0.65Niacin 0.42Folate 0.10Calcium 0.65Magnesium 0.22Iron 0.30Zinc 0.47Nutrient-expenditureelasticities,i.e. percentageincrease of nutrientavailabilityif householdexpenditureincreases by 1%.26

CategoryZIL project, Phase IIIDurationAugust 2000–July 2003Project leaderAwudu AbdulaiContact personsJacques GerberAwudu AbdulaiCollaboratorsN. Mdoe, Sokoine University of Agriculture,Morogoro, Tanzania / A. N. Mussei, AgriculturalResearch Institute Uyole, Mbeya, Tanzania /F. Bachmann, Southern Highlands Dairy DevelopmentProject Iringa and Mbeya, TanzaniaResearch Priority AreasThe role of information aquisition in the adoptionof dairy-related technologies in TanzaniaThe research project, which was initiated in 1999, is part ofZIL’s research priority area on smallholder milk productionand marketing. It was seen as a continuation of the projectthat was undertaken on smallholder milk production andmarketing in India and Tanzania. The overall objective of theproject is to identify socially and economically sustainablelivestock systems for milk production and marketing inTanzania. This project is a collaborative research between theDepartment of Agricultural Economics of the ETHZ, theSokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) in Morogoro, and theMinistry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MoAC) of Tanzania.Jacques Gerber was hired as a scientific investigator for theproject in July 2000.A technology adoption survey of small scale dairy farmerswas carried out in Iringa and Mbeya, two rural areas ofTanzania. The survey data will allow for a descriptive andeconometric analysis of the technology transfer system ofthe Southern Highlands of Tanzania, with special attentiongiven to farmers’ information acquisition. The effect of farmers’and their households’ socioeconomic characteristics ontheir decision to obtain information on dairy-related technologiesand to adopt these new technologies will be analyzed.Increased knowledge of other effects on technologyadoption in the Tanzanian dairy sector, such as access to markets,access to credits and other institutional effects will alsoresult from this study.In February 2001, Jacques Gerber undertook a second missionto Tanzania to meet different collaborators to finalizethe preparation for data collection and discuss the detailedbudgetary requirements for the enumerators to be hired forthe survey. Then a six months’ mission was undertaken fromMay to November 2001 to conduct the survey. TheCattle improved after adoption of thenew technology on this Tanzanian farm.Agricultural Research Institute in Uyole (ARI-Uyole) of theMoAC helped Jacques Gerber to improve the questionnaireand to organize the data collection. ARY-Uyole provided alsotwo enumerators out of the five needed for this data collection.The three others have been found using diverse contactsin Mbeya. Based on the discussions that were held withthe collaborators in Tanzania, thirty-two villages were randomlyselected from tendistricts in Iringa andMbeya regions of the Southern Highlands. Then thirteenfarmers were randomly selected in each village. Thus, thedata base is made up of 236 farmers who have adoptedimproved cattle and 164 farmers who haven’t adoptedimproved cattle. Jacques Gerber supervised the survey bytravelling with the enumerators to the villages.All the information contained in the questionnaires havebeen entered into the computer and prepared for analysis.Therefore in 2002, Jacques Gerber will conduct this analysisand write the final report for the ZIL.27

Research Priority AreasSmallholderMilk Productionand MarketingCategoryZIL project, Phase IIIDurationApril 2000–May 2003Project leaderMichael KreuzerContact personAndreas JenetCollaboratorsSalvador Fernandez-Rivera andAzage Tegegne, IRLI, Ethiopia /Dirk Werling and Wolfgang Langhans,INW, ETHZNew sustainable concepts forefficient smallholder dairy nutritionZebu cows are hypothesised to react metabolically differentthan their crosses with Western breeds during and after aperiod of undernutrition. This project is conducted to evaluatethe response of feed fluctuation on nutritional adaptationof cows in a tropical environment. The influence ofshort- and long-term feed fluctuations are measured andcompared with “life-time” malnutrition (undernutrition andexcessive nutrient supply) of Zebu and crossbred cows.Life-time underfeedingof Zebu cattlefrom weaning.A total of 48 dairy cows with differentnutritional histories were includedin the experiment at the InternationalLivestock Research Institute, Debre Zeit ResearchStation, Ethiopia. Cows were fed from weaning to the end ofthe 2 nd lactation on feed amounts corresponding to thenutrient and energy quantities for 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 times ofestimated maintenance requirements. Afterwards part ofthe cows received a reversed feeding schedule either for biweeklyperiods or for their whole 3 rd lactation. Data on feedand water intake, milk yield, live-weight change and traits toestimate nutrient utilization and partitioning, body compositionand metabolic regulation were collected during intensivemeasurement periods. Inbetween, mainly performancedata were recorded.Data from the 2 nd lactation show that only crossbred cowsresponded to the highest feed amounts with a higher milkyield. By contrast, Zebu cows did not react at all to additionalfeed supply despite excessive body fat deposition. This alsoresulted in a higher partial feed efficiency for well-fed crossbredcows compared with Zebu or undernourished crossbreds.Accordingly, in crossbred cows nutritional history has astrong impact on milk yield. First data from the 3 rd lactationindicate that nutritional history is even more important thanassumed, as cows seem to lack any response in milk yieldwhen feed allocation is reduced to maintenance level thereafter.The data suggest that in periods with high feed supply,additional feeds should be preferably allocated to crossbredcows. In contrast, the great advantage of the Zebu cows istheir ability to utilize water more efficiently than the crossbreds.The lower water consumption of the Zebu cowsappears to consist of a reduced water loss with faeces ratherthan the lower milk yield.Strategies to cope with feed fluctuations in smallholder systemstherefore have to acknowledge the availability of bothfeed and water. Opportunities to effectively use theseresources are available in peri-urban areas, where an increasein milk production is feasible with improved feeds for crossbredcows. The better adapted Zebu breeds would be thechoice for remote tropical regions with unfavourable conditions.In these regions, the body condition of the cow is oftenmore important than the level of milk yield. The improvedbreeds used in more intensive systems will respond better tohigher feed supply.28

Research Fellow Partnership ProgramRFPP OverviewThe Research Fellow Partnership Programs for Agriculture(RFPP-A) and Forestry (RFPP-F) are SDC-funded initiatives forhuman resources development. The RFPP objective is to providepost-graduate training to scientists from Switzerlandand from developing countries (in the case of RFPP-A), and topromote the development of North-South research partnerships.The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation(SDC) has commissioned ZIL to manage these two ResearchFellow Partnership Programs. The RFPP is open to all Swissinstitutions collaborating with developing countries on agriculturalor forestry research.The RFPP offers training to young Swiss scientists in the programsof the Consultative Group on International AgriculturalResearch (CGIAR) and, in the case of the RFPP-Agriculture, of scientists from developing countries in Swissinstitutions in partnership with CGIAR Centers, or of scientistsfrom developing countries in CGIAR programs with linksto a Swiss institution. The candidates, either from Switzerlandor from a developing country (RFPP-A only), must not beolder than 34 years (or 40 years in the case of scientists fromdeveloping countries). They must have some experience inthe selected research area, and they must be interested indevelopment and open to the socioeconomic and culturalcontext of the research. The program strives for gender balance(to date five female, ten male candidates on all RFPPprojects funded so far).The research assignments must be relevant to SDC’s priorities.They must be within the mandates of the participatinginstitutions and form an essential part of an existing oremerging collaborative research program between the institutionsinvolved. They must provide adequate integration inthe host institution, and must have a substantial level ofcommitment in kind or through funding by the host institution.They must reflect an innovative character of researchand be sensitive to the ecological, socioeconomic and culturalcontext of the target environment. The proposal mustinclude quality professional supervision by the institutionsinvolved as well as scientific backstopping by the collaboratingpartner institutions.The RFPP-Agriculture started in 1996. In total, 13 projectshave been accepted until 2001. Two projects were short-termtraining of developing country scientists at ETHZ, all otherprojects are dissertations or post-doc research. The first twocandidates finished their PhDs successfully in 2000; one candidatedeceased in the same year. All ongoing projects areportrayed in the following section. In 2001, one post-docproject was completed (Braunschweig, p. 32), and three newprojects could be started, two with PhD candidates (Diby,p. 35; Chacon, p. 36), and one post-doc project (Bernet, p. 37).Two more projects were accepted to start in 2002. In theRFPP-Forestry two projects have been accepted for funding.Both are presented in this report, the on-going one by P.Derleth, and the new one by K. Schmidt.The RFPP provides an excellent opportunity for collaborationbetween international and Swiss research institutions. So far,projects partners include: EAWAG, ETHZ, EPF Lausanne, FAL,Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Obst-, Wein- und Gartenbau,University of Bern, University of Neuchâtel, University ofZürich, Conservatory and Botanical Garden, Geneva. Internationalpartners are centres of the CGIAR (CIAT, CIFOR, CIM-MYT, CIP, IITA, IRRI, ISNAR) as well as national institutions inColombia, Ivory Coast (CSRS), Kyrgystan, Mexico, Nicaragua,Nigeria, the UK, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.Barbara Becker29

Research Fellow Partnership ProgramRFPP-AgricultureDurationOctober 1998–September 2001Research FellowThomas BraunschweigSupervisorsPeter Rieder, IAW, ETHZ /Willem Janssen, ISNARCollaboratorsJaine C. Reyes, University of thePhilippines, Los Baños /Theresa Sengooba, NamulongeAgricultural and Animal ProductionResearch Institute, UgandaEnhancing the Analytical Hierarchy Process as adecision tool for biotechnology programsThe goal of this three-year project was to elaborate and disseminatea participatory and user-friendly decision-supporttool based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The projectfocused on enhancing the decision framework throughthe incorporation of innovative concepts, assessing its usefulnessin two case studies in the Philippines and Uganda,and initiating its dissemination through the development ofsuitable materials and a series of seminarsand training courses.framework. Third, the conceptual framework developed earlierfor the selection of decision criteria was explicitly integratedinto the decision framework.Overall, the project objectives have been achieved. The decisionframework for solving selection problems in agriculturalresearch management has been strengthened by incorporatingand testing three innovative concepts. The application inThe project consisted of research, service,and training components. Theresearch component included methodological,conceptual and empirical workto improve and validate the decisionFood securityimpactframework. The service component wasconcerned with delivering to the casestudycountries a systematic and userfriendlyInstitutionalcapacitydecision-making process and asatisfactory outcome in terms ofresearch priorities. Moreover, it helpedto ensure that the research was relevantFoodcropsand demand-driven. The training componentcontributed to human resource development in thearea of management skills. Both the service and trainingcomponents also guaranteed that the organizations involvedin the two developing countries received a fair share of theresearch partnership.The research focused on improving the decision process bydeveloping and incorporating three innovative approaches.First, a pre-selection process was designed and applied in thePhilippine case study. Second, a stakeholder analysis procedurewas developed and formally integrated into the decisionGoal Criteria Subcriteria OptionsChoose the best option based on the potential impacts on national development objectivesCapacitybuildingimpactHumanskillsExportperformanceSocialimpactPhysicalinfrastructureAnimalhealthEconomicimpactEconomicbenefitsPlant geneticresourcesEnvironmentalimpactExportpotentialAnimal geneticresourcestwo case studies improved the Impact hierarchy ofthe decision model topractical relevance of the decisionframework and allowed investment options inevaluate differentthe Uganda case study.further refinements of thedecision process. The two casestudies were successfully completed and produced usefulresults for the involved countries. Follow-up activities concernfurther publications of the experience in the case studiesand preparations to improve the training module and toturn it into a “Training for Trainers” module.32

RFPP-AgricultureDurationSeptember 1999–September 2002Research FellowEsther LeemannSupervisorsClaudia Binder, UNWS, ETHZ /Jürg Helbling, UZH /Hans Hurni, CDE, BernCollaboratorsPeter Baccini, Franziska Pfister ETHZ-EAWAG / Awudu Abdulai, IAW, ETHZ /Miguel Ayarza, CIAT, Honduras /Jorge A. Beltrán, CIAT, Nicaragua /Luis Dicovskyi, ECAGE, Nicaragua /Matilde S. Chang, UNA, NicaraguaResearch Fellow Partnership ProgramThe impact of trade reform and other policieson rural poverty and the environment:The case of San Dionisio, NicaraguaThe main objective of this project is to develop an instrumentto evaluate the impact of trade reform and other policies onpoor farmers and their natural resource base. This instrumentallows for understanding the relationship betweenrural poor and their environmental resource base, quantifyingthe environmental impacts of trade reform and otherpolicies, evaluating the effect of these changes on poorfarmers’ income, and estimating qualitatively the importanceof institutions regulating the access of poor farmersto resources.The conceptual framework combines top down and bottomupanalyses. In the top down analysis (BINDER AND LOPEZ, 2000)we investigate first the effect of policies on the productionand management decisions of farmers. This analysis is basedon a socioeconomic survey performed at a watershed level.Second, we evaluate the changes in production and managementchoices with respect to their impact on income andenvironmental quality.In the bottom-up approach, we focus first on specific farmhousehold types. Their current behavior and developmentstrategies and their impact on soil quality, food security andstandard of living are discussed. The gained insights are thenextrapolated on a regional level and policies to improve soilquality, food security and standard of living are discussed.Currently we are evaluating thedata from the second and thirdfield phase. That is, we are• developing local developmentprofiles of selected communitieswithin the watershed;• evaluating the effects of managementpractices on soil qualityand food security of selectedfarm household types;• analysing farmers’ decisionsystems from an economic andanthropological perspectiveand• discussing the effect of policychanges at a national and internationallevel on farmers’behavior.Coffee plantationin Wibuse.This project is co-financed by the Chair of Resource andWaste Management, ETHZ, by supporting the PhD student,Franziska Pfister, who is analyzing the nutrient managementon a farm household level.These analyses are complemented with participatory analyses(Sustainable Development Appraisal and AutodidacticLearning System). The latter provides a picture of the internalknowledge and views of farmers within a community. Theneeds, options and visions are related to the potentials estimatedin the bottom-up and the effects of current policies inthe top-down approach.33

Research Fellow Partnership ProgramRFPP-AgricultureDurationOctober 2001–September 2004Research FellowGabriela ChacónSupervisionCesare Gessler, IPW, ETHZ /Greg Forbes, CIP, EcuadorCollaboratorsMeredith Bonierbale, CIP, Peru /Pedro S. Oyarzún, CIP, EcuadorVariability in Phytophthora infestans and itspotential role in breeding for resistance in potatoPhytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blightis undoubtedly the “star” of all plant diseases, known to havechanged the human world. Still today, its devastating potentialworries farmers and policy makers. Scientists are thereforechallenged to find safe, affordable and easily implementablesolutions to avoid late blight damage. Resistancebreeding can provide cultivars, which meet the latter tworequirements; howeverleaving the question ofthe durability of theresistance.Gabriela Chacón, research fellow and PhDstudent, collecting wild Solanaceae in Ecuador.The source of resistanceagainst Phytophthora tobe used in potato breedingare wild Solanaceae.Little is known about thebehavior of the fungus onwild Solanaceae, e.g.:• Can the same genotypeattack both hosts?• Can aggressive Phytophthoragenotypes developon hybrid progenies(potato x wild Solanaceae)?• What is the potentialconsequence of the current breeding strategies withregard to the forced evolution of the pathogen population(e.g., when a resistant cultivar is released and gets popular,how will the population of P. infestans change)?on various hosts is determined. The selection effects onpathogen genotypes from both cultivated and wild Solanumspecies, as well as on their capacity to mate on hybrid hostprogenies (wild potatoes crossed to cultivated ones) aredetermined. The objective is to determine the host specificityof P. infestans populations and the potential of such populationsto create new populations capable of overcomingresistance of new host hybrids. It will provide informationthat will make breeding of potato for resistance to P. infestansmore efficient and successful. It will answer the questionwhether wild species of Solanum, which may be used assources of resistance to P. infestans, have host-specific populationsof the pathogen. This must be taken into considerationin the breeding strategy.The project takes advantage of the specific competencies ofthe partner institutions ETHZ and CIP, and of the geographicallocation in the heart of the Andes as origin of the host.Currently, nineteen field trips have been made in the highlandsof Ecuador to collect hosts (wild and cultivated hosts,mainly in the section Petota) and pathogen isolates. 174 isolatesof P. infestans belonging to 17 different species andother unidentified Solanaceae were collected. Pathogen isolateshave been characterized for mating type, Gpi, Pep, mitochondrialhaplotype, and RFLPs. Aggressiveness tests wereperformed on detached leaf assays. Crosses have been madebetween wild hosts and between wild hosts and susceptibleclones.In this project, populations of P. infestans are analyzed withmolecular markers, and the aggressiveness of the individuals36

RFPP-AgricultureDurationAugust 2001–July 2004Research FellowThomas BernetSupervisorsThomas Walker andMichael Hermann, CIPCollaboratorsAlbéric Hibon, ASO-SDC /André Devaux, CIP-Papa Andina /Ueli Scheuermeier, LBL /Bernhard Lehmann, IAW, ETHZResearch Fellow Partnership ProgramUnderstanding and implementingeffective regional research and developmentprocesses in rural areas of the AndesAgricultural research institutions progressively reorient theirresearch agenda towards “near end products”. The quest toachieve more impact – especially on rural poverty – is indeedvery challenging as the core competencies of these institutionsare traditionally production- but not market-oriented.Especially for CGIAR centers, new market-oriented methodologiesare key to complement their commodity-basedresearch and reach better impact on rural development. Thisproject seeks to generate methodological expertise in thisarea.The project focuses on two distinctive approaches. The firstapproach seeks efficient ways to transfer impact-generatingresearch results to the private sector; the second approachemphasizes the functional use of participatory research anddevelopment methods to engender market opportunitiesthrough involving the key actors of the product chain (see 1and 2 in the figure, right).The first type of approach is being developed and testedtogether with SDC’s agricultural office in Peru through thepromotion of yacon, a little-known Andean tuber with interestingdietetic characteristics. As this tuber is not yet commerciallyavailable, the challenge of this approach is to “produce”a high-value marketing “package” which then can betransferred to that private company which secures bestimpact to producers. At this stage, the “package” is almostready to be presented to a range of interested companies tobuy into the CIP-developed yacon derivate and produce it onan industrial scale. So far, the research conducted by the differentteam members has fine-tuned aspects of yacon productionand processing, and cost calculations have revealedinteresting profit levels. Thanks to a highly qualified marketingspecialist, the product has obtained a registered brandand a marketing concept, which both were tested throughConservationof germplasmResearch InstitutionsResearchand breedingHow can agricultural researchinstitutions generate better impacton rural development?ProductdevelopmentCommercializationFarmersEnterprisesqualitative research. Currently, the quantitative research isconducted to assess the market size for this yacon derivate.Meanwhile, activities are coordinated among CIP scientiststo also use this approach to stimulate the commercial use ofnative potatoes.The second type of approach is being implemented withinCIP’s Papa Andina project to detect and put into practice jointactivities that lead to new commercial uses of potatoes. Thisapproach seeks to determine and measure those key factors,which enhance optimum involvement of the different competingactors of the market chain along this research anddevelopment process. This approach is also being tested tohelp small-scale farmers to build and strengthen their associationsto more effectively work with enterprises.Potentially, this approach might be applied to set in place thecertification schemes related to the production and commercializationof organic maca, another very interesting Andeancrop with a high market potential.12TradersConsumers37

Research Fellow Partnership ProgramRFPP-ForestryDurationJune 1999–Mai 2002Research fellowPascale Derleth,EPFL, LausanneSupervisorRodolphe Schlaepfer,EPFL, LausanneCollaboratorsCIFOR, Indonesia /Michel Sartori,Museum of Zoology, LausanneEvaluation of indicators and verifiers to assessthe biodiversity of tropical forests:Landscape and water quality indicatorsThe need for criteria, indicators and verifiers for the biodiversityassessment as part of sustainable forest management oftropical forests has been identified as a priority by manyinternational organizations.This three-year research project intends to contribute to thisprocess by studying selected indicators and verifiers toassess the biological diversity in tropical forests: ecologicalwater quality and landscape indicators.This study took place in EastKalimantan Province in Borneo(Indonesia) where the main use ofthe forest remains logging. Therefore,we focused on the impact oflogging activities on the streams.Ecological water quality was measuredby investigating macro-invertebratesand physical parameters.Landscape indicators are measuredwith satellite images.Pascale Derleth collectingmacro-invertebrateswith a surber net.The main parameter to assess loggingactivities and intensities is theproportion of the catchment areawhich is logged, as well as the number of years after logging.The proportion of the area logged was measured by mappingthe logging roads and skid trails. The time after loggingranged from a few months to five years after logging. In orderto study the impact of the logging activities on the ecologicalwater quality, we collected aquatic insects to assess thechange in the composition of their population. 19 sites wereselected for comparing logged versus unlogged areas.The aquatic insects collection totals 14'000 individuals, 6'500collected in Summer 2000 and 7'500 in Spring 2001. Theidentification was done at the Museum of Zoology inLausanne. Identification was performed up to the family levelfor most of the individuals, and up to the generic level for theEphemeroptera order. Ephemeroptera encompass almost 50%of the total fauna. 10 new genera out of 42 were discovered.Very high taxonomic richness with more than 100 taxa andlow density (ten times less than in Europe) was observed.2 Landsat 5 (1991 and 1997) images, one Landsat 7 (1999)and a Radarsat image are available.Thematic maps at scales1:100'000 and 1:50'000 respectively,will be produced with theGIS Arcview. Field maps at scale1:1000 are digitalized to be usedwith Arcview as well.With Indonesia’s ongoing processesof decentralization and regionalautonomy, forest administrationhas mostly been transferred to theprovincial and district governmentsduring the last two years.Logging roadscrossingthe concession.The fieldwork site in Malinau districtwas strongly effected. In orderto attract investments and to get revenues from local sources,the newly established government issued numerous “smallscaleforest conversion permits” during the year 2000 beforedeveloping institutional capacity to regulate the new loggingcompanies and before adopting a land-use plan. As a result,many companies are logging without control, felling trees inareas that exceed those assigned to them, including the projectsampling sites. As the long-term government strategyinvolves developing roads and infrastructure to attract moreinvestors in the forestry, plantations and mining sectors, seriousconcerns about the future have to be raised.38

RFPP-ForestryDurationMay 2002–April 2005Research fellowKaspar SchmidtSupervisorYam Malla, IRDD, Reading, UK /Jean-Pierre Sorg, D-FOWI, ETHZ /Bronislav I. Vienglovsky, Forest Instituteof the Kyrgyz Republic, KyrgyzstanCollaboratorsCarol J. Pierce Colfer, CIFOR, Indonesia /Jane Carter, Intercooperation /Kyrgyz-Swiss Forestry Sector SupportProgram KIRFORResearch Fellow Partnership ProgramKnowledge and strategies of local peopleinvolved in forest managementin the walnut-fruit forests in KyrgyzstanNatural forests of walnut and fruit-bearing species occur inthe mountain ranges of Southern Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia.These forests are regarded as biodiversity hotspots of internationalimportance and play a considerable role for localpeoples’ livelihood. The collapse of the Soviet Union and theconsequent economic and political transition led to a breakdownof an effective forest management system and toincreasing pressure on easy accessible forests. Therefore,the conservation and sustainable management of theseforests is currently uncertain, and new approaches to managementare urgently needed. A multipurpose managementwith an active participation of local communities seems tobe a promising approach. In this sense, the Kyrgyz-SwissForestry Sector Support Program has been working withits partners to develop collaborative forest management(CFM) in the area.The research project aims at contributing to the developmentof CFM in the walnut-fruit forests. Its objectives are:• to assess the existing knowledge of local people involvedin forest management in the fields of silviculture andagroforestry and to identify their management strategies;• to identify factors influencing the development of innovationin silviculture and agroforestry;• to launch a process of improvement of forest managementby local people;• to explore ways to implement collaborative, multipurposeforest management taking into account biodiversityconservation.The research, for which fieldwork started in July 2001, is conductedin an interdisciplinary research group consisting of twoKyrgyz PhD students working on socioeconomic aspects andConducting a research interviewwith peasant farmers.on biodiversity conservation in forests under CFM, a researchassistant and the research fellow. Thus, the project contributesto the scientific capacity building in a country in transition.It is part of CIFOR’s international research program onAdaptive Collaborative Management of Forests (ACM).In 2001, four State forest farms were selected as researchsites on the basis of precisely defined factors which are supposedto have a considerable influence on people’s attitudetowards forests and on forest management. Within everysite a representative sample of households was chosen.Semi-structured interviews with the farmers were conductedand various tools of the RRA/PRA toolbox applied to learnmore about peoples’ use of resources and the reasons behindparticular use patterns. Parallel to this, a socioeconomic surveywas started, which will provide detailed information onthe role of forest resources for the livelihood of local farmers.39

Special Focus: CSRS, Ivory CoastThe Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique(CSRS), Ivory CoastRecent developmentsThe CSRS was 50 years old in 2001. This anniversary was celebratedwith several events in Ivory Coast and Switzerland(see next chapter). The CSRS has travelled a long way since itsfoundation. The last decade has seen the birth of newresearch partnerships with universities and research institutionsin Ivory Coast. Increasing support of the Swiss Academyof Sciences (SAS) has made it possible for significantly moreyoung scientists to work in the CSRS, and has also led to amuch clearer orientation towards the needs of the countryand its people. The CSRS has been able to enter into a largevariety of partnerships.Annual Budget1.5 million CHFSwiss and EuropeanInstitutions(ETHZ, universities,FSNRS, Max PlanckInstitute, EU) 47%CHF 700'000Swiss FederalGovernment (SAS) 33%CHF 500'000Third-party fundingin Ivory Coast (industry,development funds) 20%CHF 300'000The CSRS has created post-doctoral positions for two of itslines of research, for the urban environment, and for nutritionand food security. The process is still continuing for theother two research areas.A basis has been established for the transformation of theCSRS from a center providing services and support for scientistsfrom the North, into a center of research really rooted inthe South. Many things have made this development possible.They include the improvement of the infrastructure, withthe construction of a laboratory for molecular biology andepidemiology, a course room and working-places for postdoctoralscientists, and the establishment of an intranet.Budget and financeOrigins of CSRS scientistsand students in 2000Europe 22%20Degrees and diplomasof CSRS scientists in 2000USA 10%9Switzerland 25%23Senior 7%6Post-doc 8%7Practical training 1%1Africa 43%39The management of the CSRS is based on research projects,with a guaranteed core financing, amounting to one-third ofthe annual budget, which is assured by the Swiss Academy ofSciences (SAS). The core funding includes a research fund of80'000 CHF. for African scientists, an investment which ultimatelyhelped to attract additional external funds.PhD 43%40MSc /Diploma /DEA 41%3740

Special Focus: CSRS, Ivory CoastNationality and qualifications of scientific staffThe largest group of scientists and students who worked inthe CSRS in 2000 (43%) were from African countries. Therewere almost equal numbers from Switzerland (25%) and therest of Europe (22%), and 10% from America. After a longprocess of evolution, at the dawn of the third millennium theCSRS has thus become an international research center, witha Swiss financial and scientific nucleus.Students of the CSRS are working for PhD or MSc degrees, orfor the Diplôme d’Etudes Approfondies (DEA). There are morepost-doctoral scientists than in the past decade, but thereare still too few. The research capacity provided by these scientistshas enabled us to increase the number of papers publishedin international scientific journals.Research activitiesThe four main research fields are:• Natural environment and biodiversity;• Nutrition and food security;• Parasitic diseases, and• Development of the urban environment.The program on Nutrition and Food Security is the principalcounterpart for ZIL members, and is therefore presented inmore detail.Natural environment and biodiversityThe protection of the natural environment and the diversityof species is a global undertaking. The most endangeredspecies on the planet are in the tropical forests. Animals arenot only threatened by poachers, but by the loss of theirhabitat, which continues unchecked at the rate of 10'000square kilometers per year. One of the results is the permanentloss of species of plants and animals. In West Africa, theIvorian Taï National Park is one of the few relatively well-preservedprimary forests, classified by UNESCO as a BiosphereReserve.We are carrying out botanical research on the effect of theuse of forest and savanna resources and of forest management.In the field of animal wildlife, the chimpanzee andother monkeys in the Taï forest are in the focus. The studiescarried out include various species, and a wide range of topicsin four main areas: Ethology, Anatomy and Locomotion,Cognition, and Ecology and Conservation.Nutrition and food securityThe CSRS is playing an active part in this area, concentratingits efforts on cassava and yams, which are the root and tubercrops that are most important for food. An integratedapproach from production to consumption has been developedfor these two crops. In view of the great importance ofthe quality of these foodstuffs, in addressing the problems oftheir conservation and processing the opinions of both ruraland urban consumers have been taken into account. Theeconomic dimension has also been considered, and channelsof supply and the dynamics of price have been analyzed inorder to propose and test methods for improvement.Contacts with other research teams in West Africa (Béninand Nigeria) have provided new insights, and opened a doorfor South-South knowledge transfer. The role of the CSRS inthis process has been to contribute actively to the setting upof contacts and, as part of a network of partners sharing thesame interests, to contribute to the development of aresearch project on yams that is being supported by theEuropean Union. This project involves a close collaboration41

Special Focus: CSRS, Ivory Coastbetween scientists from Bénin, Nigeria and Ivory Coast andfrom France, Belgium and Switzerland.Since 1999, we have launched new projects in response torequests from the private sector. In the area of food security,an evaluation of hybrid varieties of maize has been combinedwith a training program for students of soil science and agriculturalscience at the University of Abidjan. A similar procedurehas been used for promising varieties of cassava.The first CSRS building.In the same spirit of partnership betweenthe public and private sectors, FISDES (Ivorian-SwissFund for Economic and Social Development) has initiated aprogram for intensification of the cultivation of food crops.The CSRS participated actively in the planning of this program,and has been entrusted with its execution and scientificfollow-up. The overall objective is to improve the purchasingpower of people in the rural areas, and one of thestrategies proposed for achieving this goal is a better managementof the production of food crops. Diversifying production,and prolonging the growing season by the control ofirrigation, should enable the producers to obtain a regularincome from selling their crops in the local markets. In thetraditional system there has always been an alternationbetween periods where food is plentiful and periods ofscarcity. This phenomenon has repercussions on prices, andaffects both the income of the producers and householdexpenditure in the urban areas. The impact of intensificationof production on the health of the population and on theenvironment will be regularly monitored, and measures toreduce risk and improve the health of the producers with afocus on malaria will be implemented.The major concern of the group working on micro-nutrientsis the nutritional status of the population. The group’s maininterest is in iron deficiency and iodine deficiency, and themeasures that can be taken to ensure a balanced diet.Currently, salt fortified with both iron and iodine is beingdeveloped and tested in close collaboration with theUniversity of Abobo Adjamé and the Department ofNutrition in the National Institute of Public Health. Themicro-nutrient contents of improved IITA’s yam cultivarsimported and evaluated by CSRS will be determined. The aimis to better understand the genetic variability of yam in relationto critical micro-nutrients and thus provide the potentialto develop micro-nutrient dense, high-yielding yam varieties.The health status and the nutritional status of populationsare interdependent. For example, with poor nutrition, peopleare more vulnerable to parasitic diseases, which is also a concernof the CSRS.Collaborative projects between CSRS and ZIL members in thefield of nutrition and food security are portrayed on pp. 46–49.42

Special Focus: CSRS, Ivory CoastParasitic and infectious diseasesThe CSRS is concerned with parasitic diseases in humans andanimals, include zoonotic diseases, i.e. illnesses that can betranslated from animals to humans. With regard to zoonoticdiseases, preliminary studies on bovine tuberculosis and brucellosishave been conducted. In the field of animal disease, asurvey of parasites of the ovine digestive tract has providedthe first inventory of parasites and description of their seasonalvariation as a pre-requisite for policies for anti-parasitictreatment.Concerning human diseases, studies on schistosomiasiscomprise the rapid detection of risk at community level, anda national map of schistosomiasis distribution. This mapshould improve the efficacy of the national control programand reduce the costs of the intervention. A study in the westernpart of Ivory Coast provided the first evidence anywherein the world that the antimalarial drug artemether, aderivate of artemisinin, is active against S. mansoni infectionin humans. Further research is done on amoebiasis, anotherimportant parasitic disease of humans. Irrigation agriculturemay increase the health risks due to water-borne diseases. Asurvey was carried out in Central Ivory Coast to establishbaseline data on four water-borne diseases: schistosomiasis,intestinal worms, malaria and buruli ulcers.The urban environmentThe CSRS is located close to Abidjan, one of the most importantcities in West Africa, and one of the most rapidlyexpanding. A new area of interdisciplinary research on theurban environment was established in 1999, concentratingon strategies and interventions that can reduce the negativeside-effects of both urbanization and globalization, especiallyfor the most disadvantaged and marginalized groups. Suchstrategies include social ones, and also programs in the fieldof agricultural policy, since urban agriculture is economicallya very important activity in urban areas, especially for manyof the poorer residents. The problems resulting from urbanizationare being tackled by an international and interdisciplinarypartnership of medical doctors, biologists, agriculturists,anthropologists, sociologists, economists and specialistsin rural engineering, coming from Ivory Coast, other parts ofWest Africa, and Europe. They are applying the results of theirwork at the level of households and of urban districts. Inaddition, the situation in Abidjan is being compared withthat in Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso, and N’Djaména inChad. This innovative project is becoming well recognized inthe whole region, and clearly demonstrates the new orientationof the CSRS in the new millennium.ConclusionAll research at CSRS is done in close collaboration betweenscientists from Ivory Coast and other African countries, fromEurope and from America. Such intercultural partnerships donot always function without problems in mutual understandingand cooperation. It is exactly here that the real challengelies – in learning to overcome these differences in orderto find solutions to the problems of rural and urban communitiesin the South and in the North. The research questionswe are tackling at the CSRS have implications that go beyondthe frontiers of Ivory Coast and even of West Africa. Most ofthem have aspects that are universal. The path is long,uneven and winding, but we are sure we are on the rightroad, and that we shall be able to contribute to the solutionto the problems that result from globalization.Olivier Girardin43

Special Focus: CSRS, Ivory CoastNorbert Béhi in front of aload of cassava roots.Conferences and workshopsbetween CSRS and ZILA number of events took place in 2001 with mutual participationof CSRS and ZIL colleagues. The first one was the ZILAnnual Conference in May (p. 12). The CSRS researcherNorbert Béhi was one of the key speakers in that event. InNovember, he was tragically killed back in his home country.In June 2001, a joint workshop was held at Eschikon withresearchers of the ETHZ Department of Agriculture and FoodScience and of the CSRS. This workshop on the “Improvedproduction and storage of root and tuber crops in WestAfrica” was the first event in a series of special occasions incelebration of the 50 th anniversary of CSRS.International symposium:Research in partnership for a sustainable development inWest Africa, August 25–28, 2001, Abidjan, Ivory CoastIn the last week of August 2001 the 50 th CSRS anniversarywas celebrated with an International Symposium at its headquarternear Abidjan, Ivory Coast. It attracted some 150–200participants, among them some 40 guests from Switzerland:researchers, policy makers, and journalists. Six ZIL memberstook part in the symposium, representing the Institutes ofFood and Nutrition, Plant Sciences, and AgriculturalEconomics. Other Swiss researchers came from the Uni-Improved production and storage of root and tuber crops in West Africa:Workshop held on June 22, 2001 at the ETHZ research station EschikonFor a number of years the Department of Agriculture and Food Science at the ETHZ has devoted part of its research activities to partnershipswith developing countries. One of the main areas has been research on the tropical tuber and root crops yams (Dioscorea spp.) and cassava(Manihot spp.) which are staple foods of hundreds of millions of people in developing countries.The aim of the workshop was to bring different research groups form the Department of Agriculture and Food Science and their partners fromthe University of Abidjan and the Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS) in Ivory Coast together to exchange information and presenttheir results to a broad audience of scientists and professionals in development cooperation. Speakers from the International Institute ofTropical Agriculture IITA were also invited. The workshop was organized by ETHZ and ZIL. It attracted some 150 participants. This report summarizesthe research projects presented in the workshop.The main emphasis of the research on yams is to reduce losses and improve quality of the processed products. The annual vegetative cycle ofyams necessitates a long period of storage. Losses during this period are high and are mainly due to germination. These losses could be reducedthrough extending the dormancy period using sprout inhibitor gibberellic acid GA3. To assess the quality of fresh and processed yam tubersnew and adapted screening methods have been developed and tested. Simple biological methods to control yam tuber rot in traditional Africanfarming systems as well as a conceptual model for yam growth able to integrate the different aspects of crop ecophysiology were also presented.Research projects on cassava were mainly on the improvement of traditional products. Traditionally, cassava roots are fermented during preparation.Spontaneous fermentation is the favorite method for detoxification of cassava, which contains natural cyanogenic glucosides, as wellas for improvement of the nutritional and organoleptic quality of the products. Methods aiming at the optimization of the cassava fermentationusing a starter culture was presented. This could facilitate the standardization of the product quality and shorten fermentation time.Zakariah Farah44

ObituaryIt is with deep mourning that the General Management of the Swiss Centre of Scientific Research in Ivory Coast(CSRS) announces the death ofBEHI YAVO ERIC NORBERT, researcher at CSRSwhich occurred through an accident at Abengourou on Sunday November 11, 2001, while he was in the field.Norbert Béhi has been a researcher with CSRS since 1997 as a specialist of rural economy. In the beginning, hisresearch focused on the sustainable cultivation of palm trees for the production of palm wine. After 1999,he was coordinator of the manioc project which aimed at the introduction and evaluation of improved cassavavarieties, and their propagation in Ivory Coast. The project collaborated with a variety of partners, such asNestlé, the Autonomous Project for the Conservation of Taï National Park (PACPNT), the Project for SupportingCommercialization and Local Initiatives (PACIL), and the ANADER (National Services for Rural Extension).He had only just returned from his third research term at the ETHZ with the group of Professor BernardLehmann. He had been helping Ms. Reina Foppen from FLO-International (Fair Trade Labeling Organization) toestablish contacts with cacao producers and cooperatives for a feasibility study on the potential of a faircacao market in Ivory Coast.All staff members and research teams of CSRS, his superiors and collaborators will cherish the memory of NorbertBéhi for his professional achievements and efficiency, as well as for his heartwarming personality and humility.versities of Basel, Bern, Neuchâtel, and the Swiss FederalInstitute of Technology Lausanne, as well as from the SwissTropical Institute at Basel and the Botanical Garden ofGeneva. CSRS maintains research partnerships with all theseinstitutions.The symposium program consisted of three parts: The firstday was dedicated to research policy and official statementsby political representatives. The CSRS was honored by thevisit of the President of the Republic of Ivory Coast, LaurenceGbagbo, for the Opening Ceremony. Later, the IvorianMinister of Research, Séry Bailly, and the Swiss Secretary ofState for Research, Charles Kleiber, together with a numberof other high officials, participated in a panel on research policyfor development.In October and November 2001, respectively, two more conferencestook place related to the CSRS anniversary, one atthe University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, and one at theUniversity of Abidjan, Ivory Coast. In both events ZIL membersand researchers actively participated in the program.Barbara BeckerThe next two days were reserved for the presentation ofsome 50 research projects in the four programs: NaturalEnvironment and Biodiversity, Nutrition and Food Security,Parasitic Diseases, and Development of the UrbanEnvironment. It showed the impressive diversity and achievementsof the research collaboration between the African scientistsand their counterparts from the North.The symposium was terminated with a ceremony in honor ofthe winners of two newly donated research awards: ThePrix-Lombard-Odier to the team N’Goran/Utzinger for theirresearch on bilharziosis, and the WWF price to the teamInza/Refisch for their etiological research on primates. Inboth cases, it was a reward not only for excellent science, butequally for their outstanding intercultural collaboration andpartnership.A series of articles about the CSRS appeared inDer kleine Bund on September 22, 2001.45

Special Focus: CSRS, Ivory CoastProject LeaderGeneviève Defago, IPW, ETHZResearch FellowFabio MascherFunding SourceZIL Project, Phase IIIProject PartnersCSRS /IITA, Bénin and NigeriaBio-control of post-harvest rot in yamsThe project was based at CSRS in Ivory Coast betweenDecember 1999 and Mai 2000. Funding was provided withinthe ZIL Research Priority Area Integrated Pest Management.The goal was to evaluate the potential of bio-control toreduce the incidence of yams tuber rot. To achieve this, boththe laboratory facilities in Abidjan and the field station facilitiesin Bringakro were used.In previous experiments, it was shown that palm wine, thefermented sap of certain palm trees, can have anti-microbialactivity and the potential to protect yams tuber tissue frominfection with rot-causing fungi. This activity was furthercharacterized within this project in storage experimentunder field conditions and in laboratory experiments, using apreviously set up biotest. The results indicate that the antimicrobialactivity of palm wine is due to micro-organismsand can therefore be considered bio-control which is due todifferent bacteria, that we isolated subsequently. However,the field storage experiment did not yield any statisticallysignificant difference between palm wine treated anduntreated tubers. These results were not influenced bywounding of the tubers, storage duration or even treatmentswith fungicides. This suggests that the origin of the yamstuber rot might not necessarily be due to a fungal infectionbut rather to a physiological decay of the tubers.Evaluation of tuber rot after 3 months’ storage(end of experiment, destructive sampling).The rotted part of the tuber is invading the healthy part.Bringakro: Women ofthe village help to cleanand prepare tubers forthe storage experiment.The site occupied forthe storage trials.46

Funding SourceBundesamt für Bildung undWissenschaft (BBW) / EU IncoDevProject LeaderPeter Stamp, IPW, ETHZ /Felix Escher, ILW, ETHZResearch FellowAndreas TschannenCollaboratorsOlivier Girardin / Zakaria FarahProject PartnersCERNA, University of Cotonou, Bénin /CIRAD Monpellier, France / CNRAand University of Cocody, Abidjan,Ivory Coast / KU Leuven, Belgium /NRCRI Umudike, NigeriaSpecial Focus: CSRS, Ivory CoastOptimization of post-harvest storage techniquesfor yam (Dioscorea ssp.)Post-harvest losses of yam (Dioscorea ssp.) are a major constraintto the year-round availability of this staple food. Thefocus of this project was on physiological losses due to thegermination of late harvested yam tubers of D. alata and D.cayenensis-rotundata. Such tubers remain dormant for a certaintime, normally 1–3 months, whereupon they sprout andrapidly deteriorate. The growth regulator gibberellic acid(GA 3 ) has been shown to suppress sprouting for a prolongedperiod and thus to decrease post-harvest losses. The knownform of application has however not been adapted widelyand it was necessary to improve the method and gain moreunderstanding on the GA 3 ’s functionality.The improved methods were compared to the traditionalstorage practice. An on-farm experiment illustrated the competitivepower of the improved methods and their limitationsin farmers’ conditions. The two new methods used lessGA 3 and were faster to apply than the formerly describedmethod. They led to a net benefit of yam storage which wassuperior to the traditional system. The scope of methods forthe application of GA 3 developed during this project isbelieved to increase chances of adoption of the improvedstorage of yam.In three years of field experimentation two new methodshave been elaborated in on-station storage trials in the IvoryCoast. Optimal concentrations of GA 3 to be used and the timeof application were defined. The evolution of fresh and drymatter over time and peculiarities of sprouting weredescribed carefully. The post-harvest losses could be reducedby 5–15% after four months of storage and it was shown thatnot only water but also dry matter losses were reduced. Itwas found that GA 3 has a systemic action and affects the apicaldominance of the yam tuber.Yams and cassava market in West Africa.47

Special Focus: CSRS, Ivory CoastFunding SourceETHZ / EU IncoDevProject LeaderFelix Escher, ILW, ETHZResearch FellowJudith BrunnschweilerCollaboratorsBéatrice Conde-Petit /Zakaria Farah, ILWProject PartnersCERNA, University of Cotonou, Bénin /CIRAD Monpellier, France /CNRA, CSRS, University of Cocody,Abidjan, Ivory Coast / KU Leuven,Belgium / NRCRI Umudike, NigeriaStructural and textural properties ofcooked and processed yam (Dioscorea spp.)Our principal task in the INCOYAM project is the physicochemicaland structural characterization of fresh and storedyam as well as of processed yam, in particular of cooked andpounded yam, the latter being called foutou in the IvoryCoast. The main objective is to obtain a comprehensivedescription of the structure-property relationships that areimportant in determining post-harvest handling and processingof yam which, in turn, will assist in the selection ofyam varieties in breeding programs. The investigations arecarried out with varieties of the two yam species Dioscoreaalata and Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata.Different levels of structure are considered ranging fromnano-scale to macro-scale. One important level of structurein the micrometer range are cells that differ in size, shape,composition and function. The mechanical properties of yamtissue, as determined by compression and three-point bendingtests, are largely controlled by the rigidity and deformabilityof the individual cells, the cell-to-cell adhesion andthe presence of fibrous material. Emphasis is also placed onthe starch fraction which is the major component of yam.The transformation of starch during cooking and further processingof yam is followed focussing on starch granuleswelling, solubilization,phase separation andaggregation. Starchtransformation duringprocessing largely determinesthe texture of thefinal product and, thus,the acceptance by theconsumer. Results indicatethat the desiredcohesive and sticky textureof foutou is controlledby the extent toMicro-structural changes of yamtissue as induced by processingduring foutou preparation:(left) Raw yam tissue is an assemblywhich cells are disruptedand starch is releasedfrom the cells. Finally,of parenchymatic cells that contain time-dependent transformationsthe native starch granules. Duringcooking and pounding of yam thecell assembly loses its connectivity.(right) In foutou the cells are partlydisintegrated and the starchof starch incooked foutou, in particularthe aggregation ofgranules, which swell upon cooking,amylose, induce changesare released forming a continuousphase.in the texture of theproduct.48

Funding SourceThrasher Research FundProject LeaderRichard Hurrell, ILW, ETHZResearch FellowMichael ZimmermannCollaboratorsSonja Hess and Rita Wegmüller,ILW, ETHZProject PartnersCSRS /Institut National de la Santé PubliqueAbidjan, Ivory CoastSpecial Focus: CSRS, Ivory CoastInteractions betweeniron and iodine deficiencyIn many developing countries, children are at high risk forboth goiter and iron-deficiency anemia. Iron deficiencyadversely effects thyroid metabolism and may reduce theefficacy of iodine prophylaxis in areas of endemic goiter.Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine if iron supplementationin goitrous, iron-deficient children wouldimprove their response to iodized salt. Working with theCentre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique and the NationalInstitute of Public Health in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, we conducteda prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlledtrial in 5–14 yr-old children in western Ivory Coast.Goitrous, iron-deficient children (n = 166) consuming iodizedsalt (10–30 mg iodine/kg salt at household level) receivedeither iron supplementation (60 mg iron/day, 4 days/weekfor 16 weeks) or placebo. At 0, 1, 6, 12 and 20 weeks, hemoglobin,serum ferritin and transferrin receptor, whole bloodzinc protoporphyrin, thyrotropin, thyroxine, urinary iodineand ultrasonographic thyroid gland volume were measured.Iron treatment significantly improved hemoglobin and ironstatus compared to placebo (p

Other International Projects of ZIL MembersProjects of the ETHZ departments of agricultural, foodand forest sciences related to developing countriesA variety of international linkages and research partnershipshave been established over time by most ZIL scientists. Thissection presents an overview of these international linkagesof ZIL members beyond the scope of ZIL’s program and funding.A few selected projects are presented in more detail toillustrate the range of subjects, partners and institutionalarrangements.Nutrient cycling and nutrient balance analyses in intensiveand semi-intensive tropical maize-dairy production systemsProject LeaderWilliam ThorpePhD SupervisorMichael KreuzerCollaboratorDannie Romney, IRLI, KenyaDual fortification of saltwith iron and iodine in MoroccoProject leaderMichael ZimmermannProject partnerNoureddine ChaoukiSupervisorRichard HurrellCollaboratorMinistry of Health, MoroccoFunding sourceNestlé FoundationDevelopment and testing of micro-encapsulatediron compounds for fortification of salt in MoroccoProject leaderMichael ZimmermannProject partnerNoureddine ChaoukiSupervisorRichard HurrellCollaboratorMinistry of Health, MoroccoFunding sourceThrasher Research FundDevelopment of international reference criteria for thyroidvolume by ultrasound in the context of IDD monitoringProject leaderMichael ZimmermannProject partnersFrançois Delange / Luciano Molinari / Sonja HessSupervisorBruno de BenoistCollaboratorsWorld Health Organization, Geneva / Mishuku Hospital, Tokyo /Ministry of Health, Bahrain / Medical Research Council of SouthAfrica / Ministry of Health, Peru / Boston Medical Center, USAFunding sourceWorld Health Organization50

Other International Projects of ZIL MembersHelicobacter pylori infection, gastric acid secretion andiron absorption in Bangladeshi childrenProject leaderLena DavidssonProject partnersS.A. Sarker and G. Fuchs (ICDDR,B) / T. Walczyk (ETHZ)SupervisorRichard HurrellCollaboratorInternational Center for Diarrhoeal Disease (ICDDR,B),Dhaka, BangladeshFunding sourceNational Institutes of Health, Washington DC (ICDDR,B)Iron bioavailability from iron fortified Guatemalan mealsbased on corn tortillas and black bean pasteProject leaderLena DavidssonProject partnersE. Boy (INCAP) / T. Walczyk (ETHZ) / T. DimitriuoSupervisorRichard HurrellCollaboratorINCAP, Guatemala City, GuatemalaFunding sourcesSUSTAIN / USAID, Washington, DCIron bioavailability from a traditional complementary food:The effect of human milkProject leaderLena DavidssonProject partnersS.A. Sarker, K. Jamil and G. Fuchs, ICDDR,B / T. Walczyk (ETHZ)SupervisorRichard HurrellCollaboratorInternational Center for Diarrhoeal Disease (ICDDR,B),Dhaka, BangladeshFunding sourceNestlé Foundation, LausanneThe effect of added retinol to iron-fortified corn porridgeon erythrocyte incorporation of iron in African children withsub-clinical vitamin A deficiencyProject leaderLena DavidssonProject partnersP. Adou (MOH) / C. Zeder and T. Walczyk (ETHZ)SupervisorRichard HurrellCollaboratorMinistry of Health, Abidjan, Ivory CoastRegular consumption of NaFeEDTA fortified fish sauce improvesiron status in anemic Vietnamese womenProject leaderLena DavidssonProject partnersP. V. Thuy (NIN) / J. Berger (IRD) / J. Cook (KUMC)SupervisorRichard HurrellCollaboratorsNational Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hanoi, Vietnam /Institute for Research and Development (IRD), Montpellier, France /Kansas University Medical Center (KUMC), Kansas City, USAFunding sourcesNippon Foundation, Japan /The ILSI Center for Health Promotion, Atlanta, GA51

Other International Projects of ZIL MembersNovel plant extracts to protect stored legumesProject partner, co-supervisor and consultantSilvia DornProject partnerLoyola College, Chennai, IndiaFunding sourceThird party fundingChemical signalling in weevil-infested legumesProject leader, supervisor of Indian trainee at ETHZSilvia DornProject partnerLoyola College, Chennai, IndiaFunding sourceThird party fundingNative parasitoid as a component to protect stored legumesProject partner and consultancySilvia DornProject partnerLoyola College, Chennai, IndiaFunding sourceThird party fundingSignificance of natural resources in the protection of growinglegumesPre-project partnerSilvia DornProject partnerCIAT-PABRA, Uganda and TanzaniaFunding sourceSDC / NR / ETHZGenetic resources combined with parasitoids in plant protectionProject leader, co-supervisor of ETHZ scientist at CIATSilvia DornPartnerCIAT, Cali, ColumbiaFunding sourceETHZInfluence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi diversity onplant growth and phosphorus (P) uptake in crop plantsProject leaderJan JansaProject partnerICRAF, NairobiSupervisorEmmanuel FrossardCollaboratorICRAFFunding sourceForschungskommission der ETHZEvaluation of phosphorus availability on irradiated andnon-irradiated sludgesProject leaderM. El-EsawyProject partnersPlant Research Department, NRC /Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt /International Agency for Atomic Energy, Vienna, AustriaSupervisorsSokrat Sinaj, Emmanuel FrossardCollaboratorsPlant Research Department, NRC /Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt /International Agency for Atomic Energy, Vienna, AustriaFunding sourceIAEA, ViennaEffects of agricultural practices on P availability in West AfricaProject leaderSaley Moussa AbdoulayeProject partnerICRISAT, Niamey, NigerSupervisorsSokrat Sinaj, Emmanuel FrossardCollaboratorICRISAT, Niamey, NigerFunding sourceUniversität Kassel, Deutschland52

Other International Projects of ZIL MembersORECH-LES: Biodiversity and sustainable management ofKyrgyzstan’s walnut-fruit forests –Development of new silvicultural approachesProject leadersJean-Pierre Sorg / Bronislav Ivanovitch VenglovskyFunding sourcesSNF / foundations / Intercooperation / Chair of Silviculture ETHZProject partnersChair of Silviculture ETHZ /Forest Research Institute Bishkek /Academy of Agriculture Bishkek / KIRLES /Intercooperation BishkekSelection of varieties of European walnut for afforestationpurposes in Southern KyrgyzstanProject leadersBronislav Ivanovitch Venglovsky / Jean-Pierre Sorg /Davlet MamadjanovFunding sourceKIRLES / Intercooperation BishkekProject partnersForest Research Institute Bishkek / Chair of Silviculture ETHZFilières de produits forestiers non-ligneux gérés par descommunautés locales en EquateurProject leadersJean-Pierre Sorg / Isabelle GambettaFunding sourceSDCProject partnersChair of Silviculture ETHZ /Intercooperation BerneEcology and silvicultural properties of beech forest with undergrowthof Rhododendron ponticum in the Strandja mountains,BulgariaProject leadersGeorgi Rafailov / Jean-Pierre Sorg / Martin BorissovFunding sourceSDCProject partnersChair of Silviculture ETHZ /University of Forestry SofiaEcological evaluation and sustainable management of naturalresources in the zones of shifting cultivation in MadagascarProject leadersJean-Pierre Sorg / Hans Hurni / Rodolphe SchlaepferFunding sourceSNFProject PartnersCentre National de la Recherche Appliquée au DéveloppementRural Antananarivo / Ecole Supérieure des SciencesAgronomiques Antananarivo / Center for Development andEnvironment University of Berne / Chaire de gestion desécosystèmes EPFL LausanneAménagement et gestion de la forêt dense sèche à MadagascarProject leadersJean-Pierre Sorg / Gabrielle RajoelisonFunding sourceChair of silviculture ETHZProject partnersChair of silviculture ETHZ /Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques Antananarivo /Centre de Formation Professionnelle Forestière MorondavaAssessment of participative management models forsecondary forests in Northern MadagascarProject leadersJürgen Pretzsch / Jean-Pierre Sorg / Klaus AckermannFunding sourceTÖB / GTZ*Project partnersTechn. University Dresden / Chair of Silviculture ETHZAnalyse des produits des forêts secondaires sèches et dereboisements et de leurs utilisations en vue de l’élaborationde plans d’aménagement locaux dans le nord-ouest deMadagascarProject leadersPeter Bachmann / Jean-Pierre Sorg / Odette RaolinandrasanaFunding sourceTÖB / GTZ*Project partnersChair of Forest Management ETHZ / Chair of Silviculture ETHZ /Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques Antananarivo* Tropenökologisches Begleitprogramm der Dt. Gesellschaft für technischeZusammenarbeit53

Related activities at the ETHZRelated activitiesThis chapter is includedin the ZIL Annual Report forthe first time. Therefore,this presentation may stillnot be complete, and willbe amended successively.Teaching and education activities at the ETHZrelated to agriculture, food and nutrition,and forestry in developing countriesTitle of Key Type of % related to Responsibleteaching unit words teaching unit dev. countries person(s)Weltforstwirtschaft I Waldtypen, -flächen, -erhaltung. lecture 70% J.-P. SorgHolzproduktion, HandelsströmeWeltforstwirtschaft II Mensch, Wald und Baum im colloquium 90% J.-P. SorgSüden und Osten. Agroforstwirtschaft,Brennholzkrise. Entwicklungspolitik.Forschung. Beispiele aus derEntwicklungszusammenarbeitMensch und Wald, Konflikte Schutz und Bewirtschaftung von seminar 70% J.-P. Sorgund Lösungsansätze mitWald und Baum. Bedürfnisse,Blick auf den SüdenKonflikte, rechtliche, wirtschaftliche,technische und planerische Überlegungen.Ausbildung und Forschung.Ökologisch-ökonomische Bodendegradierung und lecture 100% E. FrossardProblemfelder in Massnahmen zur Wiederherstellung A. Oberson DräyerEntwicklungsländer IIder Bodenfruchtbarkeit in den TropenTropical entomology Crop management, arthropod lecture 100% S. Dornpests, case studies, cassava,rice cotton, citrusSystem oriented Food security, anti-resistance lecture 30% S. Dornpest management I+IIstrategies, codes of conduct,cultural measures, classicalbiological control, microbial control,SITSeminar in applied Africa, Asia, Latin America seminar 20% S. DornentomologyBeans, pest insects, parasitoids,host plants resistanc54

Related activities at the ETHZTitle of Key Type of % related to Responsibleteaching unit words teaching unit dev. countries person(s)Systems for sustainable Tropical livestock systems, seminar 70% M. Kreuzerlivestock systems to provide environment, sustainability, W. Langhansanimal products development H. KadarmideenC. WenkG. StranzigerAnimal nutrition and Secondary plant constituents, lecture 10% M. Kreuzerenvironment tropical plants C. WenkA. MachmüllerAnimal nutrition Farm animal requirement , lecture 100% K. Samarasinghein the tropics feed stuffs, feeding (Blockkurs) C. WenkNutrition in developing Undernutrition, protein/energy lecture 100% L. Davidsoncountries (food sciencemalnutrition, micronutrientcurriculum)deficiencies, anthropometry,breast-feeding, complementaryfeeding, infants, children,women of child-bearing ageNutrition in different Protein/energy malnutrition, lecture 20% R. Hurrellpopulation groupsmicronutrient deficiencies,(NDS human nutrition)infants, children, women ofchild-bearing age55

Related activities at the ETHZSupervision of theses and practical workrelated to agriculture, food and nutrition,and forestry in developing countiesSupervisor Candidate Title of thesis Key words Study type CountryP. Bachmann Odette Analyse des produits des forêts produits de forêts PhD MadagascarRaolinandrasana secondaires sèches et leurs secondaires sèchesAntananarivo utilisations et comparaisons reboisementsMadagascar avec ceux des reboisements MadagascarE. Frossard Dafne Gianettoni Caractérisation morpho- other Ivory Coast,pédologique et physico-chimiqueCSRSdes sols du projet “Nutritionminérale de l’igname”E. Frossard Christiane Vögeli Substratnutzung und mikrobielles diploma Ivory Coast,Phosphat in kenianischenCSRSOxisolen in Abhängigkeit vonSubstratqualität, bodenbiologischerAktivität und NährstoffverfügbarkeitR. Hurrell Rita Wegmüller Dual fortification of salt with iron fortification, salt, PhD Ivory Coastand iodine in Ivory Coastiron, iodine,Ivory CoastR. Hurrell Sonja Hess Interactions of iron and iron, iodine, PhD Ivory Coastiodine deficiencyinteractionR. Hurrell Amin Khatir Food intake studies in northern intake, food, diploma MoroccoMoroccoMoroccoR. Hurrell Simon Kollart Salt intake and iron bioavailability salt, intake, iron, diploma Moroccofrom diets in northern Morocco bioavailability,MoroccoR. Hurrell Diego Moretti Thyroglobulin as an IDD indicator thyroglobulin, diploma Moroccoiodine deficiencyR. Hurrell Franziska Staubli Development of a food iron deficiency, PhD Ivory Coastfortification strategy to combat anemia, food intake,iron deficiency in Ivory Coastmalaria, helminth(ETH thesis 13730)infections, fortification,iron, Ivory CoastR. Hurrell Synöve Daneel The ascorbic acid content of infants, human milk, PhD Ivory Coasthuman milk in relation toascorbic acid, iron, ironiron nutritiondeficiency, food intake,Ivory Coast56

Related activities at the ETHZSupervisor Candidate Title of thesis Key words Study type CountryM. Kreuzer Andreas Jenet New sustainable concepts for undernutrition, PhD Ethiopiaefficient smallholder dairyzebu, crossbreds,nutrition: A comparativerealimentation,evaluation of response to and feed fluctuations,carry-over effects of under-smallholdersnutrition in indigenous tropicaland Western dairy breedsM. Kreuzer Christa Utiger Nutrient cycling and nutrient nutrients, PhD Kenyabalance analyses in intensivecrop-dairy systems,and semi-intensive tropicalintensification,maize-dairy production systems smallholdersM. Kreuzer Romain Beuret Interactions of Sapindus saponaria saponins, legumes, diploma Switzerland /and legume proportion in tropical grasses, methane, Colombiadiets on nutrient turnover and nutrient utilisationmethane emission in lambsM. Kreuzer Mirka Lötscher Effect of the legume proportion saponins, legumes, semester Switzerland /in the forage and of the grasses, methane study Colombiasupplement of Sapindus saponariaon ruminal methane emissionsin vitro and in vivoJ.-P. Sorg K. Ackermann Die Entwicklung von partizipativen secondary forests, PhD MadagaskarManagementmodellen für Sekundär- forest management, nonwälderim Norden Madagaskars timber forest productsJ.-P. Sorg I. Gambetta L’importance des produits forestiers Non-timber forest PhD Ecuadornon-ligneux pour les communautés products,villageoises des environs de la forest management,Cordillère Guacamayos, province de man-forest interfaceTena, Amazonie équatorienneJ.-P. Sorg D.K. Mamadjanov Investigation and selection of silviculture, selection, PhD Kyrgyzstanpromising varieties and forms of provenances,European walnut for the purpose walnut-fruit forestsplantation in the walnut-fruitforest area of Southern KyrgyzstanJ.-P. Sorg O. Raolinandrasana Analyse des produits des forêts secondary forests, PhD Madagascarsecondaires sèches et de leurs forest management,utilisations et comparaison avec non-timberceux des reboisements en vue de forest productsl’élaboration de plans d’aménagementlocaux dans le nord-ouest de MadagascarJ.-P. Sorg K. Schmidt Knowledge and strategies of local silviculture, forest PhD Kyrgyzstanpeople in forest management. A management, collabocontributionto the development of rative forest management,collaborative forest management in man-forest interface,the walnut-fruit forest in Kyrgyzstan. walnut-fruit forestsJ.-P. Sorg S. Wolhauser Typologie et dynamique spatio- shifting cultivation, PhD Madagascartemporelle des successionsvegetation, secondarysecondaires âgées après riziculture forest, forest dynamicsitinérante sur brûlis. Le das de lavallée de l’Ambaatra dans la réservespéciale de Manongarivo, nord-ouestde Madagascgar.57

Lists and TablesPublicationsRefereed publicationsZIL funded projectsBertschy, C., Turlings, T.C.J., Bellotti, A.C. and Dorn, S., 2001: The roleof mealybug-induced cassava plant volatiles in the attraction ofthe encyrtid parasitoid Aenasius vexans and Apoanagyrus diversicornis.Journal of Insect Behavior 14: 363–37.Bühler S., Oberson A., Sinaj S., Friesen D.K., Frossard E., 2002a:Sequential phosphorus extraction of a 33 P-labeled Oxisol undercontrasting agricultural systems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. (in press)Bühler, S., Oberson, A., Rao, I.M., Friesen, D.K. and Frossard, E.,2002b: Isotope methods for assessing plant available phosphorusin acid tropical soils. Europ. J. Soil Sci. (under revision).Dorn, B., Mattiacci, L., Bellotti, A.C. and Dorn, S., 2001: Host specificityand comparative foraging behaviour of Aenasius vexansand Acerophagus coccois, two endo-parasitoids of the cassavamealybug. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 99: 331–339.Frey, P.M., Scharer-Hernandez, N., Fütterer, J., Potrykus, I., Puonti-Kaerlas, J., 2001: Simultaneous analysis of the bidirectional Africancassava mosaic virus promoter activity using two differentluciferase genes. Virus Genes 22: 231–242.Gaume, A., Mächler, F., De Leon, C., Narro, L., Frossard, E., 2001: Low-P tolerance by maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes: Significance of rootgrowth and organic acids and acid phosphatase root exudation.Plant and Soil 228: 253–264.Oberson, A., Friesen, D.K., Rao, I.M., Bühler, S., Frossard, E., 2001:Phosphorus transformations in an Oxisol under contrasting landuse systems: The role of the soil microbial biomass. Plant and Soil237: 197–210.Schmale, I., Wäckers, F., Cardona, C. and Dorn, S., 2001: Controlpotential of three hymenopteran parasitoid species against thebean weevil in stored beans: the effect of adult parasitoid nutritionon longevity and progeny production. Biological Control 21:134–139.Zhang, P., Phansiri, S., Puonti-Kaerlas, J., 2001: Improvement of cassavashoot organogenesis by the use of silver nitrate in vitro. PlantCell Tissue and Organ Culture 67: 47–54.RFPP projectsBinder, C. and López, R., 2001: Globalization and rural poverty inLatin America: Modeling the links to soil degradation, InternationalJournal of Sustainable Development 3 (2): 159–169.Braunschweig, T. and Sengooba T., 2001: Inventory of agriculturalbiotechnology research capacity in Uganda. Uganda Journal ofAgricultural Sciences 6(1): 37–41.Braunschweig, T., 2001: Analytic Hierarchy Process. In Gijsbers, G.,W. Janssen, H. Hambly Odame and G. Meijerink (eds.) PlanningAgricultural Research: A Sourcebook. CABI Publishing, Wallingford,UK: 231–241.Braunschweig, T., Janssen W. and Rieder P., 2001: Identifying criteriafor public agricultural research cecisions. Research Policy 30:725–734.Chattopadhayay, J., Sarkar R., Fritzsche-Hoballah, M.E., Turlings,T.C.J. and Bersier, L.-F., 2001: Parasitoids may determine plant fitness:A mathematical model based on experimental data. J. Theor.Biol. 212: 295–302.Fritzsche Hoballah, M.E., Tamò, C. and Turlings, T.C.J., 2002:Differential attractiveness of induced odors emitted by eightmaize varieties for the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris: Is qualityor quantity important? J. Chem. Ecol. (in press)Fritzsche-Hoballah, M.E., and Turlings, T.C.J., 2001. Experimentalevidence that plants under caterpillar attack may benefit fromattracting parasitoids. Evol. Ecol. Research 3: 1–13.Fritzsche-Hoballah, M.E., Degen, T., Bergvinson, D., Savidan, A. andTurlings, T.C.J., 2002: Occurrence and direct control potential ofparasitoids and predators of the Fall armyworm (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) on corn in the subtropical lowlands of Mexico.Biological Control (submitted)Turlings, T.C.J., Gouinguené, S., Degen, T. and Fritzsche-Hoballah M.E., 2001: The chemical ecology of plant-caterpillar-parasitoid interactions.In (T. Tscharntke & B. Hawkins, eds.) Multitrophic LevelInteractions. Cambridge University Press, pp. 148–173.Other international projectsAbdulai, A. and Jacquet P., 2001: Exports and economic growth:Cointegration and causality evidence for Ivory Coast. AfricanDevelopment Review (in press).Abdulai, A., Crole Rees, A., 2001: Constraints and income diversificationstrategies: Evidence from Southern Mali. Food Policy 26 (4):437–452.Abdulai, A., Eberlin R., 2001: Technical efficiency during economicreform in Nicaragua: Evidence from farm household survey data.Economic Systems 25 (2): 113–125.Béhi, Y.E.N., Mollet, M., Girardin, O., Sorg, J.-P., Herzog, F., 2002: Levin de palme, aliment et source de revenu pour les populationsrurales en Côte d’Ivoire. Schweizerische Zeitung für Forstwesen 153(4): 123–129.Cony, P., Sorg, J.-P., 2001: Forêt et coton au sud du Mali. Bois etForêts des Tropiques (submitted).58

Lists and TablesDavidsson L., Dimitriou T., Boy E., Walczyk T., Hurrell R.F., 2001:Iron bioavailability from iron fortified Guatemalan meals based oncorn masa tortillas and black bean paste. Am J Clin Nutr (in press).Davidsson L., Walczyk T., Zavaleta N., Hurrell R.F., 2001: Improvingiron absorption from a Peruvian school breakfast meal with ascorbicacid or Na 2 EDTA. Am J Clin Nutr 73: 283–287.Gaume, A., Mächler, F., Frossard, E., 2001: Aluminium resistance intwo cultivars of Zea mays L.: Root exudation of organic acids andinfluence of phosphorus nutrition. Plant and Soil 234: 73–81.Grimal, J.Y., Frossard, E., Morel, J.L., 2001: Maize root mucilagedecreases adsorption of phosphate on goethite. Biology andFertility of Soils 33: 226–230.Ignacimuthu, S. and Dorn, S., 2000: Mechano- and chemoreceptorsand their possible role in host location behaviour of parasitoidAnisopteromalus calandrae Howard (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).Entomon 25(3): 179–184 (Addendum).Kim, H., Romney, D.L., Utiger, C., Thorpe, W., 2001: Status of manuremanagement and utilization in smallholder dairy farms on the RiftValley, Kenya. Korean Journal of International Agriculture 13:98–105.Masson, P., Morel, C., Martin, E., Oberson, A., Friesen, D.K., 2001:Comparison of soluble P in soil water extracts determined by ionchromatography, colorimetric and inductively coupled plasmatechniques in ppb range. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32:2241–2253.Müller, U., Sorg, J.-P., 2001: Gestion multifonctionnelle des forêtsde noyer du sud du Kyrgyzstan: Tradition, problèmes actuels, perspectives.Schweiz. Z. Forstwes. 152 (4): 138–144.Raja, N., Albert, S., Ignacimuthu, S. and Dorn, S., 2001: Effect ofplant volatile oils in protecting stored cowpea Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walpers against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera:Bruchidae) infestation. Journal of Stored Products Research 37:127–132.Sinaj, S., Bürkert, A., El-Hajj, G., Bationo, A., Traoré, H., Frossard, E.,2001: Effects of fertility management strategies on phosphorusavailability in four West African soils. Plant and Soil 233: 71–83.MonographsRFPP projectsBraunschweig, T. and Reyes, J.C., 2001: Applying the AHP toresearch priority setting in agricultural biotechnology: ThePhilippine case. In K. Dellmann (ed.) Proceedings of the SixthInternational Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ISAHP),Berne, Switzerland, August 2–4.Other international projectsJiménez, J.J., Cepeda, A., Friesen, D.K., Decaëns, T., Oberson, A., 2001:Phosphorus availability in casts of an anecic savanna earthwormin a Colombian Oxisol. In: Jiménez, J.J. and Thomas, R.J. (eds.) SoilMacroinvertebrate Communities in the Neotropical Savannas ofColombia. CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 199–211.VariaZIL funded projectsBünemann, E., Oberson, A., Smithson, P.C., Jama, B., Frossard, E.,2001: Effects of short-duration fallows on P transformations inOxisols of Estern Kenya. Horst, W.J. et al. (eds.) Plant nutrition –Food security and sustainability of agro-ecosystems through basicand applied research. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp.1016–1017.Jenet, A., 2001: Experimental Protocol “Physiological changes, performanceand nutrient utilization of cattle used for work anddairy”. Internal Report to the Attention of the International LivestockResearch Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 4 pp.Jenet, A., 2001: New sustainable concepts for efficient smallholderdairy nutrition. Characterization of the differences betweenindigenous Boran and crossbred of Boran x Frisian dairy cows andtheir response to realimentation subsequent to undernutrition. 3Quarterly Reports January – September 01. Internal Report to theAttention of the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI),Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Sorg, J.-P., 2001: Research in the walnut-fruit forests of SouthernKyrgyzstan. Mission Report. Intercooperation/ETH Zurich.Staubli Asobayire F., Adou P., Davidsson L., Cook J.D., Hurrell R.F.,2001: Prevalence of iron deficiency, with and without concurrentanemia, in population groups with high prevalence of malaria andother infections in Ivory Coast. Am J Clin Nutr 74: 776–782Steiger Burgos, M., Senn, M., Sutter, F., Kreuzer, M., Langhans, W.,2001: Effect of water restriction on feeding and metabolism indairy cows. American Journal of Physiology 280: R418–R427.59

Lists and TablesRFPP projectsBraunschweig, T., Enyaru J., Kyetere D., Rubaihayo P., Saimo M.,Sengooba T., 2001: Strengthening Uganda’s research capacity inagricultural biotechnology – A strategy. Report submitted by thecore team.Braunschweig, T., Enyaru J., Kyetere D., Rubaihayo P., Saimo M.,Sengooba T., 2001: Capacity building in agricultural biotechnologyresearch: Choosing the best investment option for Uganda. FinalReport, NARO and ISNAR, Kampala, Uganda.Hess, H.D., 2001: Annual Report May 2000–April 2001 on the RFPP-Project “Strategies to increase feed utilization and to limitmethane emission of tropical smallholder livestock using thepotential of native plants”. Internal Report to the Attention of theCenter for International Agriculture (ZIL), Zurich, and the SwissDevelopment Cooperation (SDC), Berne, 13 pp.Hess, H.D., Kreuzer, M., Díaz, T.E., Lascano, C.E., Carulla, J.E., Soliva,C.R., Machmüller, A., 2001: Supplementation of feed with saponincontainingfruits to reduce methane emission from ruminal fermentationin vitro. In: Book of Abstracts, Deutscher Tropentag 2001:One World: Research for a Better Quality of Life, Margraf Verlag,Bonn, Germany, p. 55.Hess, H.D., Kreuzer, M., Díaz, T.E., Lascano, C.E., Carulla, J.E., Soliva,C.R., Machmüller, A., 2001: Supplementation of feed with saponincontainingfruits to reduce methane emission from ruminal fermentationin vitro. In: Program and Abstracts of the Workshop onTropical Agriculure in Transition – Opportunities for MitigatingGreenhouse Gas Emissions? Center for Development Research(ZEF), Bonn, Germany, and Fraunhofer Institute for AtmosphericEnvironmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, p. 20.Hess, H.D., Kreuzer, M., Díaz, T.E., Soliva, C.R., Machmüller, A., 2001:In vitro-Untersuchung des Potentials saponinreicher tropischerFrüchte zur Beeinflussung der Pansenfermentation und zurVerminderung der Methanogenese. In: Vom Überangebot zumDefizit. Umgang mit den knappen Eiweissfuttermitteln. (Kreuzer,M., Wenk, C., Lanzini, T., Hrsg.). Schriftenreihe Institut fürNutztierwissenschaften, Ernährung-Produkte-Umwelt, ETH Zurich21: 144–145.Hess, H.D., Lascano, C.E., Carulla, J.E., Díaz, T.E., Soliva, C.R., Abreu, A.,Cano, A., Machmüller, A. and Kreuzer, M., 2001: Activity 1.3Assessment of the potential of saponin-rich tropical fruits toreduce methane in ruminants on grass diets. In: Annual Report2001. Project IP-5 Tropical Grasses and Legumes: Optimizinggenetic diversity for multipurpose use (Centro Internacional deAgricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia, ed.), CD-ROM, pp.14–20.Hess, H.D., Machmüller, A., Díaz, T.E., Kreuzer, M., 2001: RUSITECevaluation of the potential of saponin-rich tropical fruits to manipulaterumen fermentation and to reduce methanogenesis.Proceedings of the Society of Nutrition Physiology 10: 123.ISNAR/ETH Training Module, March 2001: Priority Setting inAgricultural Research Management. Workshop Materials, TheHague, The Netherlands.Reyes, J.C. and Braunschweig T., 2001: Collaboration in the cropbiotechnology research program: Priority setting using analytichierarchy process. Paper prepared for the 6 th ASEAN S&T Week,Brunei Darussalam, 17–21 September.Schmidt K., Akenshaev N., 2001: An introduction to Kyrgyzstan – Startof the ACM project in Kyrgyzstan: Development of collaborative forestmanagement (CFM) in a post-Soviet context. ACM News 2 (4): 1–2.Other international projectsBorrero, G., Rodriguez, M., Friesen, D.K., Oberson, A., Rao, I.M. 2001:Test the suitability of acid ammonium oxalate extraction methodto quantify the available soil phosphorus pool. CIAT PE-2:Overcoming Soil Degradation Through Productivity Enhancementand Natural Resource Management. Annual Report.Jaturasitha, S., Wudthithumkanaporn, Y., Rurkasen, P., Kreuzer, M.,2001: Effect of tuna oil in the diet of finishing pigs on fatty acidprofile of backfat as well as sensory perception and oxidative stabilityof pork. In: Lipids, Fats, and Oils: Reality and Public Perception.Abstr. 24 th World Congress and Exhibition (International Society ofFat Research, ed.), Berlin, Germany, pp. 47–48 (Abstr.)Sliwinski, B.J., Wettstein, H.-R., Sutter, F., Kreuzer, M., 2001: Nutrientdigestion and performance of dairy cows fed diets supplementedwith small doses of tannins and saponins in plant products.Proceedings of the Society of Nutrition Physiology 10: 132.Sliwinski, B.J., Wettstein, H.-R., Sutter, F., Kreuzer, M., 2001: NiedrigeDosierungen tannin- oder saponinreicher pflanzlicher Produkte imFutter von Milchkühen und Verdaulichkeit, N-Bilanz sowieMilchleistung. In: Vom Überangebot zum Defizit. Umgang mit denknappen Eiweissfuttermitteln. (Kreuzer, M., Wenk, C., Lanzini, T.,Hrsg.). Schriftenreihe Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften,Ernährung-Produkte-Umwelt, ETH Zurich, Vol. 21, pp. 96–97.Sorg, J.-P., Sommer, A., 2001: Bericht über den Besuch des CIFOR(Center for International Forestry Research) in Bogor/Indonesien,May 21–June 1, 8 pp. plus suppl.Sorg, J.-P., 2001: Le Fonds National Suisse de la RechercheScientifique à Madagascar, 1994–2001. In EPB/BEMA (Eds.):Culture sur brûlis: vers l’application des résultats de la recherche.Actes atelier Antananarivo, pp. 1–4.Sorg, J.-P., 2001: Reflections on the sulvicultural management ofwalnut forests in Kyrgyzstan. Les-Tokoi 18–19: 18–21, Bishkek.Sorg, J.-P,. 2001: Research must help in the implementation of theconcept of multipurpose forest management. Proceedings of theInternational Symposium on “Problems of Juniper Forests: Lookingfor Solutions, Methods, Techniques”, August 6–11. Osh,Kyrgyzstan: 235–239. Forest Research Inst./KIRFOR, Bishkek, 2001.60

Lists and TablesVögeli, C., 2001: Substratnutzung und mikrobielles Phosphat inkenianischen Oxisolen in Abhängigkeit von Substratqualität,bodenbiologischer Aktivität und Nährstoffverfügbarkeit.Diplomarbeit, Group of Plant Nutrition, D-AGRL, 53 pp.PostersZIL funded projectsBünemann, E., Oberson, A., Smithson, P.C., Jama, B., Frossard, E.,2001: C and N availability limit microbial P in tropical low-P soils.Jahrestagung der Schweizerischen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft,Monte Verita (TI), Switzerland, March 23–24.Bünemann, E., Oberson, A., Smithson, P.C., Jama, B., Frossard, E.,2001: Effects of short-duration fallows on P transformations inOxisols of Western Kenya. International Colloquium of PlantNutrition in Hannover, Germany, July 28–August 3.Bünemann, E., Oberson, A., Vögeli, C., Smithson, P.C., Frossard, E.,2001: Microbial substrate degradation in differentially croppedtropical low-P soils. Kongress der Deutschen und ÖsterreichischenBodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, Wien, Austria, Sept. 1–9.Bünemann, E., Oberson, A., Smithson, P.C., Jama, B., Frossard, E.,2001: C and N availability limit microbial P in tropical low-P soils.Deutscher Tropentag, Bonn, Germany, October 9–11.Dorn, B., Mattiacci, L., Bellotti, A.C. and Dorn, S., 2001: Parasitoidenzur biologischen Bekämpfung in der tropischen Landwirtschaft.Jahrestagung der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft(SEG), Zurich, Switzerland, March 9.Dorn, B., Mattiacci, L., Bellotti, A.C. and Dorn, S., 2001: Biologicalcontrol in complex agro-ecosystems: How parasitoids cope with atwo herbivore infestation in cassava. Herbsttagung derSchweizerischen Gesellschaft für Phytomedizin (SGP), Zurich,Switzerland, October 4.Dorn, B., Mattiacci, L., Bellotti, A.C. and Dorn, S., 2001: Biologicalcontrol in complex agro-ecosystems: How parasitoids cope with atwo herbivore infestation in cassava. Annual meeting of the SwissCenter for International Agriculture (ZIL) and the Swiss Forum ofInternational Agricultural Research (SFIAR), Zurich, Switzerland,May 11.Dorn, B., Mattiacci, L., Bellotti, A.C. and Dorn, S., 2001: Biologicalcontrol in complex agro-ecosystems: How parasitoids cope witha two herbivore infestation in cassava. Jahrestagung des Zentrumsfür Pflanzenwissenschaften, ETH and University Zurich, Switzerland,December 7.Keller S., Colebatch G., Udvardi M., Sautter C., Hartwig U.A., 2001:Investigation of the inhibitory effect of low phosphorus supply onnodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. 13 th InternationalCongress on N fixation, Hamilton, CA, USA, July 5.Schmale, I., Wäckers, F.L., Cardona, C. and Dorn, S., 2001: Post harvestlosses in legumes: prevention by integrated biological means.Annual meeting of the Swiss Center for International Agriculture(ZIL) and the Swiss Forum of International Agricultural Research(SFIAR), Zurich, Switzerland, May 11.Zhang P. and Gruissem W., 2001: An efficient viral replication assayfor cloned cassava geminiviruses in cassava leaves in vitro. Thefifth International Conference of Cassava Biotechnology Network(CBN-V). Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MS, USA,November 4–9.Zhang P., Frey P., Fütterer J., Potrykus I., Puonti-Kaerlas J. andGruissem W., 2001: Engineering virus-induced ACMV resistance bymimicking a hypersensitive reaction in transgenic cassava plants.The Fifth International Conference of Cassava BiotechnologyNetwork (CBN-V). Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis,MS, USA, November 4–9.Zhang P., Jaynes J.M., Potrykus I., Gruissem W. and Puonti-Kaerlas J.,2001: Transfer and expression of an artificial storage protein(ASP1) gene in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz): Toward nutritionalimprovement of storage roots. The Fifth InternationalConference of Cassava Biotechnology Network (CBN-V). DonaldDanforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MS, USA, November 4–9.Zhang P., Jaynes J.M., Potrykus I., Gruissem W. and Puonti-Kaerlas J.,2001: Transfer and expression of an artificial storage protein(ASP1) gene in cassava: Towards improving nutritive value of storageroots. The 10 th Swiss Plant Cell and Molecular BiologyConference, Villars/Ollon, Switzerland, March 7–9.RFPP projectsBraunschweig, T., Enyaru, J., Kyetere, D., Rubaihayo, P., Saimo, M.,Sengooba, T., 2001: Capacity building in agricultural biotechnologyresearch: Choosing the best investment option for Uganda. Posterpresentation at the Annual meeting of the Swiss Center forInternational Agriculture (ZIL) and the Swiss Forum ofInternational Agricultural Research (SFIAR), Zurich, Switzerland,May 11.Diby, N.L., Assa, A., Girardin, O., Tie Bi Tra, Carsky, R., Frossard, E.,2001: Acquisition et utilisation des éléments nutritifs (N, P, K) chezdeux cultivars améliorés d’igname (Dioscorea spp.). Research partnershipwith developing countries. Improved production and storageof root and tuber crops in West Africa. ETH Research StationEschikon, Switzerland, June 22.Diby, N.L., Frossard, E., Assa, A., Girardin, O., Tie Bi Tra, Carsky, R.2001: Présentation du projet sur la nutrition minérale de l’igname(Dioscorea spp.). Atelier National sur le Développement Durable dela Production et de la Consommation de l’Igname. AssociationIvoirienne des Sciences Agronomiques (AISA), Abidjan, Ivory Coast,October 23–26.61

Lists and TablesHess, H.D., Kreuzer, M., Díaz, T.E., Lascano, C.E., Carulla, J.E., Soliva,C.R., Machmüller, A., 2001: Supplementation of feed with saponincontainingfruits to reduce methane emission from ruminal fermentationin vitro. Workshop “Tropical Agriculure in Transition –Opportunities for Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions?” Centerfor Development Research (ZEF) and Fraunhofer Institute forAtmospheric Environmental Research, Bonn, Germany, November7–9.Hess, H.D., Kreuzer, M., Díaz, T.E., Soliva, C.R., Machmüller, A., 2001:In vitro studies on the potential of tropical fruits to manipulaterumen methanogenesis. Annual meeting of the Swiss Center forInternational Agriculture (ZIL) and the Swiss Forum ofInternational Agricultural Research (SFIAR), Zurich, Switzerland,May 11.Leemann, E., Helbling, J., Binder C., Hurni H., 2000: “Don’t ask meabout the economy of this farm. The soil is too bad to make a livingoff!” Farmer’s economy in San Dionisio, Nicaragua: Localimpacts of socioeconomic policies, poster presented at the Annualmeeting of the Swiss Center for International Agriculture (ZIL) andthe Swiss Forum of International Agricultural Research (SFIAR),Zurich, Switzerland, May 11.Other international projectsJaturasitha, S., Wudthithumkanaporn, Y., Rurkasen, P., Kreuzer, M.,2001: Effect of tuna oil in the diet of finishing pigs on fatty acidprofile of backfat as well as sensory perception and oxidative stabilityof pork. Lipids, Fats, and Oils: Reality and Public Perception.24 th World Congress and Exhibition of the Int. Soc. Fat Research,Berlin, Germany, September 16–20.Sliwinski, B.J., Wettstein, H.-R., Sutter, F., Kreuzer, M., 2001:Verdauung und Leistung von Milchkühen bei Einsatz von Rationenmit niedrigen Ergänzungen an Tanninen und Saponinen in pflanzlichenProdukten. 55. Tagung der Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie,Göttingen, Germany, March 6–8.Zimmermann, P., Frossard, E., Amrhein, N., Bucher, M., 2001:Increased activity and secretion of phytase in potato roots by roothair-targeted expression of a secretory consensus phytase gene.Annual Meeting of the Centre of Plant Sciences. ETH Zurich,Switzerland, December 12.Oral presentationsZIL funded projectsDorn, B., Mattiacci, L., Bellotti, A.C. and Dorn, S., 2001: Ecologicalcultivation in the tropics: Behavioural research on natural enemies.Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt Reckenholz, Zurich,Switzerland, May 16.Dorn, B., Mattiacci, L., Bellotti, A.C. and Dorn, S., 2001: Parasitoidenzur biologischen Bekämpfung in der tropischen Landwirtschaft.Jahrestagung der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft(SEG), Zurich, Switzerland, March 9.Dorn, S., Bertschy, C., Dorn, B., Mattiacci, L. and Bellotti, A.C., 2001:Behavior of specialist and generalist parasitoids in simple andcomplex agro-ecosystems. Entomological Society of America (ESA)Annual Meeting, San Diego, USA, December 9–12.Dorn, S., Frei, A., Gu, H. and Cardona, C., 2001: Genetic plantresources as a core element to safeguard bean harvest. Annualmeeting of the Swiss Center for International Agriculture (ZIL) andthe Swiss Forum of International Agricultural Research (SFIAR),Zurich, Switzerland, May 11.Dorn, S., Schärer, D., Schmale, I., Wäckers, F.L., Cardona, C. andIgnacimuthu, S., 2001: Biological control potential with nativeDinarmus wasp species in grain legumes stored on-farm.Conference on “Integrated Protection of Stored Products”.International Organisation of Biological and Integrated Control(IOBC), Lisboa, Portugal, September 2–5.Kreuzer, M., Jenet A., 2001: New sustainable concepts for efficientsmallholder dairy nutrition. Annual meeting of the Swiss Centerfor International Agriculture (ZIL) and the Swiss Forum ofInternational Agricultural Research (SFIAR), Zurich, Switzerland,May 11.Jenet, A., 2001: Comparative evaluation of response to and carryover effects of under-nutrition in indigenous tropical and westerndairy breeds. ILRI-Seminar, International Livestock ResearchInstitute (ILRI), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, December 4.Puonti-Kaerlas J. and Zhang P., 2001: Genotype independent genetransfer techniques for cassava. Annual meeting of the SwissCenter for International Agriculture (ZIL) and the Swiss Forum ofInternational Agricultural Research (SFIAR), Zurich, Switzerland,May 11.Zhang P., 2001: Transfer of an artificial storage protein (ASP1) genein cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Oral presentation at ThirdStudent Symposium of the Swiss Society of Plant Physiology,Fribourg, Switzerland, March 30.Zhang P., 2001: Plant regeneration and transformation of cassava(Manihot esculenta Crantz). Invited speaker at Department ofBiochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará,Fortaleza, Brazil, August 29.62

Lists and TablesZhang P., 2001: Cassava biotechnological research in ETH-Zurich.Invited speaker at Department of Biochemistry and MolecularBiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil, September 6.Zhang P., 2001: Engineering of cassava for improved nutritionalqualities and virus resistance. Oral presentation at the FifthInternational Scientific Meeting of the Cassava BiotechnologyNetwork (CBN-V), Session 7-Tissue Culture/Transformation.Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MS, USA,November 4–9.Zhang P., 2001: Isolation and characterization of three promotersdirecting GUS-expression to cassava roots. Oral presentation atthe Fifth International Scientific Meeting of the CassavaBiotechnology Network (CBN-V), Session 5-Gene Discovery. DonaldDanforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MS, USA, November 4–9.RFPP projectsBraunschweig, T., 2001: Choosing among investment options forstrengthening research capacity: The case of Uganda. ISNAR seminar,The Hague, The Netherlands, June 7.Braunschweig, T., 2001: Using the AHP in research priority setting.ICLARM, Expert Consultation on Aquatic Resources ResearchPriority Setting Methods, Penang, Malaysia, March 26–29.Braunschweig, T., 2001: Priority setting in research management.ICLARM, Expert Consultation on Aquatic Resources ResearchPriority Setting Methods, Penang, Malaysia, March 26–29.Braunschweig, T., 2001: Identification and selection of decision criteria.ICLARM, Expert Consultation on Aquatic Resources ResearchPriority Setting Methods, Penang, Malaysia, March 26–29.Hess, H.D., Kreuzer, M., Díaz, T.E., Lascano, C.E., Carulla, J.E., Soliva,C.R., Machmüller, A., 2001: Supplementation of feed with saponincontainingfruits to reduce methane emission from ruminal fermentationin vitro. One World: Research for a Better Quality of Lifein the Tropics. Deutscher Tropentag 2001, University of Bonn,Germany, October 9–11.Other international projectsKreuzer, M., 2001: Nutztiere: Multifunktionale Rolle in einer künftigenLandwirtschaft. “Welternährung und Nachhaltigkeit”,Jubiläumstagung des Schweizerischen Verbands der Ingenieur-AgronomInnen und der Lebensmittel-IngenieurInnen (SVIAL),Zurich, Switzerland March 1–2.Dorn, S., 2001: Natürliche Ressourcen nutzen UND schonen:Insekten-Pflanzen-Wechselwirkungen. “Welternährung undNachhaltigkeit”, Jubiläumstagung des Schweizerischen Verbandsder Ingenieur-AgronomInnen und der Lebensmittel-Ingenieur-Innen (SVIAL), Zurich, Switzerland March 1–2.PhD dissertationsZIL funded projectsBühler S., 2001: Application of P isotope techniques to low-P acidtropical soils. PhD thesis, Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich,Switzerland, Diss. ETHZ-Nr. 14319.Dorn, B., 2001: Ecological cultivation of cassava: to render naturalenemies of sucking pests more efficient and reliable. PhD thesis,Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland, Diss. ETHZ-Nr.14415.Schmale, K., 2001: Biological control of the bean weevil, Acanthoscelidesobtectus, by a hymenopteran parasitoid, as a part of an IPMsystem. PhD thesis, Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich,Switzerland, Diss. ETHZ-Nr. 14126.Other international projectsPfund, J.-L., 2001: Culture sur brûlis et gestion des ressourcesnaturelles. Evolution et perspectives de trois terroirs ruraux du versantest de Madagascar. PhD thesis, Federal Institute of Technology,Zurich/Lausanne, Switzerland, Diss. ETHZ-Nr. 13966.Hess, H.D., Machmüller, A., Díaz, T.E., Kreuzer, M., 2001: RUSITEC-Untersuchung des Potenzials saponinreicher tropischer Früchtezur Beeinflussung der Pansenfermentation und zur Verminderungder Methanogenese. 55. Tagung der Gesellschaft fürErnährungsphysiologie, Göttingen, Germany, March 6–8.Hess, H.D., Machmüller, A., Díaz, T.E, Lascano, C.E., Carulla, J.E.,Kreuzer, M., 2001: Strategies to increase feed utilization and tolimit methane emission of tropical small holder livestock. PrimerSimposio Internacional sobre Agricultura Tropical, CorpoicaTibaitatá, Bogotá, Colombia, June 5–8.Janssen, W., Braunschweig T., 2001: Balancing agricultural andenvironment concerns in regional priority setting. ICRA course, TheHague, The Netherlands, July 4.63

Lists and TablesCollaborators and Partners in ResearchZIL MembersProf. Dr. Awudu AbdulaiRPA Smallholder Milk Production and ManagementInstitute of Agricultural Economics, ETHZETH-Zentrum / SOL, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 7930Fax: +41 1 632 1086E-Mail: abdulai@iaw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Renato AmadòInstitute of Food Science, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFO, CH-8092 ZurichTel.: +41 1 632 3291Fax: +41 1 632 1123E-Mail: amado@ilw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Nikolaus AmrheinInstitute for Plant Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFW, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3838Fax: +41 1 632 1084E-Mail: nikolaus.amrhein@ipw.biol.ethz.chDr. Sibyl Anwander Phan-huyInstitute of Agricultural Economics, ETHZETH-Zentrum / SOL, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 5310Fax: +41 1 632 1086E-Mail: anwander@iaw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Klaus ApelInstitute for Plant Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFW, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3821Fax: +41 1 632 1081E-Mail: klaus.apel@ipw.biol.ethz.chProf. Dr. Peter BachmannDepartment of Forest Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / HG, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3187Fax: +41 1 632 1127E-Mail: bachmann@fowi.ethz.chProf. Dr. Harald BugmannDepartment of Forest Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / HG, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3239Fax: +41 1 632 ????E-Mail: bugmann@fowi.ethz.chDr. Matthew CockCABI Bioscience, Swiss Centre1, Rue des Grillons, CH-2800 DélémontPhone: +41 32 421 4870Fax: +41 32 421 4871E-Mail: swiss.centre@cabi-bioscience.chInternet: www.cabi-bioscience.chProf. Dr. Geneviève DéfagoRPA Integrated Pest ManagementInstitute for Plant Sciences, Phytopathology, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFW, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3869Fax: +41 1 632 1108E-Mail:: genevieve.defago@ipw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Silvia DornZIL BoardRPA Integrated Pest ManagementRPA Cassava ResearchInstitute of Plant Sciences,Applied Entomology, ETHZETH-Zentrum / NW, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3921Fax: +41 1 632 1171E-Mail: dorn@ipw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Peter EdwardsGeobotanical Institute, ETHZETH-Zentrum / GEO, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 4330Fax: +41 1 632 1215E-Mail: edwards@geobot.umnw.ethz.chProf. Dr. Felix EscherInstitute of Food Science, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFO, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3285Fax: +41 1 632 1123E-Mail:: escher@ilw.agrl.ethz.chDr. Zakaria FarahInstitute of Food Science, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFO, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 5373Fax: +41 1 632 1156E-Mail: farah@ilw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Emmanuel FrossardZIL BoardRPA Cassava ResearchRPA LegumesRFPP-AgricultureInstitute of Plant Sciences,Group of Plant Nutrition, ETHZVersuchsstation Eschikon, CH-8315 LindauPhone: +41 52 354 9141Fax: +41 52 354 9119E-Mail: emmanuel.frossard@ipw.agrl.ethz.chDr. Monika GesslerZIL BoardStab ForschungETH-Zentrum / HG, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 7745Fax: +41 1 632 1592E-Mail: gessler@sl.ethz.ch64

Lists and TablesChristina GriederZIL BoardSDC Swiss Agency for Development and CooperationFreiburgstr. 130, CH-3003 BernPhone: +41 31 323 3489E-Mail: christine.grieder@deza.admin.chInternet: 194.230.65.134/dezaweb2/home/aspProf. Dr. Wilhelm GruissemRPA Cassava ResearchInstitute for Plant Sciences, ETHZETH Zentrum / LFW, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: + 41 1 632 0857Fax: + 41 1 632 1079E-Mail: wilhelm.gruissem@ipw.biol.ethz.chDr. Dominique GuenatZIL BoardAssociation de consultants en agriculture ACADECH-1423 FontanezierPhone: +41 24 712 315Fax: +41 24 712 345E-Mail: dominique guenat@bluewin.chPD Dr. Ueli HartwigRPA Legumes (until September 2001)Institute of Plant Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFW, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 4930Fax: +41 1 632 1153E-Mail: ueli.hartwig@ipw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Hans Rudolf HeinimannDepartment of Forest Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / HG, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3235Fax: +41 1 632 1146E-Mail: heinimann@fowi.ethz.chProf. Dr. Ottmar HoldenriederDepartment of Forest Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / HG, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3201Fax: +41 1 632 1380E-Mail: holdenrieder@fowi.ethz.chProf. Dr. Richard HurrellZIL BoardInstitute of Food Science, ETHZSeestr. 72, 8803 RüschlikonPhone: +41 1 704 5701Fax: +41 1 704 5710E-Mail:: hurrell@ilw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Ralf HütterPresidentSchweizerischen Zentrum fürInternationale Landwirtschaft (ZIL)ETH-Zentrum / HG, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3750Fax: +41 1 632 1589Prof. Dr. Rolf KappelNDS NADELETH-Zentrum / VOB, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 4253Fax: +41 1 632 0000E-Mail: kappel@nadel.ethz.chProf. Dr. Michael KreuzerZIL BoardRPA Smallholder Milk Production and ManagementInstitute of Animal Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFW, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 5972Fax: +41 1 632 1128E-Mail: michael.kreuzer@inw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Wolfgang LanghansInstitute of Animal Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFW, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3306Fax: +41 1 632 1308E-Mail: wolfgang.langhans@inw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Bernard LehmannInstitute of Agricultural Economics, ETHZETH-Zentrum / SOL, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 5391Fax: +41 1 632 1086E-Mail: lehmann@iaw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Bruce McDonaldInstitute for Plant Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFW, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3847Fax: +41 1 632 1108E-Mail:: bruce.mcdonald@ipw.agrl.ethz.chDr. Ptr NiemzDepartment of Forest Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / HG, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3231E-Mail: niemz@fowi.ethz.chDr. Astrid ObersonRPA Cassava ResearchRPA LegumesInstitute of Plant Sciences,Group of Plant Nutrition, ETHZVersuchsstation Eschikon, CH-8315 LindauPhone: +41 52 354 9140/32Fax: +41 52 354 9119E-Mail: astrid.oberson@ipw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Zdenko PuhanInstitute of Food Science, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFO, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 5368Fax: +41 1 632 1156E-Mail: puhan@ilw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Peter RiederZIL BoardInstitute of Agricultural Economics, ETHZETH-Zentrum / SOL, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 5307Fax: +41 1 632 1086E-Mail: rieder@iaw.agrl.ethz.chPD Dr. Christof SautterRPA LegumesInstitute of Plant Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFW, CH-8092 ZürichPhone: +41 1 632 5713Fax: +41 1 632 1044E-Mail: christof.sautter@ipw.biol.ethz.chProf. Dr. Franz Schmitthüsen65

Lists and TablesDepartment of Forest Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / HG, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3218Fax: +41 1 632 1110E-Mail: schmitthüsen@fowi.ethz.chProf. Dr. Jean-Philippe SchützDepartment of Forest Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / HG, CH-8092 ZürichPhone: +41 1 632 3197Fax: +41 1 632 1033E-Mail: schuetz@fowi.ethz.chDr. Jean-Pierre SorgZIL BoardDepartment of Forest Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / HG, CH-8092 ZürichPhone: +41 1 632 3214Fax: +41 1 632 1575E-Mail: sorg@fowi.ethz.chProf. Dr. Peter StampInstitute of Plant Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFW, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3878Fax: +41 1 632 1143E-Mail: peter.stamp@ipw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Gerald StranzingerInstitute of Animal Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / TAN, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3256Fax: +41 1 632 1167E-Mail: gerald.stranzinger@inw.agrl.ethz.chDr. Henri SuterZIL BoardIntercooperationMaulbeerstr. 10, CH-3001 BernPhone: +41 31 382 0861Fax: +41 31 382 3605E-Mail: hsuter@intercoop.chInternet: intercooperation@intercoop.chProf. Dr. Michael TeuberInstitute of Food Science, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFO, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3335Fax: +41 1 632 1266E-Mail: teuber@ilw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Caspar WenkInstitute of Animal Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFW, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3255Fax: +41 1 632 1128E-Mail: caspar.wenk@inw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Erich J. WindhabInstitute of Food Science, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFO, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 5348Fax: +41 1 632 1155E-Mail: windhab@ilw.agrl.ethz.chCollaborators in ZIL projectsDominique AubertRPA Smallholder Milk Production and ManagementInstitute of Agricultural Economics, ETHZETH-Zentrum / SOL, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 0978Fax: +41 1 632 1086E-Mail: dominique.aubert@iaw.agrl.ethz.chSusanne BühlerRPA Cassava ResearchInstitute of Plant Sciences,Group of Plant Nutrition, ETHZVersuchsstation Eschikon, CH-8315 LindauPhone: +41 52 354 9140/32Fax: +41 52 354 9119E-Mail: susanne.buehler@ipw.agrl.ethz.chElse BünemannRPA LegumesInstitute of Plant Sciences,Group of Plant Nutrition, ETHZVersuchsstation Eschikon, CH-8315 LindauPhone: +41 52 354 9144/32Fax: +41 52 354 9119E-Mail: else.buenemann@ipw.agrl.ethz.chJaques GerberRPA Smallholder Milk Production and ManagementInstitute of Agricultural Economics, ETHZETH-Zentrum / SOL, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 5394Fax: +41 1 632 1086E-Mail: jacques.gerber@iaw.agrl.ethz.chAndrea FreiRPA Integrated Pest Managementc/o Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT)AA 6713 Cali, ColombiaE-Mail: a.frei@cgiar.orgDr. Hainan GuRPA Integrated Pest ManagementInstitute of Plant Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / NW, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3917E-Mail: hainan.gu@ipw.agrl.ethz.chAndreas JenetRPA Smallholder Milk Production and ManagementInstitute of Animal Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFW, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3352Fax: +41 1 632 1128E-Mail: andreas.jenet@inw.agrl.ethz.chSabina KellerRPA LegumesInstitute of Plant Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFW, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 2518Fax: +41 1 632 1153E-Mail: sabina.keller@ipw.agrl.ethz.ch66

Lists and TablesDr. Peng ZhangRPA Cassava ResearchInstitute for Plant Sciences, ETHZETH Zentrum / LFW, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 2244Fax: +41 1 632 1044E-Mail: zhang.peng@ipw.biol.ethz.chCollaborators in RFPP and other projectsProf. Ayemru AssaRFPP-AgricultureLaboratoire de Pédologie et de Géologie AppliquéeUFR Science de la Terre et des Ressources Minières,University of Cocody,22 Bp 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d’IvoirePhone: +225 22 44 35 00Fax: +225 22 44 35 00Dr. Thomas BernetRFPP-AgricultureCIP, Apdo 1556Lima 12, PeruPhone: +51 1 349 6017Fax: +51 1 317 5326E-Mail: t.bernet@cgiar.orgDr. Claudia BinderRFPP-AgricultureEnvironmental Sciences ETHZ,Natural and Social Science InterfaceHaldenbachstr. 44, CH-8092 ZürichTel: +41 1 632 6445Fax: +41 1 632 1029E-Mail: binder@uns.umnw.ethz.chInternet: www.uns.umnw.ethz.chDr. Thomas BraunschweigRFPP-AgricultureInternational Service forNational Agricultural Service (ISNAR)P. O. Box 93375, 2509 AJ,The Hague, The NetherlandsPhone: +31 70 349 6145Fax: +31 70 381 9677E-Mail: t.braunschweig@cgiar.orgInternet: www.cgiar.org/isnarJudith BrunnschweilerCSRSInstitute of Food Science, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFO, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 0883E-Mail: judith.brunnschweiler@ilw.agrl.ethz.chGabriela ChacónRFPP-AgricultureInternational Potato CenterP. O. Box 17-21-1977, Quito, EquadorPhone: +593 2 690 362Fax: +593 2 692 604E-Mail: chacon@cip.org.ecPascale DerlethRFPP-ForestryEPF Lausanne, GECOS-DGRCH-1015 Lausanne-EcublensPhone: +41 21 693 6336Fax: +41 21 693 5760E-Mail: pascale.derleth@epfl.chLucien Diby N’guessanRFPP-AgricultureCentre Suisse de Recherche ScientifiqueBP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d’IvoirePhone: +225 23 45 52 58Fax: +225 23 45 12 11E-Mail: lucien.diby@csrs.ciDr. Greg ForbesRFPP-AgricultureInternational Potato CenterP. O. Box 17-21-1977, Quito, EquadorMaria Elena Fritzsche-HoballahRFPP-AgricultureUniversité de Neuchâtel, Institut de ZoologieRue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2007 NeuchâtelPhone: +32 718 3164Fax: +32 718 3001E-Mail: maria.fritzsche@unine.chInternet: www.unine.ch/biol/LEAE/Research/MaisEnglish.htmDr. Cesare GesslerRFPP-AgricultureInstitute of Plant Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFW, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 1 632 3871Fax: +41 1 632 1108E-Mail: cesare.gessler@ipw.agrl.ethz.chBertrand Bachaumond HankouaRFPP-AgricultureInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)Oyo-Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Oyo State, NigeriaPhone: +234 2 241 2626Fax: +234 2 241 2221E-Mail: b.hankoua@cgiar.orgDr. Michael HermannRFPP-AgricultureCIP, Apdo 1556Lima 12, PeruPhone: +51 1 349 6017Fax: +51 1 317 5326E-Mail: m.hermann@cgiar.orgDr. Hans-Dieter HessRFPP-AgricultureCentro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT)AA 6713 Cali, ColombiaPhone: +57 2 445 0000, ext. 3036Fax: +57 2 445 0073E-Mail: d.hess@cgiar.orgInternet: www.ciat.cgiar.org67

Lists and TablesDr. Willem JanssenRFPP-AgricultureISNAR, P. O. Box 93375The Hague, The Netherlands, NL-2509 AJPhone: +31 70 349 6100Fax: +31 70 381 9677E-Mail: w.janssen@cgiar.orgInternet: www.cgiar.org/isnarEsther LeemannRFPP-AgricultureETHZ/EAWAG,Chair of Resource and Waste ManagementEAWAG, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 DübendorfPhone: +41 1 823 5487Fax: +41 1 823 5226E-Mail: esther.leemann@eawag.chDr. Yam B. MallaRFPP-ForestryInternational and Rural Development DepartmentUniversity of Reading, Early Gate, Whiteknights RoadP. O. Box 237, Reading RG6 6AR, UKPhone: +44 118 931 8225Fax: +44 118 926 1244E-Mail: y.b.malla@reading.ac.ukDr. Shou Yong Choy NgRFPP-AgricultureInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Oyo State, NigeriaPhone: +234 2 241 2626Fax: +234 2 241 2221E-Mail: s.ng@cgiar.org or syng@another.comInternet: www.cgiar.org/iitaDr. Johanna Puonti-KaerlasEuropean Patent OfficeD-80298 Munich, GermanyPhone: +49 89 2399 7898Fax: +49 89 2399 8178E-Mail: jpuontikaerlas@epo.orgProf. Dr. Rodolphe SchlaepferRFPP-ForestryEPF Lausanne, GECOS – DGRCH-1015 Lausanne-EcublensPhone: +41 21 693 5771Fax: +41 21 693 5760E-Mail: rodolphe.schlaepfer@epfl.chKaspar SchmidtRFPP-ForestryDepartment of Forest Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / HG, CH-8092 ZürichPhone: +41 1 632 3203Fax: +41 1 632 1033E-Mail: kaspar.schmidt@fowi.ethz.chAndres TschannenCSRSInstitute of Food Sciences, ETHZETH-Zentrum / LFO, CH-8092 ZürichPhone: +41 1 632 5364E-Mail: andres.tschannen@ilw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Ted TurlingsRFPP-AgricultureUniversité de Neuchâtel, Institut de ZoologieRue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2007 NeuchâtelPhone: +41 32 718 3158Fax: +41 32 718 3001E-Mail: ted.turlings@zool.unine.chInternet: www.unine.ch/biol/LEAE/Research/MaisEnglish.htmDr. Bronislav I. VienglovskyRFPP-AgricultureForest Institute of the Kyrgyz RepublicKaragachovaya Roscha 15, Bishkek, KyrgyzstanPhone: +996 312 27 96 34Fax: +996 312 27 96 34E-Mail: institute@lesic.elcat.kgDr. Thomas WalkerRFPP-AgricultureInternational Potato CenterApdo 1558, Lima 12, PeruPhone: +51 1 349 6017Fax: +51 1 349 5638E-Mail: t.walker@cgiar.orgInternet: www.cipotato.orgDr. Michael ZimmermannCSRSInstitute of Food Sciences, ETHZSeestrasse 72, CH-8803 RüschlikonPhone: +41 1 704 5705E-Mail: michael.zimmermann@ilw.agrl.ethz.ch68

Lists and TablesAccountsBilanz, 31. 12. 2001CHFAktivaHandkasse 403.35UBS Sfr. 0.00UBS Dollar 4 363.67ETH-Konto 2.88.021.99 581 198.44SFIAR 0.00Rückerst. Verrechnungssteuer 88.65Sachanlagen 0.00Total Aktiva 586 054.00PassivaGuthaben Projekte Phase II 0.00Eigenkapital 105 934.21Gewinn 480 119.90Total Passiva 586 054.11Ertragsrechnung, 31. 12. 2001KostenGrundvertrag DEZA 387 618.00Seed Money 116 260.00Personalkosten 187 126.50Reisespesen 14 553.05Allgemeine Verwaltungskosten 17 355.77Bankspesen 143.26Abschreibungen 1 000.00Druck, Bücher und Zeitschriften (inkl. Jahresbericht) 34 693.69Total Kosten 758 750.28ErtragErtrag DEZA 920 000.00Inst. Beiträge 53 250.00Beiträge Dritter 46 500.00Ertrag RFPP / Admin / Projekte 153 374.00Overhead Projekte and Seed Money 35 488.00Kapital Ertrag 258.18ETH-Beiträge 30 000.00Total Ertrag 1 238 870.18Gewinn 480 119.90** The seemingly high surplus of CHF 480 119.90 can be explained by transitories from the year 2000 (CHF 359 690.00). In addition, external contributions to seedmoney projects (CHF 31 000.00) were made. The remaining income of CHF 89 439.90 reflects the understaffing of the ZIL office for the first nine months of 2001.69

Lists and TablesAccountsZIL-Projekte 2000–2003Projekt-Name Total ZIL-Beitrag Ausgaben Eigenleistung ZIL-Beitrag Ausgaben Kreditrest EigenleistungZusprache 2000 2000 2000 2001 2001 31.12.012001CassavaGene-transfermethodology 285 000.00 85 500.00 53 161.40 241 000.00 85 500.00 125 136.55 (7 297.95) 221 000.00IntegratedPest ManagementGenetic plantresources tosafeguardbean harvest 154 000.00 46 200.00 36 418.24 130 000.00 46 200.00 27 990.55 27 991.21 130 000.00IntegratedPest ManagementBiological contolof post-harvestrot of yam 63 300.00 56 970.00 63 300.00 92 000.00 6 330.00LegumesOvercomingphosporousinhibition 187 000.00 56 100.00 35 717.70 125 000.00 56 100.00 61 364.49 15 117.81 125 000.00LegumesLegume /non legumeimproved fallow 194 000.00 58 200.00 28 430.05 110 000.00 58 200.00 88 572.40 (1 602.45) 110 000.00SmallholderMilk Productionand MarketingEfficientdairy nutrition 179 000.00 53 700.00 59 913.23 98 165.00 53 700.00 48 580.71 (1 055.82) 111 242.00SmallholderMilk Productionand MarketingThe role ofinformationacquisitionfor adoption 170 000.00 51 000.00 21 107.54 96 000.00 51 000.00 65 523.00 15 369.39 96 000.00Total Projekte 1 232 300.00 407 670.00 299 048.16 892165.00 357 030.00 417 167.70 48 522.19 793 242.0070

Lists and TablesImpressumPublisherZILSchweizerisches Zentrum für Internationale LandwirtschaftSwiss Centre for International AgricultureUniversitätsstrasse 9, ETH-Zentrum / UNACH-8092 Zurich, SwitzerlandEditorBarbara Becker, Executive Manager ZILDesign and LayoutArt Direction Stacy Müller, ZurichReproductionWith permission of ZILPhotosCover photo:Alfalfa field and walnut forest in Southern Kyrgyzstan,Kaspar Schmidt.p. 3/4: Dominique Meinenbergp. 9/12: ZILp. 19: CIATp. 21: Zenkoko Noson, Japanp. 23: Sabine Kellerp. 24: Astrid Obersonp. 27: Jacques Gerberp. 28: Andreas Jenetp. 30: Ted Turlingsp. 31: B. Hankuoap. 33: F. Pfisterp. 34: Hans-Dieter Hessp. 35: Lucien Diby N’guessanp. 36: Gabriela Chaconp. 38: Pascale Derlethp. 39: Kaspar Schmidtp. 42: Olivier Girardinp. 44: Zakaria Farahp. 46: Fabio Mascherp. 47: Zakaria Farahp. 48: Judith BrunnschweilerPrintingDruckerei Feldegg AG, Zollikerberg.Printed with a 74KARAT water-free offset machine,which substantially reduces the emission ofvolatile organic compounds, and on chlorine-free paperproduced from selected waste woodswithout the use of acids and whitening agents.Current information on ZIL activities and projects is available on our new web site:www.zil.ethz.ch71

Swiss Centre for International AgricultureSchweizerisches Zentrum für Internationale LandwirtschaftCentre Suisse pour l’Agriculture InternationaleUniversitätsstrasse 9ETH-Zentrum / UNA C2CH-8092 ZurichSwitzerland