US JP 3-53: Doctrine for Joint Psychological Operations - IWS - The ...

Joint Pub 3-53Doctrine for JointPsychological Operations10 July 1996

PREFACE1. ScopeThis doctrine addresses the use of militarypsychological operations (PSYOP) assets inplanning and conducting PSYOP in support ofjoint operations across the range of militaryoperations. The following information is alsoincluded.a. The context for employment of PSYOP isprovided.b. The sources of policy and authority for theuse of military PSYOP assets are identified.c. PSYOP responsibilities of principal DODand other US Government (USG) agencies areoutlined.d. Basic PSYOP principles and objectives areidentified.e. Guidance for the development orrefinement of DOD PSYOP plans and annexesis provided.f. Joint PSYOP capabilities are outlined.g. Planning considerations for theemployment of PSYOP assets to support strategic,operational, tactical, and consolidation militaryPSYOP objectives and the requisite coordinationamong other DOD elements and USG agenciesnecessary to execute their respective PSYOPresponsibilities are delineated.h. PSYOP logistic, intelligence, andcommand, control, communications, andcomputer systems support requirements areidentified.2. PurposeThis publication has been prepared underthe direction of the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff. It sets forth doctrine to governthe joint activities and performance of theArmed Forces of the United States in jointoperations and provides the doctrinal basis forUS military involvement in multinational andinteragency operations. It provides militaryguidance for the exercise of authority bycombatant commanders and other jointforce commanders and prescribes doctrine forjoint operations and training. It providesmilitary guidance for use by the Armed Forcesin preparing their appropriate plans. It is notthe intent of this publication to restrict theauthority of the joint force commander (JFC)from organizing the force and executing themission in a manner the JFC deems mostappropriate to ensure unity of effort in theaccomplishment of the overall mission.3. Applicationa. Doctrine and guidance established inthis publication apply to the commandersof combatant commands, subunifiedcommands, joint task forces, and subordinatecomponents of these commands. Theseprinciples and guidance also may apply whensignificant forces of one Service are attachedto forces of another Service or whensignificant forces of one Service supportforces of another Service.b. The guidance in this publication isauthoritative; as such, this doctrine (or JTTP)will be followed except when, in the judgmentof the commander, exceptional circumstancesdictate otherwise. If conflicts arise betweenthe contents of this publication and thecontents of Service publications, thispublication will take precedence for theactivities of joint forces unless the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally incoordination with the other members of theJoint Chiefs of Staff, has provided morecurrent and specific guidance. Commandersof forces operating as part of a multinational(alliance or coalition) military commandi

Prefaceshould follow multinational doctrine andprocedures ratified by the United States. Fordoctrine and procedures not ratified by theUnited States, commanders should evaluateand follow the multinational command’sdoctrine and procedures, where applicable.For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:CARLTON W. FULFORD, JR.Major General, USMCVice Director, Joint StaffiiJoint Pub 3-53

TABLE OF CONTENTSPAGEEXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................. vCHAPTER IPSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS: AN OVERVIEW• General ..................................................................................................................... I-1• Military PSYOP ........................................................................................................ I-1• Basic Joint and Multinational PSYOP Doctrine......................................................... I-1• Principles of Joint PSYOP ........................................................................................ I-2• PSYOP Relationships ............................................................................................... I-5• Fundamentals of Command and Control Warfare (C2W) .......................................... I-6• PSYOP in Support of C2W ....................................................................................... I-7CHAPTER IIORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR PSYOP• DOD Responsibilities .............................................................................................. II-1• US Forces Commanders Serving in Multinational Commands ................................. II-5• PSYOP Functions of Other US Government Agencies ............................................. II-5CHAPTER IIICOMMAND AND CONTROL• General .................................................................................................................. III-1• Statutory Policy ..................................................................................................... III-1• Treaties and Agreements ........................................................................................ III-1• Command Relationships ........................................................................................ III-1• Organization of PSYOP Forces .............................................................................. III-4CHAPTER IVPSYOP PLANNING• General .................................................................................................................. IV-1• General Objectives of Joint PSYOP ....................................................................... IV-1• Planning Skills ....................................................................................................... IV-1• PSYOP Concepts for Planners ............................................................................... IV-1• PSYOP Plan Development ..................................................................................... IV-2• Planning Considerations ......................................................................................... IV-4• Planning Guidance ................................................................................................. IV-4• Approval of PSYOP Plans ..................................................................................... IV-4• PSYOP Studies Program ........................................................................................ IV-6• Coordination with Other Government Agencies ..................................................... IV-7iii

Table of ContentsCHAPTER VPSYOP AND THE RANGE OF MILITARY OPERATIONS• Joint Military PSYOP Objectives Across the Range of Military Operations ............ V-1• PSYOP in Support of Joint Warfare Operations....................................................... V-3• PSYOP in Support of Special Operations ................................................................ V-5• PSYOP in Support of Civil Affairs (CA) ................................................................. V-7CHAPTER VISUPPORT FOR PSYOP• Intelligence Support for PSYOP ............................................................................. VI-1• C4 System Support ................................................................................................ VI-3• Logistic Support ..................................................................................................... VI-4APPENDIXA Service-PSYOP Capabilities ............................................................................. A-1B References ......................................................................................................... B-1C Administrative Instructions ................................................................................ C-1GLOSSARYPart I Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................................................... GL-1Part II Terms and Definitions ............................................................................... GL-3FIGUREI-1 Categories of Military Psychological Operations (PSYOP) ........................... I-2I-2 Psychological Operations Support Requirements ........................................... I-4III-1 Combatant Commander Responsibilities .................................................... III-2III-2 Command Relationships for a Joint Psychological Operations Task Force .. III-5IV-1 Joint Psychological Operations General Objectives .................................... IV-2IV-2 Specific Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Guidance andConsiderations for Planners .................................................................... IV-5V-1 Joint Military Psychological Operations Objectives Across theRange of Military Operations ................................................................... V-2V-2 Special Operations Supported by Psychological Operations ........................ V-5VI-1 The Intelligence Cycle ................................................................................ VI-2ivJoint Pub 3-53

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCOMMANDER’S OVERVIEW••••••Provides an Overview of Psychological Operations (PSYOP)Discusses the Organizational Responsibilities for PSYOPCovers Command and Control in PSYOPDiscusses PSYOP PlanningCovers PSYOP and the Range of Military OperationsProvides an Overview of Support for PSYOPGeneral Considerations for Psychological OperationsThe purpose ofpsychological operations(PSYOP) is to induce orreinforce foreign attitudesand behavior favorable tothe originator’s objectives.PSYOP may be either longor short term to influenceforeign conclusions andenhance potential USmilitary capabilities.Psychological operations (PSYOP) are operations plannedto convey selected information and indicators to foreignaudiences to influence their emotions, motives, objectivereasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreigngovernments, organizations, groups, and individuals.PSYOP are a vital part of the broad range of US political,military, economic, and informational activities. When properlyemployed, PSYOP can lower the morale and reduce theefficiency of enemy forces and could create dissidence anddisaffection within their ranks. There are four categories ofmilitary PSYOP; strategic, operational, tactical, andconsolidation PSYOP, which are used to establish and reinforceforeign perceptions of US military, political, and economicpower and resolve.The principles of developing PSYOP apply across the rangeof military operations. Although the complexity of themethodology varies with the target audiences, basicconsiderations for development of all PSYOP actions arethe same. Actions essential to successful PSYOP are: a clearlydefined mission; analysis of all targets; actions that areevaluated for psychological implications; a reliable mediumor media for transmission; rapid exploitation of PSYOPthemes; and continual evaluation of the results of PSYOP forrelevance to the mission and goals. Intelligence,counterintelligence, command, control, communications, andv

Executive Summarycomputers systems (C4), and logistics support military PSYOPand are invaluable for the success of such actions.The PSYOP relationshipto truth projection andpublic affairs ensures thattargets receive andconsider the informationbeing disseminated.PSYOP techniques are used to plan and execute truth projectionactivities intended to inform foreign groups and populationspersuasively. Public affairs (PA) provide objective reporting,without intent to propagandize. As open sources to foreigncountries and the United States, PA channels can be used todisseminate international information. To maintain thecredibility of military PA, steps must be taken to protectagainst slanting or manipulating such PA channels. PSYOPmessages must be coordinated with counterintelligenceplanners and operators, with military deception planners, andwith operations security planners to ensure that essentialsecrecy is realized, counterintelligence operations are notcompromised, and messages reinforce the desired appreciationsof counterintelligence and deception as well as PSYOP plans.Organizational Responsibilities for PSYOPThe organizationalresponsibilities for PSYOPinvolve all levels of thechain of command.The Department of the Defense (DOD), including theSecretary of Defense, the Under Secretary of Defense for Policyor his designee, the DOD General Counsel, and the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff, are responsible for establishingnational objectives, developing policies, and approvingstrategic plans for PSYOP. Geographic combatantcommanders and subordinate joint force commanders areresponsible for designating specific staff responsibilities,ensuring that plans and programs are coordinated andsufficiently represented, and that PSYOP are monitored andreviewed. The Commander in Chief, US Special OperationsCommand ensures that all PSYOP and support requirementsare addressed. The Military Departments and Servicesprovide civilian and military personnel with appropriatetraining and planning skills.Command and Control During PSYOPThe command and controlof PSYOP depends greatlyon the National CommandAuthorities, statutorypolicies, and treaties andagreements.Unless otherwise directed by the National CommandAuthorities, combatant commanders exercise combatantcommand (command authority) over all assigned militaryPSYOP assets. Centralizing planning for PSYOP shouldbe focused at the combatant command level. The combatantcommander may place PSYOP forces under operational controlof a subordinate joint force or component commander forappropriate mission support; however, it is essential that allPSYOP products (such as leaflets or radio scripts) use the sameviJoint Pub 3-53

Executive Summarythemes and symbols, necessitating a single productdevelopment center.The scale of jointoperations will generallydictate the organization ofPSYOP forces.PSYOP in joint operationswill be planned, developed,and executed inaccordance with the JointOperation Planning andExecution System.The most numerous andgenerally useful means toconduct PSYOP are opensources of information.The organization of forces will vary with the nature of themission, availability and qualifications of PSYOP personnel,and the supported commander’s assessment of the PSYOPforce requirement. At first sign of crisis the PSYOPAssessment Team will assess the situation, develop objectivesand recommend appropriate actions. A PSYOP Task Forcemay be required if significant forces will be needed toimplement the JFC’s PSYOP objectives. The senior PSYOPofficer in the theater will ensure that component staffs are awareof the PSYOP products available and that continuity remainswithin the psychological objectives.PSYOP PlanningPlanned military PSYOP may affect not only militarytargets but political, economic, or social structures withinthe target area. The general objectives of joint PSYOP are:to reduce efficiency of opposing forces; further the US and/ormultinational war effort by modifying or manipulating attitudesand behavior of selected audiences; facilitate reorganizationand control of occupied or liberated areas in conjunction withcivil-military operations; obtain the cooperation of allies orcoalition partners and neutrals in any PSYOP effort; andsupport and enhance humanitarian assistance, foreign internaldefense (FID), and/or foreign nation assistance militaryoperations. A thorough knowledge of national and theatermilitary security policies and objectives, joint operationsplanning skills, and a thorough understanding of the customs,mores, and values of the target audience are required forPSYOP success. The development of the PSYOP planrequires research and analysis, development of a way toconvey or deny information, production requirements, anddissemination plans.These sources of information should be accessible to or beactivities observable by target groups. When appropriate,deception means can be used to convey messages to foreigngroups having access to foreign intelligence. Planners mustunderstand both the possibilities and limitations of each meansand the factors to consider in their use. Planners shouldunderstand the difference between planning for jointoperations and planning for overt peacetime PSYOPprograms. Peacetime programs are planned in consonancewith the respective US Ambassador’s country plan and supportvii

Executive Summarynational objectives and policy. Plans for military operationsother than war and war also support national objectives andpolicy but generally have a different focus for PSYOP thanpeacetime programs.PSYOP and the Range of Military OperationsPSYOP supports joint andmultinationalconventional and specialoperations and otherdesignated governmentagencies.The role of PSYOP varies depending on the level ofoperational activity or environment. Typical militaryoperations other than war (MOOTW) that can be supportedby joint PSYOP include humanitarian assistance and disasterrelief, nation assistance, security assistance, FID, counterdrugoperations, and peace support operations. MOOTW notinvolving the use or threat of force activities provide trainingand in-theater access to allow for the facilitation and use ofPSYOP during the transition to war. MOOTW involving theuse or threat of force require the application of the diplomatic,military, economic, and informational instruments of nationalpower. Nonlethal activities, such as PSYOP, can be decisivein MOOTW involving the use or threat of force. Duringwar, PSYOP at the strategic, operational, and tactical levelmay enhance the success of operations at all echelons.Employment of PSYOP can be equally effective insupporting both offensive and defensive operationsconducted by conventional forces. Special operations are alsoan integral part of modern warfare which may supportconventional military operations or they may be conductedalone. Unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, directaction, special reconnaissance, counterterrorism, and civilaffairs are some of the special operations that may supportPSYOP.Support for PSYOPThe use of PSYOP forcesrequires three types ofsupport in order toadequately respond to themission and objectives.viiiPSYOP planners must possess a thorough and currentknowledge of these conditions to develop PSYOP targeted atselected foreign groups to influence the objective and emotionalreasoning. Intelligence Support: This knowledge is obtainedthrough the use of the intelligence cycle which is the processby which intelligence is obtained, produced, and made availableto the PSYOP planner. The intelligence cycle has five steps:planning and direction, collection, processing, production, anddissemination. C4 Systems Support: Communicationbetween staffs and commands that are planning and executingPSYOP actions are necessary for effective joint use ofcapabilities. A joint PSYOP communications plan should beprepared to ensure that communications systems are compatibleand adequate. Logistic Support: PSYOP forces will normallyJoint Pub 3-53

Executive Summarydeploy with a 30-day basic load of PSYOP supplies. This is abaseline planning figure and may not be sufficient to meetspecific contingency mission requirements. Joint planners mustensure that PSYOP support requirements are taken into accountwhen planning logistic support.CONCLUSIONPsychological operations are used to convey selectedinformation and indicators to foreign audiences to influencetheir emotions, objective reasoning, and motives. In order toaccomplish this goal, PSYOP must have a clearly definedmission, the ability to analyze and evaluate targets and theireffects, a reliable media transmission, and a rapid ability toimplement PSYOP. PSYOP depends on communication toensure proper execution of the mission and objectives. This iscarried out by command and control, preplanning and supportfrom all levels.ix

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CHAPTER IPSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS: AN OVERVIEW“The mind of the enemy and the will of his leaders is a target of far moreimportance than the bodies of his troops.”Brigadier General S. B. Griffith II, USMC(Introduction to Mao Tse-Tung on Guerrilla Warfare), 19611. GeneralPsychological operations (PSYOP) areoperations planned to convey selectedinformation and indicators to foreignaudiences to influence their emotions,motives, objective reasoning, and ultimatelythe behavior of foreign governments,organizations, groups, and individuals. Thepurpose of PSYOP is to induce or reinforceforeign attitudes and behavior favorable tothe originator’s objectives. PSYOP are avital part of the broad range of US political,military, economic, and informationalactivities. When properly employed, PSYOPcan lower the morale and reduce the efficiencyof enemy forces and could create dissidenceand disaffection within their ranks.2. Military PSYOPa. PSYOP are an integral part of militaryoperations and, as such, are an inherentresponsibility of all military commanders.PSYOP have been used throughout historyto influence foreign groups and leaders.Modern PSYOP are enhanced by theexpansion of mass communication capabilities.Nations may multiply the effects of theirmilitary capabilities by communicatingdirectly to their intended targets promisesor threats of force or retaliation, conditions ofsurrender, safe passage for deserters,invitations to sabotage, support to resistancegroups, and other messages. The effectivenessof this communication depends on theperception of the communicator’s credibilityand capability to carry out promises orthreatened actions. It is important not toconfuse psychological impact with PSYOP.Actions such as shows-of-force or limitedstrikes may have a psychological impact, butthey are not PSYOP unless the primarypurpose is to influence the emotions, motives,objective reasoning, or behavior of thetargeted audience.b. Categories of Military PSYOP areshown in Figure I-1.c. The employment of any element ofnational power, particularly the militaryelement, has always had a psychologicaldimension. Foreign perceptions of USmilitary capabilities are fundamental tostrategic deterrence. The effectiveness ofdeterrence, power projection, and otherstrategic concepts hinges on US ability toinfluence the perceptions of others. MilitaryPSYOP constitute a systematic process ofconveying messages to selected foreigngroups to promote particular themes that resultin desired foreign attitudes and behaviors thatcan augment the national effort. PSYOP areused to establish and reinforce foreignperceptions of US military, political, andeconomic power and resolve.3. Basic Joint and MultinationalPSYOP Doctrinea. US national policies and strategies toresolve conflicts, deter hostile action, andattain objectives in crises or open hostilitiesare designed to influence foreign groups andleaders so that their behaviors and actions willpromote the attainment of US national goals.I-1

Chapter II-2CATEGORIES OFMILITARYPSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONS (PSYOP)Strategic PSYOP -International information activitiesconducted by US Governmentagencies to influence foreignattitudes, perceptions, and behaviorin favor or US goals and objectives.These programs are conductedpredominantly outside the militar yarena but can utilize Department ofDefense assets and be suppor ted bymilitary PSYOP. Military PSYOP withpotential strategic impact must becoordinated with national efforts.Operational PSYOP -Conducted prior to, during war orconflict, and at the conclusion ofopen hostilities in a definedgeographic area to promote theeffectiveness of the areacommander's campaigns andstrategies.Tactical PSYOP -Conducted in the area assigned atactical commander during conflictand war to support the tacticalmission against opposing forces.Consolidated PSYOP -Conducted in foreign areas that areinhabited by an enemy orpotentially hostile populace andoccupied by US forces, or in whichUS forces are based, to producebehaviors by the foreign populacethat support US objectives in thearea.Figure I-1. Categories of MilitaryPsychological Operations (PSYOP)b. Operational-level strategies aredesigned to strengthen US and multinationalcapabilities to conduct military operations inthe theater and accomplish particular missionsduring crises and open hostilities. Along withother military operations, PSYOP may beused independently or as an integral part ofother operations throughout the theater tosupport joint operations missionaccomplishment.c. Tactical strategies outline how militaryforce will be employed against opposingforces to attain tactical objectives. PSYOP isconducted as an integral part of multinational,joint, and single-Service operations.d. Peacetime US military PSYOP requireUSG interagency coordination and integrationat the national level to be fully effective.e. When the Armed Forces of the UnitedStates are integrated into a multinationalcommand structure, peacetime PSYOPpolicies and wartime conduct should becoordinated and integrated to the maximumextent possible for the attainment of US andmultinational security objectives.4. Principles of Joint PSYOPa. Development Methodology. PSYOPmay be either long or short term to influenceforeign conclusions and enhance potential USmilitary capabilities. The principles ofdeveloping PSYOP apply across the rangeof military operations. Although thecomplexity of the methodology varies withthe target audiences, basic considerations fordevelopment of all PSYOP actions are thesame. The following are actions essential tosuccessful PSYOP.• The PSYOP mission must be clearlydefined in terms that correspond to thesupported commander’s vision of howthe campaign or operation will proceed.Joint Pub 3-53

Psychological Operations: An Overview• PSYOP themes, activities, and symbolsshould be based on a thorough analysisof targets, including friendly andadversary PSYOP capabilities, strengths,and weaknesses.• Where possible, the results of PSYOPshould be continually evaluated forrelevance to the mission and tonational and military goals. As withinitial planning actions, decisions toterminate or revise PSYOP programsmust be linked to careful analysis of allsourceintelligence.b. The psychological dimension affectsthose fighting the battle, their militaryleaders and staffs, the political leaders, andthe civilian population. On the field of battle,US forces want to face an enemy that is bothunsure about its cause and capabilities andsure about its impending defeat—an enemywho, even if unwilling to surrender, has littlewill to engage in combat.“To seduce the enemy’s soldiers fromtheir allegiance and encourage themto surrender is of especial service, foran adversary is more hurt by desertionthan by slaughter.”Flavius Vegetius Renatus,The Military Institutions of theRomans, c. 378 ADSelected information can be effectivelyconveyed through visual media during PSYOP.• All military actions should be thoroughlyevaluated for their psychologicalimplications and, where necessary,supported by deliberate PSYOP actionsto offset potentially negative effects orto reinforce positive effects.• The medium or media selected fortransmission should be reliable andreadily accessible by target audiences.• Rapid exploitation of PSYOP themesis often critical. Planning, pretesting,and approval procedures should bedeveloped to exploit fleeting opportunities.c. Support Requirements for SuccessfulPSYOP are shown in Figure I-2 and discussedbelow.• Intelligence. Intelligence support formilitary PSYOP requires extensiveinformation concerning the targetidentity, location, vulnerabilities,susceptibilities, and the political,economic, social or cultural, and historicconditions within the target area.Effective PSYOP actions depend uponcurrent and accurate intelligenceinformation provided through applicationof the intelligence cycle. Collectionshould be from all available sources andagencies and is based upon thoroughmission and requirements planning thatserves as a guideline for the PSYOPI-3

Chapter IPSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS SUPPORTREQUIREMENTSIntelligenceCurrent and accurateintelligence informationprovided throughapplication of theintelligence cycleCounterintelligenceDetects, deters, orneutralizes foreignintelligence servicetargetingCommand, Control,Communications, &Provide interoperable,rapid, reliable, and secureexchange of informationLogisticsEnsure continuoussustenance and supportfor the psychologicaloperations planFigure I-2. Psychological Operations Support Requirementsintelligence collection effort. Developmentof a well-planned collection managementarchitecture ensures that the requisitePSYOP intelligence is available tosupport the development of PSYOPactions.• Counterintelligence. Counterintelligencesupport for military PSYOP consists ofdetecting, deterring, or neutralizingforeign intelligence service targeting ofPSYOP plans, operations, personnel, andequipment, especially at the operationaland tactical levels. Upon execution of aPSYOP, counterintelligence and humanresource intelligence (HUMINT)operations can provide feedback on itseffect.I-4Joint Pub 3-53

Psychological Operations: An Overview• Command, Control, Communications,and Computers Systems (C4). MilitaryC4 systems facilitate the execution ofcommand and control (C2) and itssupporting functions. These systems arevital to planning, mounting, andsustaining successful joint PSYOP.The Services, based on a combatantcommander (CINC)-validated requirement,must design C4 systems that provideinteroperable, rapid, reliable, and secureexchange of information throughout thechain of command.• Logistics. Support of joint PSYOPplaces unique additional demands onService and theater logistic systems.Although the majority of PSYOPsustainment requirements are satisfied bystandard Service support systems,PSYOP-peculiar equipment aregenerally low-density items requiringintensive management. Operatingsupplies, repair parts, and major enditemsfor PSYOP-peculiar equipmentwill require theater logistic planners—working closely with joint operationplanners—to bring the logistic items intotheater to ensure continuous sustainmentand support for the PSYOP plan.Distribution of these assets to PSYOPforces may pose unique transportationrequirements that are dictated by thenature of the operation, the existingtransportation infrastructure, and rates ofconsumption. Before any PSYOP planis executed, all aspects of logisticsupportability must be considered andcoordinated. Emphasis should also beplaced on locating and using equipmentand supplies already available in theater;i.e., printing presses and radio and/ortelevision (TV) broadcast transmitters.5. PSYOP Relationshipsa. PSYOP Relationship to TruthProjection and Public Affairs (PA)• The planned use of psychological actionsand propaganda influences the attitudes,opinions, and behaviors of opposing orneutral groups in a manner favorable toUS objectives. PSYOP techniques areused to plan and execute truthprojection activities intended to informforeign groups and populationspersuasively. The purpose of PSYOPtechniques is to ensure that targets receiveand consider the information beingdisseminated.• Military PA are the public informationand community relations activitiesdirected toward the general US public,including US military and Departmentof Defense (DOD) civilian personnel, bythe various elements of the Departmentof Defense. PA provides objectivereporting, without intent topropagandize. As open sources toforeign countries and the United States,PA channels can be used to disseminateinternational information. To maintainthe credibility of military PA, caremust be taken to protect againstslanting or manipulating such PAchannels. Within the United States, PAchannels can be used to provide facts thatwill counter foreign propaganda,including disinformation, directed at theUnited States.b. PSYOP Relationship to MilitaryDeception and Operations Security(OPSEC). PSYOP actions convey informationnot only to intended PSYOP target audiencesbut also to foreign intelligence systems.Therefore, PSYOP messages must becoordinated with counterintelligenceplanners and operators, with militarydeception planners, and with OPSECplanners to ensure that essential secrecy isrealized, counterintelligence operations arenot compromised, and messages reinforce thedesired appreciations of counterintelligenceand deception as well as PSYOP plans.I-5

Chapter IAdditionally, PSYOP actions can be executedto support deception actions or vice versa.6. Fundamentals of Commandand Control Warfare (C2W)a. C2W is the integrated use of PSYOP,military deception, OPSEC, electronicwarfare (EW), and physical destruction,mutually supported by intelligence, to denyinformation to, influence, degrade, or destroyadversary C2 capabilities while protectingfriendly C2 capabilities against such actions.C2W is a warfighting application ofinformation warfare (IW) in militaryoperations and is a subset of IW. C2Wapplies across the range of military operationsand all levels of conflict. C2W is bothoffensive and defensive.I-6• C2-attack. Prevent effective C2 ofadversary forces by denying informationto, influencing, degrading or destroyingthe adversary C2 system.• C2-protect. Maintain effective C2 ofown forces by turning to friendlyadvantage or negating adversary effortsto deny information to, influence,degrade or destroy the friendly C2system.b. C2W employs various techniques andtechnologies to attack or protect a specifictarget set — C2. C2W is applicable to bothwar and military operations other than war(MOOTW). C2W is planned and executedby combatant commanders, subunifiedcommanders, and joint task forcecommanders. C2W efforts are focused withina CINC’s area of responsibility or acommander, joint task force’s joint operationsarea and their area of interest (AOI). C2W isan essential part of any joint military operationopposed or threatened by an organizedmilitary or paramilitary force. It is an integralpart of an overall campaign plan. C2Wapplies to all phases of an operation,including those before, during and afteractual hostilities.c. The elements of C2W (PSYOP,military deception, OPSEC, EW, physicaldestruction) can support land, sea, air, andspace operations. Although C2W as definedis composed of these five elements, in practiceother warfighting capabilities may beemployed as part of C2W to attack or protecta C2 “target set.” The level of applicabilityof the various C2W elements is dependent onthe assigned mission and the circumstances,targets, and resources available. C2Wprovides a framework that promotessynergy between the individual elements toproduce a significant warfighting advantage.Even in MOOTW, C2W offers the militarycommander lethal and non-lethal means toachieve the assigned mission while deterringwar and/or promoting peace.d. Effective C2W provides the joint forcecommander (JFC) with the ability to shapethe adversary commander’s estimate of thesituation in the theater of operations. It mayeven be possible to convince an adversary thatthe US has “won” prior to engaging in battle,resulting in deterrence and preemptinghostilities.e. A successful C2W effort will contributeto the security of friendly forces, bring theadversary to battle (if appropriate) at adisadvantage, help seize and maintain theinitiative, enhance freedom of maneuver,contribute to surprise, isolate adversary forcesfrom their leadership, and create opportunitiesfor a systematic exploitation of adversaryvulnerabilities.f. Effective C2W operations influence,disrupt or delay the adversary’s decisioncycle. This decision cycle is supported by aC2 system, which does not merely consist ofa commander and the infrastructure tocommunicate orders. It encompasses all thecapabilities, thought processes, and actionsJoint Pub 3-53

Psychological Operations: An Overviewthat allow a commander to correctly observethe AOI; assess what those observations implyabout the operation; use assessments to maketimely, effective decisions; and communicatethose decisions as orders to subordinatecommanders in order to control the course ofan operation. The execution of orders on bothsides of an operation alters the situation inthe operational area. These changes, in turn,must be observed, assessed, and acted uponin a continuous process. This process can bethought of as a “decision cycle.”g. Synchronized C2W operations shouldenable a JFC to operate “inside” anadversary’s decision cycle by allowing theJFC to process information through the C2decision cycle faster than an adversarycommander. Initiative is fundamental tosuccess in military operations. In C2W, bothC2-attack and C2-protect operationscontribute to gaining and maintaining militaryinitiative.h. For more information on C2W, see JointPub 3-13.1, “Joint Doctrine for Command andControl Warfare (C2W).”7. PSYOP in Support of C2Wa. Introduction. PSYOP are a vital part ofthe broad range of US diplomatic, military,economic, and informational activities. Theemployment of any element of national powerprojection, particularly the military element,has always had a psychological dimension.• PSYOP’s mission in developing theoverarching PSYOP supporting plan forthe JFC should be outlined in Appendix4 to the Operations Annex of the subjectoperation plan (OPLAN). For example,Appendix 4 should address tacticalPSYOP support to Army and MarineCorps maneuver units on the ground.Focused PSYOP support to C2W will beaddressed in the Operations Annex C ofthe subject OPLAN. PSYOP supportto C2W should conform to the JFC’soverall PSYOP support plan; however,the focus will be tailored to high-valueC2-oriented target audiences.• Psychological Impact. All militaryoperations have a psychological impact.Moving an aircraft carrier battle groupoff of an adversary’s shores, conductingamphibious landing training or a surgicalair strike, or executing a clandestinespecial operation into an adversary’sheartland all influence attitudes,emotions, motives, objective reasoning,and ultimately the behavior of foreigngovernments, their leaders, groups, andindividuals. In C2W, the PSYOPcomponent’s objective is to integrate,coordinate, and deconflict PSYOPwith the full range of militaryactivities. This should enable the JFC toharness, focus, and synchronize theaggregate psychological impact foroptimal effect in influencing anadversary’s C2 system to ultimatelyachieve US goals and objectives.b. PSYOP in Support of C2-attack.PSYOP should be employed to enhance theactual and perceived C2W effort againstadversary decision makers. PSYOP canarticulate to appropriate foreign audiences themission, intent, and combat power of the jointforce, as well as curb unreasonableexpectations about the United StatesGovernment’s (USG’s) role and actions duringoperations. PSYOP can multiply and magnifythe effects of military deception plans,reinforce apparent perceptions of theadversary, plant the seeds of doubt about theleadership of adversary forces, proliferatediscrete messages to adversary command,control, communications, and intelligencecollectors, enhance and combine live-firecapability demonstrations with PSYOP“surrender appeals” to encourage an adversaryto give up, and magnify the image of USsuperiority.I-7

Chapter Ic. PSYOP in Support of C2-protect.PSYOP’s main objective in C2-protect isto counter the adversary’s hostile propagandaagainst the joint force. Discrediting thesource of mass media attacks against theoperations of the US and/or multinationalforces is critical to maintaining a favorableworld opinion of the operations. Counteringadversary propaganda is a coordinated effortrequiring centralized planning andsynchronized execution at all levels. Thecorollary benefit of effectively counteringadversary propaganda is in persuading theadversary’s populace that US and/ormultinational operations are legitimate anddriving a wedge between the adversaryleadership and its populace to undermine theadversary leadership’s confidence andeffectiveness. PSYOP specialists andintelligence analysts can also produceinformation packets which commanders canuse to “immunize” their units againstadversary propaganda. Other PSYOPactivities to support C2-protect operationsinclude the following.• Persuading the adversary forces thatUS high technology can be used toidentify and neutralize their efforts andthat their whole military force and itsinfrastructure will suffer if they persistin antagonizing friendly forces.• When called upon, PSYOP operationscan target individual intelligence andC2 nodes to assist in C2-protectoperations.PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS IMPACTMillions of PSYOP leaflets were dropped [during Operations DESERT SHIELDand DESERT STORM]; they called on the Iraqis not only to surrender, but alsowarned them to stay away from their equipment because it was the target ofCoalition air strikes. Most leaflets were dropped by MC-130s. F-16s and otheraircraft flew several missions a day carrying the MK 129 leaflet container,showering the Iraqi troops with messages and warnings. USMC A-6s droppedanother version of the leaflet in Kuwait. UH-1Ns used loudspeakers and Arablinguists to convince Iraqi soldiers to surrender along the Kuwait border. Oneleaflet depicted a mosque and a school yard, in which Saddam Hussein hadliberally interspersed tanks, AAA guns, and other military equipment. Themessage to the Iraqi soldier was that Saddam Hussein was deliberatelyendangering their religion and families.The detonation of several 15,000 bombs, which were dropped from MC-130special operations planes, also seemed to have a psychological effect on Iraqitroops. Senior Iraqi officer EPWs frequently commented that their troops alsowere terrified of B-52s, and could clearly see and hear their strikes, even whenmiles away.SOURCE: Final Report to CongressConduct of the Persian Gulf War, April 1992I-8Joint Pub 3-53

CHAPTER IIORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR PSYOP“For a strong adversary (corps) the opposition of twenty-four squadrons andtwelve guns ought not to have appeared very serious, but in war thepsychological factors are often decisive. An adversary who feels inferior isin reality so.”Field Marshal Carl Gustav Baron von MannerheimThe Memoirs of Field Marshal Mannerheim, 19531. DOD Responsibilitiesa. The Secretary of Defense• Participates in the establishment ofnational security policy and objectives.• Recommends to the President themobilization of Reserve component (RC)assets, as necessary.• Provides strategic PSYOP advice to USGagencies and allies.b. The Under Secretary of Defense forPolicy (USDP) or his designee, the AssistantSecretary of Defense (Special Operations/Low Intensity Conflict) (ASD[SO/LIC])• Acts as principal adviser to the Secretaryof Defense on PSYOP matters.• Develops PSYOP policy for theDepartment of Defense.• Coordinates PSYOP policies, plans, andprograms with the National SecurityCouncil and other USG agencies.• Evaluates the effectiveness of DODPSYOP programs.• Reviews and approves all PSYOPprograms to be conducted during peaceor in conflict.c. The DOD General Counsel reviews allproposed PSYOP programs conducted duringpeacetime or conflict.d. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs ofStaff (CJCS)• Advises the Secretary of Defense on theuse of military PSYOP to achievenational, strategic, and theater militaryobjectives.• Prepares strategic plans and issues policyfor the use of military PSYOP inpeacetime or conflict, and supports theoverall conduct of war.• Reviews the PSYOP plans and programsof the combatant commanders duringtimes of conflict or war to determinewhether they are adequate and feasible.• Prepares integrated logistic andmobilization guidance for PSYOPcapabilities.• Coordinates and directs the preparationof combined PSYOP plans.• In conjunction with Commander inChief, US Special Operations Command(USCINCSOC), establishes jointdoctrine for PSYOP.II-1

Chapter II• In conjunction with USCINCSOC,provides an integrated statement of jointPSYOP training requirements andensures that these requirements areappropriately addressed.• In conjunction with USCINCSOC,provides a unified, prioritized list ofPSYOP intelligence and counterintelligencerequirements to meet the needs of theCINCs, Joint Staff, and Services.• Coordinates US participation in alliedmilitary PSYOP training programs.• In conjunction with USCINCSOC,provides a joint, prioritized statement ofmilitary requirements for PSYOPcapabilities to meet the needs of theNational Command Authorities (NCA),the Chiefs, CINCs, and the Chairman ofthe Joint Chiefs of Staff.• Provides the general policy andestablishes production priorities for thePSYOP Studies Program.e. Geographic combatant commandershave the following responsibilities in additionto those listed in Annex D, Joint StrategicCapabilities Plan (JSCP) and those listed forall military commanders.• Designate specific staff responsibility formaintaining a PSYOP planning element,coordinating PSYOP actions, andensuring that regional operation planssupport national psychologicalobjectives.• Develop intelligence and counterintelligencerequirements necessary to performPSYOP analysis, planning, andexecution.• Plan, support, and conduct in peacetimeand during conflict an overt peacetimePSYOP program (OP3) in support of USII-2regional objectives, policies, interests,and theater military missions. The OP3must be coordinated with the chiefs ofUS diplomatic missions.• Prepare PSYOP plans and conducttheater PSYOP to support the executionof operations on a theater-wide basisduring war.• Foster cooperative PSYOP policiesamong allied military forces and regionalsecurity organizations.• Provide for employment of RC PSYOPassets in planning, developing concepts,and participating in joint trainingexercises and contingency operations.• Ensure advance contingency planning foruse of non-DOD informational andrelated capabilities in DOD PSYOP.• Establish and monitor a PSYOPreporting system.f. Combatant commanders (lessUSCINCSOC) have the followingresponsibilities in addition to those listed forall military commanders.• Ensure that staffs and organizationswithin their commands have sufficientrepresentation and working proficiencyin the planning and conduct of jointPSYOP. This includes the requesting ofliaison officers from other USG agencieswhen appropriate.• Develop plans and programs, incoordination with USCINCSOC, tosupport PSYOP requirements identifiedby supported geographic combatantcommanders.• Develop and submit to the Chairman ofthe Joint Chiefs of Staff additionalPSYOP requirements necessary toJoint Pub 3-53

Organizational Responsibilities for PSYOPsupport geographic combatantcommanders.g. Joint task force (JTF) commandershave the following responsibilities in additionto those listed for all military commanders.• Coordinate all JTF PSYOP efforts withappropriate US and allied authorities inthe joint operations area, as appropriate.• Incorporate PSYOP in JTF operationplans.• Maintain up-to-date PSYOP estimatesfor designated operational areas.• Monitor and review component PSYOPplans, including coordination of thedevelopment of appropriate PSYOPforce capability.h. USCINCSOC’s responsibilities forthe development of strategy, doctrine, andtactics for joint PSYOP are interrelatedwith those of the Chiefs. USCINCSOC hascombatant command (command authority)(COCOM) of all dedicated Army and AirForce PSYOP forces in the continental UnitedStates (CONUS). In fulfilling thisresponsibility, USCINCSOC coordinates withthe Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Chiefs,and combatant commanders to ensure that allPSYOP and support requirements are addressed.USCINCSOC has the following responsibilitiesin addition to those detailed in Annex D, JSCP.• Recommends PSYOP policy guidance tothe Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,Chiefs, and US military commanders, asrequired.• Develops PSYOP concepts to supportnational security objectives, reviewsService PSYOP doctrine developmentfor consistency with joint doctrine, andensures that joint and Service PSYOPtraining supports national objectives.• Provides visibility of PSYOP issues,activities, missions, and capabilities to theChairman of the Joint Chief of Staff,Chiefs, and commanders at other USmilitary command levels.• Prepares and provides assigned PSYOPforces to other combatant commanders,as required.• Within his capabilities, supports othercombatant commanders’ PSYOPrequirements.• Participates with assigned PSYOP forces,as appropriate or required, in CJCS andcombatant command exercises in order todevelop joint tactics, techniques, andprocedures for PSYOP forces.• Ensures that PSYOP forces are trainedto plan and conduct PSYOP in regionsto which they are apportioned.• Coordinates with the Chiefs for planningand providing combat support, combatservice support, and sustainment ofPSYOP forces assigned to othercombatant commanders for conduct ofPSYOP.• Acts as the lead agent for joint PSYOPdoctrine development.• Manages the PSYOP Studies Programand coordinates PSYOP input to theDefense Intelligence Production schedule.• Validates and develops priorities forPSYOP training, intelligence, andmilitary requirements and provides theseto the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs ofStaff to support Service, combatantcommand, and Joint Staff responsibilitiesas they relate to PSYOP.i. The Military Departments and Serviceshave the following functions.II-3

Chapter II• Provide civilian and military personnelwith appropriate PSYOP training andplanning skills.• Provide capabilities organic to Serviceforces to execute PSYOP actions anddedicated PSYOP forces and equipment.• Develop Service PSYOP doctrinerelating to the primary functions assignedto the particular Service.• Provide PSYOP forces or detachments (notassigned to USCINCSOC) to combatantcommanders for service in foreign countries.• Request additional PSYOP support fromthe CJCS PSYOP Executive Agent.• Provide departmental intelligence andcounterintelligence assets that are trained,equipped, and organized to supportplanning and conduct PSYOP.• Train and educate departmentalpersonnel to counter and neutralize theeffects of hostile foreign PSYOP.j. The Chief of Staff, US Army, inaddition to responsibilities delineated as Chiefof a Service, has the following responsibilities.• Act as CJCS Executive Agent for theconduct of joint PSYOP training asdetailed in the DOD PSYOP Master Plan.• Train foreign personnel in PSYOP, whenrequired.k. The Director, Defense IntelligenceAgency, has the following responsibilities.• Establish and implement a plan tosatisfy PSYOP intelligence andcounterintelligence requirements.• Assist in the preparation of PSYOPintelligence and counterintelligenceestimates and appraisals of foreigngroups designated by USDP, Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Chiefs, andcombatant commanders.• Provide PSYOP training for intelligenceanalysts to ensure a capability to respondto intelligence production requirementsin support of PSYOP programs.• Recommend PSYOP opportunities insupport of US policy.• Provide indications of potentialvulnerability to hostile PSYOP or foreignintelligence services.l. The Director, Defense InformationSystems Agency, will provide computersystems support of the PSYOP AutomatedSystem (POAS).m. The Director, National SecurityAgency and/or Chief, Central SecurityService, provides intelligence information tosatisfy intelligence collection requirements.n. Directors of all Defense agenciessupport geographic combatant commandersby providing agency support to PSYOPplanning and actions.o. All military commanders, whenappropriate, have the followingresponsibilities.• Include PSYOP planning in the preparationof plans for all military actions across therange of military operations.• Consider the psychological effects andimplications of all courses of militaryactions during joint operation planning.• Include PSYOP assets in the planningand conduct of all military exercises.II-4Joint Pub 3-53

2. US Forces CommandersServing in MultinationalCommandsUS forces commanders serving inmultinational commands have the followingresponsibilities.a. Implement multinational PSYOP plansto the extent consistent with international law,including the law of armed conflict, and treatyobligations in relations with the governmentand civilian population of countries where USforces are assigned.b. Request guidance from the Secretary ofDefense on implementation of multinationalpolicies and objectives, as appropriate.c. Coordinate joint PSYOP planning withappropriate multinational commanders andnational forces of host countries.Organizational Responsibilities for PSYOP3. PSYOP Functions of OtherUS Government Agenciesa. During peacetime, the Department ofState provides overall direction,coordination, and supervision ofinterdepartmental activities overseas. Inpeacetime operations or in conflict, theDepartment of State may restrict PSYOPmessages and themes used within countriesor areas.b. The Central Intelligence Agency, theUnited States Information Agency, the Boardfor International Broadcasting, Department ofTreasury, Justice Department, and otheragencies impacted by military PSYOP,including the OP3, review plans to ensureconsistency of effort.Coordinating effective PSYOP among US Government Agencies dependson accurate and timely information from the combatant commander.II-5

Chapter IIIntentionally BlankII-6Joint Pub 3-53

CHAPTER IIICOMMAND AND CONTROL“As the excited passions of hostile people are of themselves a powerfulenemy, both the general and his government should use their best efforts toallay them.”Lieutenant General Antoine-Henri Baron de JominiSummary of the Art of War, 18381. GeneralThe NCA issues national security policythrough directives and statements. Duringpeacetime, the Secretary of Defense (or hisdesignated representatives) translates nationalsecurity policy into military policy. Becauseof the nature of the psychologicaldimension, all policy matters tend to impactupon PSYOP. During war, policy flowsdirectly from the NCA through the Chairmanof the Joint Chief of Staff to the combatantcommanders. The combatant commanderis responsible for the centralized directionand conduct of PSYOP within hisoperational area. Early and full PSYOPsupport to the supported commander is criticalthroughout the crisis action planning process.2. Statutory PolicyTraditionally, DOD missions and activitieshave been established in Federal statute or, inthe absence of statutory authority, through thebroad constitutional powers of the Presidentas Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces.The President, using his constitutional andstatutory authority, may issue documents thatprovide direction to the Executive Branch.Several National Security Directives andExecutive Orders apply to PSYOP.Additionally, regulatory guidance pertainingto the conduct of PSYOP is promulgated bythe Department of Defense. SpecificExecutive and departmental citations are listedin Appendix A, “Service-PSYOPCapabilities.”3. Treaties and AgreementsThe Hague and Geneva Conventionsplace certain restrictions on the use ofPSYOP in wartime. Specifically, HagueConvention No. IV of 18 October 1907,“Respecting the Laws and Customs of Waron Land,” states that ruses of war arelegitimate so long as they do not involvetreachery or perfidy on the part of thebelligerent resorting to them. It would beimproper to secure an advantage of the enemyby deliberate lying or misleading conduct thatinvolves a breach of faith or when there is amoral obligation to speak the truth. Thisprohibition does not include cover anddeception activities when they are legitimatemilitary activities directed at confusing ormisleading the enemy. Bilateral defensetreaties usually have agreements concerningthe conduct of PSYOP by the signatories. Useof PSYOP may also be regulated under statusof-forcesagreements. A current list of treatiesand other international agreements in force isfound in DOS Pub 9433, “Treaties In Force.”4. Command Relationshipsa. Combatant command (commandauthority) is nontransferable commandauthority established by title 10 (“ArmedForces”), United States Code, section 164,exercised only by commanders of unified orspecified combatant commands unlessotherwise directed by the President or theSecretary of Defense. COCOM cannot beIII-1

Chapter IIIdelegated and is the authority of a combatantcommander to perform those functions ofcommand over assigned forces involvingorganizing and employing commands andforces, assigning tasks, designating objectives,and giving authoritative direction over allaspects of military operations, joint training,and logistics necessary to accomplish themissions assigned to the command. Unlessotherwise directed by the NCA, combatantcommanders exercise COCOM over allassigned military PSYOP assets.Combatant commander responsibilities aredescribed in Figure III-1.b. Because of the strategic and operationalimportance of the PSYOP contribution to theCINC’s Strategic Concept, centralizedplanning of PSYOP should be focused atthe combatant command level. Likewise,when the combatant commander activates asubordinate joint force (subunified commandor JTF), the PSYOP planners should be onthe JFC’s staff. When authorized, combatantcommanders may allow multinationalcommanders to exercise operationalcontrol (OPCON) of PSYOP forces. Thesupported combatant commander may obtain,through the NCA, required PSYOP forces toCOMBATANT COMMANDER RESPONSIBILITIESGive...authoritative directionto subordinatecommands andpsychologicaloperations (PSYOP)forcesEstablish...the chain of commandfor PSYOP forcesoperating within theiroperational areaAscertain...PSYOP forcerequirementsExercise...or delegate operationalcontrol of PSYOPforcesTask...organize, and employPSYOP forces toaccomplish assignedmissionsFigure III-1. Combatant Commander ResponsibilitiesIII-2Joint Pub 3-53

Command and Controlexecute plans in the same manner that otherforces are obtained.c. The combatant commander may placePSYOP forces under OPCON of asubordinate joint force or componentcommander for appropriate mission support.However, it is essential that all PSYOPproducts, such as leaflets or radio scripts,use the same themes and symbolsnecessitating a single product developmentcenter. PSYOP planners will identify targetaudiences and PSYOP objectives, themes,activities, and products that support the JFC’spsychological objectives. In the specialoperations (SO) arena, PSYOP take on anadded significance in support of JFCobjectives involving the need to mobilize thecivilian population while at the same timeisolating the enemy and taking away its abilityto muster popular support. Subordinatecommanders will identify requirements forPSYOP assets to support the higher JFC.Depending on mission requirements, PSYOPstaff augmentation may be provided to thecommander of a subunified, JTF, orcomponent command to enhance planningand coordinating capability.d. PSYOP units may be integrated intomultinational operations. When USPSYOP assets are attached to a multinationalorganization, they will usually function thesame as when supporting US forces.Appropriate points of coordination andcontrol for PSYOP activities and forces shouldbe established through a multinationalPSYOP cell.PSYOP IN THE PERSIAN GULFPlanning for psychological operations began immediately after the [Iraqi]invasion of Kuwait [DESERT SHIELD]. A PSYOP planning group consisting ofmilitary and civilian personnel from CENTCOM, SOCOM, and the 4thPsychological Operations Group (POG) was formed at CENTCOM Headquartersat MacDill Air Force Base, FL in early August of 1990. This group became thenucleus of the PSYOP command and control element that deployed to SaudiArabia.Leaflet, radio, and loudspeaker operations were combined and this combinationwas key to the success of PSYOP. Leaflets were the most commonly usedmethod of conveying PSYOP messages. Twenty-nine million leaflets consistingof 33 different messages were disseminated in the Kuwait theater of operations.Delivery means consisted of MC-130, HC -130, A-6, F-16, B-52, and artillery.A building block approach for leaflet operations was used, with the first leafletthemes being ones of peace and brotherhood. Increasing the intensity of thePSYOP message as events evolved, leaflet themes transitioned to emphasizingthe United Nations imposed 15 January deadline. After the UN deadline passedand Operation DESERT STORM began, themes emphasizing abandonment ofequipment and desertion were used. Exploiting the effects of specificmunitions leaflets were also used to inform Iraqui units that they were goingto be bombed. Feedback from interviews with enemy prisoners of war validatedthe success of leaflet operations.“Voice of the Gulf” was the Coalition’s radio network that broadcast fromground based and airborne transmitters, 18 hours per day for 40 days. Theradio script was prepared daily and provided news, countered Iraqi propagandaand disinformation, and encouraged Iraqi defection and surrender.III-3

Chapter IIILoudspeaker teams were used effectively throughout the theater. Each tacticalmaneuver brigade had loudspeaker PSYOP teams attached. Many of the 66teams came from the Army Reserve Components (RC). Loudspeaker teamsaccompanied units into Iraq and Kuwait, broadcasting tapes of preparedsurrender messages. Messages were transmitted in Arabic and were developedby cross cultural teams. These messages were similar to those on the leafletsbeing dropped. Iraqi soldiers were encouraged to surrender, were warned ofimpending bombing attacks, and told they would be treated humanely andfairly. Many Enemy Prisoners of War (EPW) mentioned hearing the loudspeakerbroadcasts in their area and surrendered to the Coalition forces because theyfeared more bombing.SOURCE: Final Report to CongressConduct of the Persian Gulf War, April 19925. Organization of PSYOPForcesa. The scale of joint operations willgenerally dictate the organization ofPSYOP forces. This organization will varywith the nature of the mission, availability andqualifications of PSYOP personnel, and thesupported commander’s assessment of thePSYOP force requirement.b. As a crisis begins to develop, the firstelement of the CONUS-based PSYOP forcethat the combatant commander will place inthe time-phased force and deployment data(TPFDD) for transport to theater is thePSYOP Assessment Team (POAT). ThePOAT provides staff augmentation to theoperations staff (J-3) of the JFC. This teamconsists of 4 to 12 personnel, communicationsequipment, and vehicles. The POAT assessesthe situation, confers with the commander,develops the PSYOP objectives, andrecommends an appropriate combinationof personnel, equipment, and Servicecomponents to accomplish the mission. Ifthe POAT can accomplish necessary planningand assist tactical commanders executingPSYOP activities, no further PSYOP forcesare likely to be required. The POAT alsocoordinates with other USG agencies withrelated missions.c. If the POAT determines that significantPSYOP forces are required to accomplish theJFC PSYOP objectives, a PSYOP TaskForce (POTF) may be required.• The decision on whether or not to activatea POTF is determined by the followingfactors.•• CONUS-developed and producedPSYOP products cannot be delivered tothe area of responsibility (AOR) in atimely manner.•• Geographical size of the AORrequires dispersed operations.•• Number and types of supported unitsexceeds the capability of POAT to adviseand assist.•• Number and types of PSYOP unitsand/or assets to be coordinated exceedsthe C2 capability of the POAT.• The regional battalion providesPSYOP C2 assets and productdevelopment capability. The regionallyoriented battalion is augmented byproduction assets (audio-visual studios,printing presses and other relatedequipment) and dissemination assetsIII-4Joint Pub 3-53

Command and Control(radio stations and radios, televisionsstations and televisions, loudspeakerteams), including RC enemy prisoner ofwar and regional and/or tactical units, asrequired.• Although the POTF could be assignedanywhere in the JFC structure, itordinarily remains OPCON to theJFC and reports through the J-3 (seeFigure III-2). Because all products usedthroughout the joint force must beconsistent, they are developed in oneproduct development cell. RetainingOPCON at the joint force headquartersallows the most effective use of scarcePSYOP-trained personnel and linguistswhile ensuring access of PSYOPproducts to all subordinate commands.• Tactical dissemination assets, primarilyloudspeaker teams and liaison teams,may be attached in CONUS to deployingunits, attached in theater based onmission requirements, or deployedwith the POTF and remain in supportof the entire joint force. Factors thatwill affect the size and composition ofthe PSYOP force include, but are notlimited to, the following.COMMAND RELATIONSHIPS FOR A JOINTPSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS TASK FORCEGeographicCombatantCommanderJoint TaskForceMarineForcesNavalForcesAir ForceForcesArmyForcesJointSpecialOperationsTask ForceJointPsychologicalOperationsTask ForceLEGENDCombatant CommandOperational ControlPsychologicalOperationsBattalionFigure III-2. Command Relationships for a Joint Psychological Operations Task ForceIII-5

Chapter III•• Scope and duration of the PSYOPobjectives.•• Requirements for liaison andcoordination with other USG and hostnation (HN) agencies.•• Requirements for sustaining andcoordinating with supported units.•• Policy, funding, and foreign or HNsensitivities and their effect on othercombatant command and supportingcomponent objectives.•• Foreign intelligence and securityservice threat emanating from within thehost country or from the target country.d. The senior PSYOP officer in theaternormally serves as the joint force PSYOPand avoid, and target audiences by allcomponents. Tailored PSYOP teams areavailable to support smaller operations whena POTF is not required.e. Based on the scarcity of trained PSYOPpersonnel and the criticality of ensuring thatall PSYOP messages disseminated by the JFCare consistent, significant PSYOP activitynormally requires a POTF to coordinateand deconflict execution of the JFC’s plan.When a POTF is established, the followingPSYOP command relationships are normallyestablished. Tactical PSYOP forces areplaced in direct support of maneuver elements.Dissemination forces operate in generalsupport of the JFC with tactical control by thePOTF commander. Multipurpose assets thatare primarily PSYOP platforms, such asCOMMANDO SOLO, remain OPCON to theService component or the joint specialPlatforms primarily designed for PSYOP, such as COMMANDO SOLO, aremobilized to support combatant commanders.officer. If the situation can be handled byaugmenting the JFC’s staff, the joint forcePSYOP officer will ensure that componentstaffs are aware of the PSYOP productsavailable. Working through the variouscomponent operations staffs, the joint forcePSYOP officer will ensure continuity ofpsychological objectives, themes to stressIII-6operations task force and tactical control tothe POTF commander.f. During full mobilization, the entire USmilitary PSYOP capability becomes availablefor employment by the supported combatantcommander. PSYOP units apportioned fortheater planning purposes and available forJoint Pub 3-53

Command and Controlemployment are identified in Annex D to theJSCP.g. Operations across the range ofmilitary operations may require use of RCPSYOP forces. Early identification ofPSYOP requirements is necessary in order tofacilitate RC activation, processing, andtraining. Required RC PSYOP forces mustbe included in the TPFDD, along with Activecomponent (AC) PSYOP forces; otherwise,data essential for Joint Operation Planning andExecution System (JOPES) planners will notbe available and deployment of forcesrequired for the operations may be delayed.III-7

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CHAPTER IVPSYOP PLANNING“The real target in war is the mind of the enemy command, not the bodies ofhis troops. If we operate against his troops it is fundamentally for the effectthat action will produce on the mind and will of the commander; indeed, thetrend of warfare and the development of new weapons - aircraft and tanks -promise to give us increased and more direct opportunities of striking at thispsychological target.”Captain Sir Basil Liddell HartThoughts on War, 19441. GeneralPSYOP in joint operations will beplanned, developed, and executed inaccordance with JOPES. (See Joint Pubs5-03.1, “Joint Operation Planning andExecution System, Vol I: [Planning Policiesand Procedures],” and 5-03.2, “JointOperation Planning and Execution System,Vol II: [Planning and Execution Formats andGuidance].”) The provisions of this chapterapply equally to the processes of deliberateand crisis action planning. Military PSYOPis a component of US internationalinformation activities. Accordingly, plannedmilitary PSYOP may affect not only militarytargets but political, economic, or socialstructures within the target area.2. General Objectives of JointPSYOPThe general objectives of joint PSYOP areshown in Figure IV-1.3. Planning SkillsTo employ PSYOP effectively, jointmilitary planners must have the following.a. A thorough knowledge of nationalsecurity policy and objectives, as well asnational and theater military objectives.b. Joint operation planning skills, with aknowledge of PSYOP doctrine, tactics,techniques, procedures, and force structure.c. A thorough understanding of thecustoms, mores, and values of the targetaudience.4. PSYOP Concepts forPlannersThe more effective the use of PSYOP, thegreater the potential for operational success.As plans are developed the following conceptsmust be kept in mind.a. Persuasive Communications. Allcommunications systematically conveyinformation and impressions directly to allinvolved. Personal conclusions that result willinteract with individual perceptions to changeor reinforce attitudes and behaviors.Operationally, international informationactivities and military PSYOP cancommunicate persuasively.b. Command Disruption. Disruption ofC4 not only directly interferes with thecapabilities of an opponent to succeed incombat but also can have serious impactupon the opponent’s morale, cohesion,discipline, and public support essential toefficient operations.IV-1

Chapter IVJOINT PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONSGENERAL OBJECTIVESSupport and enhancehumanitarianassistance, foreigninternal defense, and/orforeign nationassistance militaryoperationsReduce efficiencyof opposing forcesObtain thecooperation ofallies and neutralsin anypsychologicaloperations effortFacilitatereorganization andcontrol of occupiedor liberated areasin conjunction withcivil-militaryoperationsFurther USand/ormultinational wareffort by modifying ormanipulating attitudesand behavior ofselected audiencesFigure IV-1. Joint Psychological Operations General Objectivesc. Information Denial. Competing partiescan systematically deny opponentsinformation they require to formulatedecisions. The Information SecurityProgram establishes procedures to protectclassified information and the OPSECprogram establishes measures to denyunclassified but sensitive indicators offriendly activities, capabilities, and intentionsacross the range of military operations.d. Intelligence Shaping. It is possible tosystematically convey and deny data toopposing intelligence systems with theobjective of causing opposing analysts toderive selected judgments. These judgmentsIV-2interact with the perceptions of opposingplanners and decision makers to influenceestimates upon which capabilities, intentions,and actions are based.5. PSYOP Plan DevelopmentThe following guidance is provided for thedevelopment of the PSYOP appendix to theOperations annex.a. Research and Analysis. Research mustbe conducted and requisite data must becollected to plan PSYOP. The data must beanalyzed to determine competing andcomplementary US and other-party goals, andJoint Pub 3-53

PSYOP Planningpossible strategies and courses of action toachieve these goals. The planner should alsomake a determination of key questionsabout friendly intentions, capabilities, andcurrent activities that an adversary wouldneed to act effectively under competitivecircumstances. Such key questions are termedessential elements of friendly information.b. Development. The perceptions,knowledge, and factors that influenceparticular targets must be evaluated. Both thesources upon which particular targets relyand US ability to influence those sourcesmust be determined. Target informationgatheringinterests and activities need to beidentified. Information and indicators thatshould be conveyed and denied to targets toreinforce desired appreciations and preserveessential secrecy must be ascertained.Execution means to convey or denyinformation and indicators have to be selected.A plan for a general phasing of those meanshas to be developed. Tasks required to prepareand execute implementing actions and tosupervise overall execution need to beidentified. Themes and actions to be stressedor avoided must be developed to support theattainment of specific psychologicalobjectives. Success or failure of PSYOP canhinge on analysis of culturally sensitivethemes or actions that may be viewed asoffensive to the target audience. Variouscourses of action must be developed andsubmitted in the PSYOP appendix to theOperations annex of the operation plan forcoordination and approval. Planners shouldidentify the assets necessary to execute theplan and list them in OPLAN TPFDDs;otherwise, it may become difficult to obtainthese assets in time to execute the plan. Adissemination or PSYOP activity timelinemust also be developed and be listed inOPLANs submitted for approval.c. Production Requirements. The forces,assets, and capabilities needed to producePSYOP products must be analyzed. Thesefactors must be compared to the forcesassigned or available for planning andorganizations (US and multinational). Tasksfor available PSYOP resources, includingspecific requirements, must also be provided.Requirements for PSYOP resources in excessof those available to the combatant commandwill be reported to the Joint Staff.d. Dissemination Plan. Thedissemination plan must take into accountthe type of PSYOP product (i.e., leaflets,During PSYOP planning, available capabilities to produce PSYOP products mustbe analyzed and measured against task requirements.IV-3

Chapter IVradio broadcasts, TV broadcasts) and themeans to deliver the product. Coordinationamong the commands planning and executingPSYOP actions is necessary for effective jointuse of capabilities. A joint communicationsplan should be prepared to ensure thatcommunications systems are compatibleand adequate. Regardless of the means usedto disseminate PSYOP products, the messagesand actions must be carefully evaluated forintent and impact. The effects of PSYOPactions on targets, deceptions in use orplanned, OPSEC posture and vulnerabilities,and policy consistency, demand close scrutinyand coordination among all planners.6. Planning Considerationsa. Means. The most numerous andgenerally useful means to conduct PSYOP areopen sources of information. These sourcesshould be accessible to, or activitiesobservable by, target groups. Whenappropriate, deception means can be used toconvey messages to foreign groups havingaccess to foreign intelligence. Planners mustunderstand both the possibilities andlimitations of each means and the factors toconsider in their use.b. Personnel. Dedicated personnel withadequate language and area expertise andresources are needed during MOOTW andwar to conduct theater, operational, andtactical PSYOP. Specific requirements mustbe determined by commanders based onanticipated operations.c. Inter-Service, Interagency. Theformation of an Office of the Secretary ofDefense level inter-Service and, in some cases,interagency level committee may be necessaryto facilitate coordination and monitor thedevelopment and execution of joint ormultinational PSYOP plans or actions.7. Planning GuidanceSpecific joint PSYOP planning guidanceand considerations for planners are shownin Figure IV-2.8. Approval of PSYOP PlansPlanners should understand the differencebetween planning PSYOP for joint operations andplanning for overt peacetime PSYOPprograms. Peacetime programs are planned inconsonance with the respective USAmbassador’s country plan and support nationalobjectives and policy. Plans for MOOTW andwar also support national objectives and policy,but generally have a different focus for PSYOPthan peacetime programs.a. Overt Peacetime PsychologicalOperations Programs. The guiding policyfor OP3 is DOD Directive S-3321.1, “OvertPeacetime Psychological OperationsConducted by the Military Services inContingencies Short of Declared War.”Annual OP3 programs will be submitted tothe Joint Staff for coordination and transmittalto USDP or his designee, ASD(SO/LIC), forstaffing and interagency coordination.Annual programs approved by the USDPor the ASD(SO/LIC) will be returnedthrough the Joint Staff to the geographiccombatant commanders. Approval of anoverall annual program is required before theconduct of specific operations. Previouslyapproved annual programs may continuewhile the following year’s proposed programis in the staffing and approval process.b. Joint Operation Planning• Military PSYOP span the range ofmilitary operations. Specific planningoptions and sequencing of events guidePSYOP activities during each operation.IV-4Joint Pub 3-53

PSYOP PlanningSPECIFIC PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS(PSYOP) GUIDANCE AND CONSIDERATIONSFOR PLANNERSConvey to the target audience an awareness of US determination and ability toattain national security objectivesConsider and plan for the early conduct of military PSYOP and, if required, use ofhost-nation resources and non-PSYOP military assets for media production anddissemination; e.g., use of naval ship printing facilities for production of PSYOPproductsEnsure PSYOP support to US conventional and special operations forcesPlan the movement of major end-itemsIntegrate PSYOP measures into counter command and control plansAssist multinational military service organizations in developing coordinatedPSYOP programs in support of foreign internal defense counterinsurgencyUse host-nation and US Country Teams to gain local supportDeter and discourage would-be aggressors from threatening vital US interestsInclude the use of automated information management systems that supportPSYOPMaintain the capability to accomplish US-only objectives when PSYOP forces andcapabilities are provided to multinational commandsConsider the effects of terrain, weather, and a nuclear, biological, and chemicalenvironment on forces, equipment, and the planned method for dissemination ofPSYOP productsEnsure comprehensive coordination of plans with emphasis on those staffelements or agencies that generate information, such as the public affairs officer,so all information activities are concordantIntegrate tactical exploitation of national capabilities and assets before and duringmission executionEstablish a PSYOP reporting system to provide relevant information to thesupported unit operations officer and other PSYOP planners about:1. Enemy PSYOP activity2. The apparent impact of friendly PSYOP activities3. Any anticipated changes to ongoing activitiesConsider preparation of PSYOP to counter the effects of an adversary'spsychological warfare effort before, during, and after US military combatoperationsFigure IV-2. Specific Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Guidance andConsiderations for PlannersIV-5

Chapter IVIV-6Changes in political objectives orconstraints may cause operationalcharacteristics to change rapidly andsignificantly. Experience has repeatedlydemonstrated that it is essential to involvePSYOP planners at the beginning andthat those who will execute the missionmust be involved in the planning process.• The planning process is detailed in JointPub 5-03.1, “Joint Operation Planningand Execution System, Vol I: (PlanningPolicies and Procedures),” and executionformats and guidance are contained inJoint Pub 5-03.2, “Joint OperationPlanning and Execution System, Vol II:(Planning and Execution Formats andGuidance).”•• OPLANs require that all applicableannexes and appendixes, includingPSYOP, be produced and submitted aspart of the OPLAN in the review andapproval process. Submission of theproposed dissemination timeline canminimize later delays, even if approvalis conditional.•• In operation plans in concept format,the combatant commander decides whichannexes and appendixes will bedeveloped. PSYOP planners shouldencourage the combatant commander tomake an early determination of the needfor a PSYOP appendix to the Operationsannex and ensure that, if developed, it isincluded in the plan when submitted forreview and approval.•• Crisis action planning procedures arefound in Chapter V and Annex A of JointPub 5-03.1, “Joint Operation Planningand Execution System, Vol I: (PlanningPolicies and Procedures).”• PSYOP planners should request initialpolicy coordination from the ASD(SO/LIC) through the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff as early as possible tofacilitate coordination with USGagencies. Planners should haveagreements with other USG agencies, asappropriate. Command arrangementagreements, memorandums ofunderstanding, and letters of agreementwith the Services, DOD and non-DODagencies, and interdepartmental andinteragency committees or groups shouldbe developed to effectively implementand accomplish operational missions.c. Planning is sometimes sensitive,requiring compartmentalization.Commanders will take active measures toprotect the integrity of the PSYOP planningprocess and prevent the premature release ofPSYOP themes, messages, or targetinformation.9. PSYOP Studies ProgramThe PSYOP studies program includes theBasic PSYOP Studies (BPS), the SpecialPSYOP Studies (SPS), and Special PSYOPAssessments (SPA). The Chairman of theJoint Chief of Staff provides general policyand establishes production priorities for theprogram. USCINCSOC, as a supportingCINC, manages the PSYOP StudiesProduction Program, issues taskings, andmonitors production. Combatantcommanders request BPS or SPS productionon specific countries or regions within theirrespective AORs.a. The BPS and SPS are designed toprovide PSYOP planners with basic sourcedocuments for developing PSYOP estimatesand plans. These documents also assist otherplanners in assessing the feasibility andappropriateness of using PSYOP in a givencountry or region in support of US nationalobjectives and operation plans of combatantcommanders. BPS are country specific andSPS can be country, regional, or issueoriented.Joint Pub 3-53

PSYOP Planningb. SPA are contingency-related, quickresponsePSYOP analyses of the situationsin selected countries or regions where crisesmay be developing or the potential for crisisis perceived.10. Coordination with OtherGovernment AgenciesCoordination of PSYOP with other USGagencies ensures that policies and planssupporting PSYOP objectives are articulatedand in consonance with NCA-approvedthemes and policies.a. United States Information Agency(USIA) has the primary responsibility forconducting public diplomacy and for advisingthe US Government on policy implicationsof foreign attitudes and perceptions. Publicdiplomacy includes communication, PA, pressrelations, people-to-people exchanges, andcultural ties with other nations. Publicdiplomacy supplements traditional diplomacyby disseminating information to foreignpopulaces, generally through open mediasources. As such, public diplomacy shouldbe part of a unified, coherent effort tocommunicate with the people andgovernments of other countries. PSYOP cansupport US public diplomacy initiatives.b. In addition to USIA, PSYOP shouldbe coordinated with other USG agencies,including, but not limited to, the CentralIntelligence Agency; Board for InternationalBroadcasting; Departments of State,Commerce, Transportation, Energy, andJustice; Drug Enforcement Administration;and the US Coast Guard.IV-7

Chapter IVIntentionally BlankIV-8Joint Pub 3-53

CHAPTER VPSYOP AND THE RANGE OF MILITARY OPERATIONS“It is your attitude, and the suspicion that you are maturing the boldest designsagainst him, that imposes on your enemy.”Frederick the GreatInstructions to His Generals, 17471. Joint Military PSYOPObjectives Across the Rangeof Military OperationsPSYOP supports joint and multinationalconventional and special operations and otherdesignated government agencies. The roleof PSYOP varies depending on the level ofoperational activity or environment.Although the following discussion of PSYOPapplicability to the range of militaryoperations (military operations other than warand war) describes each in discrete terms, inactual circumstance there may not be aprecise boundary where a particular stateends and another begins. The range ofmilitary operations model as outlined in JointPub 3-0, “Doctrine for Joint Operations,”facilitates the abilities of the NCA and thecombatant commander to describe strategicand operational environments, define needs,devise strategies, and project DOD assets (toinclude PSYOP) to meet missionrequirements.a. Military Operations Other Than War(MOOTW)• MOOTW Not Involving the Use orThreat of Force. To be effective,peacetime military PSYOP areconducted in accordance with DODDirective S-3321.1 and requireinteragency coordination andauthorization at the national level.Typical MOOTW operations notinvolving the use or threat of force thatcan be supported by joint PSYOP includehumanitarian assistance and disasterrelief, nation assistance, securityassistance, FID, counterdrug operations,and peace support operations. Thesemilitary activities provide training and intheateraccess to allow for the facilitationand use of PSYOP during the transitionto war. The broad objectives of PSYOPin these circumstances are shown inFigure V-1.• MOOTW Involving the Use or Threatof Force. MOOTW involving the useor threat of force require the applicationof the diplomatic, military, economic,and informational instruments ofnational power. Nonlethal activitiessuch as PSYOP can be decisive in thesetypes of MOOTW. Failure to engage innonlethal activities may prolong theoperation at the cost of lives. JointPSYOP are capable of supportingoperations conducted during MOOTW,to include raids or strikes, combattingterrorism, peacekeeping and/orenforcement of sanctions, navalquarantines, and noncombatantevacuation operations. In MOOTWinvolving the use or threat of force,PSYOP offer the NCA options forengagement that potentially:•• Avoid the employment of additionalcombat forces;•• Reduce the period of confrontation; and•• Enhance the political, military,economic, and informational elements ofnational power.V-1

Chapter VJOINT MILITARY PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONSOBJECTIVES ACROSS THE RANGE OF MILITARYOPERATIONSMilitary Operations Other Than War(MOOTW)WARMOOTW notInvolving the Use orThreat of ForceModify the behavior ofselected targetaudiences toward USand multinationalcapabilitiesSupport thepeacetime elements ofUS national policyobjectives, nationalsecurity strategy, andnational militarystrategySupport thegeographic combatantcommander's regionalsecurity strategyobjectivesSupport theobjectives of theCountry TeamPromote the ability ofthe host nation todefend itself againstinternal and externalinsurgencies andterrorism (sponsoredand supported) byfostering reliablemilitary forces andencouraging empathybetween host nationarmed forces and thecivilian populaceMOOTW Involvingthe Use or Threat ofForceMobilize popularsupport for US andmultinational militaryoperationsGain and sustainpopular belief in andsupport for US andmultinational politicalsystems (includingideology andinfrastructure) andpolitical, social, andeconomic programsAttack the legitimacyand credibility of theadversary power'spolitical systemsPublicize beneficialreforms and programsto be implemented afterdefeat to the adversarypowerShift the loyalty ofadversary forces andtheir supporters to thefriendly powersDeter adversary powersor groups frominitiating actionsdetrimental to theinterests of the US, itsallies, or the conduct offriendly militaryoperationsPromote cessation ofhostilities to reducecasualties on bothsides, reduce collateraldamage, and enhancetransition to posthostilitiesExplain US politicalpolicies, aims, andobjectivesArouse foreign publicopinion or politicalpressures for, oragainst, a militaryoperationInfluence thedevelopment ofadversary strategy andtacticsAmplify economic andother nonviolentforms of sanctionsagainst an adversaryUndermine confidencein the adversaryleadershipLower the morale andcombat efficiency ofadversary soldiersIncrease thepsychological impact ofUS and multinationalcombat powerSupport militarydeception andoperations securityCounter hostile foreignpsychologicaloperations effortsFigure V-1. Joint Military Psychological Operations Objectives Across theRange of Military OperationsV-2Joint Pub 3-53

PSYOP and the Range of Military OperationsThe broad objectives of PSYOP are best served by modern, sophisticatedsystems.• Objectives. PSYOP are directedtoward selected target audiences insupport of MOOTW to achieve theobjectives shown in Figure V-1.b. War. During war, PSYOP at thestrategic, operational, and tactical level mayenhance the success of operations at allechelons. PSYOP objectives during warare shown in Figure V-1.2. PSYOP in Support of JointWarfare Operationsa. In war, JFCs synchronize their capabilitiesand actions in various dimensions to achieveassigned objectives quickly and with minimumcasualties. The JFCs seek to establishconditions that lead to decisive operations (i.e.,that set of operations that either defeats enemycenters of gravity or successfully achieves otherstrategic objectives).b. Joint PSYOP is an instrumental tool insupport of the campaign plan, which assists theJFC in gaining the initiative. In addition,properly planned and executed PSYOP providesupported commanders at all echelons withopportunities for gaining additional agility,depth, and synchronization for sustained anddecisive combat operations.c. Employment of PSYOP can beequally effective in supporting bothoffensive and defensive operationsconducted by conventional forces. The typeof offensive and defensive operationsinfluences the type of PSYOP support andthe degree of success it achieves.• PSYOP conducted in support ofoffensive operations can:•• Exploit the effects of friendlyoffensive operations;•• Contribute to the effectiveness ofmilitary deception and OPSECmeasures employed during offensiveoperations;•• Increase or decrease the psychologicalimpact of adversary operations;•• Help subordinate units exploit targetsof opportunity; and•• Increase the psychological impactof the employment of UStechnologically superior weaponssystems against adversary forces andstrategic targets.V-3

Chapter V• PSYOP support to the commander inthe defense can:•• Discourage adversary offensiveoperations;•• Provide support to forces delaying theadvance of adversary units, to includePSYOP support for tactical deception;•• Support the planning for and conductof counterattacks;•• Support forces delaying anadversary’s advance using tacticaldeception operations;•• Support the joint rear areacoordinator’s operations; and•• Prepare the battlefield psychologicallyfor resumption of friendly offensiveoperations.• PSYOP support to objectives commonfor all joint conventional operationswill:•• Create uncertainty in and lower themorale and efficiency of adversarysoldiers and civilians;•• Influence adversary strategy andtactics;•• Arouse local public opinion in favorof friendly forces and foment internalpolitical and social pressures againstadversary operations;PSYOP DURING DESERT STORMThe following describes one of the Psychological Operations Leaflets droppedto Iraqi forces during Operation DESERT STORM.Arabic Script on the Reverse of a copy of the 25 Dinar Note (with SaddamHussein’s likeness) read as follows.“If you want to escape the killing, be safe, and return to your families, dothe following things:1- Remove the magazines from your weapons;2- Put your weapon over your left shoulder with the barrel pointed down;3- Put your hands over your head;4- Approach military positions slowly.Note: Beware of the minefields sown along the border.Now, use this safe conduct pass.Note to Americans: The Iraqi soldiers who are carrying this pass haveindicated their desire for friendship, to cease resistance, and to withdrawfrom the battlefield. You must take their weapons from their hands, affordthem proper treatment, provide food and water, and render any neededmedical treatment.”SOURCE: Final Report to CongressConduct of the Persian Gulf War, April 1992V-4Joint Pub 3-53

PSYOP and the Range of Military Operations•• Promote the activities of opponentelements directed against the adversary,particularly those conducted by elementswithin the adversary’s territory;•• Encourage disaffection amongpotentially dissident elements within theadversary military and civilian populace;•• Advise on the psychologicalimplications of planned and executedfriendly courses of action; and•• Plan and conduct counterpropagandaoperations to nullify adversary PSYOPefforts or mitigate their effects.3. PSYOP in Support of SpecialOperationsSO are an integral part of modern warfare.SO may support conventional militaryoperations or they may be conducted alone.PSYOP may support the following SOmissions (see Figure V-2).a. Unconventional Warfare (UW).Conventional PSYOP techniques may beapplicable during UW operations, but becauseof the changing operational environment,different target groups exist. The four majorUW targets of PSYOP are listed below.• The uncommitted.• Hostile sympathizers.• Hostile military forces.• Resistance sympathizers.b. Foreign Internal Defense (FID)• PSYOP supports the achievement ofnational goals by targeting specificaudiences. In FID, specific PSYOP goalsexist for the following target groups.SPECIAL OPERATIONSSUPPORTED BYPSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONSUnconventional WarfareForeign Internal DefenseDirect ActionSpecial ReconnaissanceCounterterrorismFigure V-2. Special Operations Supportedby Psychological Operations•• Insurgents. To create dissension,disorganization, low morale, subversion,and defection within insurgent forces.•• Civilian populace. To gain, preserve,and strengthen civilian support for theHN government and its counterinsurgencyprograms.•• Military forces. To strengthenmilitary support, with emphasis onbuilding and maintaining the morale ofthe HN forces.•• Neutral elements. To gain thesupport of uncommitted groups insideand outside the HN.•• External hostile powers. Toconvince hostiles the insurgency will fail.• PSYOP can assist a FID mission byachieving many or all of the followinggoals.•• Improving popular support for theHN government.V-5

Chapter V•• Discrediting the insurgent forces withneutral groups and the insurgentsthemselves.•• Projecting a favorable image of theHN government and the US.•• Supporting defector programs.•• Providing close and continuoussupport to civil-military operations.•• Supporting HN programs that protectthe population from insurgent activities.•• Strengthening HN support ofprograms that provide positive populacecontrol and protection from insurgentactivities.•• Informing the internationalcommunity of US and HN intent andgoodwill.•• Passing instructions to the HNpopulace.•• Developing HN PSYOP capabilities.c. Direct Action (DA). PSYOP supportof DA missions depends on the situation,mission, and type of forces involved. PSYOPsupport of DA missions needs to be closelycoordinated and linked to US publicdiplomacy and command informationprograms. The following are commonPSYOP objectives in DA operations.• Explain the purpose of the operation tocounter the enemy reaction and ensurethat friendly, neutral, and hostileaudiences know what has occurred andwhy.• Establish control of noncombatants,neutrals, and other groups in theoperational area.• Reduce interference in the DA operationby hostile forces and nations.• Exploit target audiences that might nototherwise be accessible. Exploitationincludes demoralizing potentialadversaries with the results of theoperation.• Assess the psychological impact of theoperation.• Reduce the adverse effects of missionfailure.• Capitalize on DA mission success instrategic PSYOP operations.• Support DA missions in contingencyoperations.d. Special Reconnaissance (SR).Psychological operations support SR by thefollowing means.• Assessing the psychological impact of theoperation to include the impact oncompromised clandestine or covertoperations.• Limiting or negating the effects ofcompromise.• Conducting cover and deceptionoperations.• Providing personnel to help in areaassessments.e. Counterterrorism (CT). PSYOP mustintegrate with other security operations totarget the forces employing terrorism. Theaim is to place the terrorist forces on thepsychological defensive. To do so, PSYOPpersonnel analyze the terrorists’ goals and usePSYOP programs to frustrate those goals.PSYOP supports CT by the following means.V-6Joint Pub 3-53

PSYOP and the Range of Military Operations• Countering the adverse effects of aterrorist act.• Lessening popular support for theterrorist cause.• Publicizing incentives to the local peopleto inform on the terrorist groups.• Persuading the terrorists that they cannotachieve their goals and that they are atpersonal risk (from a responsiblegovernment that will not negotiate).4. PSYOP in Support of CivilAffairs (CA)PSYOP can provide key support andinformation for CA activities wheneffectively integrated into civil-militaryoperations. PSYOP can provide support inthe following areas.a. Develop information for CA concerningthe location, state of mind, and health ofcivilians and the physical characteristics ofthe operational area.b. Disseminate information concerningthe safety and welfare of the indigenouscivilian population.c. Influence a civilian population’s attitudetoward US policy and prepare it for CAinvolvement in postconflict activities.d. Maximize CA efforts in the area ofhumanitarian assistance by exploiting thegoodwill created by US efforts in the area ofmedical and veterinary aid, construction, andpublic facilities activities.e. During disaster-relief operations,PSYOP may foster international support forUS host governments and may coordinatepublicity for US efforts.f. Conduct assessments before and after theoperation to determine the most effectiveapplication of effort and document the results.g. Provide direct support to CA unitsconducting emergency relocation operationsof displaced civilians and for operation of thedisplaced civilians camps.h. As a corollary, when conducted withinthe framework of a viable civil-militaryoperations concept, CA activities cancontribute significantly to the overall successof PSYOP activities (deeds versus words).V-7

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CHAPTER VISUPPORT FOR PSYOP“The enemy bombards our front not only with a drumfire of artillery, but alsowith a drumfire of printed paper. Besides bombs which kill the body, hisairmen also throw down leaflets which are intended to kill the soul.”Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg1847 - 19341. Intelligence Support forPSYOPThe use of PSYOP forces and assets ispredicated on political, military, economic,cultural, and psychological or socialconditions. PSYOP planners must possess athorough and current knowledge of theseconditions to develop PSYOP targeted atselected foreign groups to influence theirobjective and emotional reasoning. Thisknowledge is obtained through the use of theintelligence cycle. This is the process bywhich intelligence is obtained, produced, andmade available to the PSYOP planner. Theintelligence cycle, shown in Figure VI-1, hasfive steps; planning and direction, collection,processing, production, and dissemination.a. Intelligence and counterintelligencerequirements include current intelligence,background studies of foreign countries,and intelligence and counterintelligenceestimates. Each command must evaluate itsassigned missions and operational areas andidentify specific PSYOP intelligence andcounterintelligence needs. The thoroughnessof this evaluation and identification willdetermine how well intelligence-gatheringorganizations and counterintelligence supportorganizations can gather essential informationand produce relevant intelligence andcounterintelligence products. Collection ofPSYOP-related intelligence andcounterintelligence should include a detailedcollection plan with specific collectionrequirements to exploit all available sourcesand techniques. It should include basicintelligence and country studies on foreigncultures and particular target groups as wellas current intelligence on foreign groupattitudes, behavior, and capabilities.b. Intelligence should be providedcontinually about specified target groupsto keep PSYOP estimates current and toprovide feedback about group reactions toPSYOP messages. In addition, interrogationsof enemy prisoners of war and line crossers,civilian internees, current defectorinformation, and other similar current data areneeded to evaluate, plan, and execute real-timePSYOP and to ascertain the effectiveness ofongoing operations.c. PSYOP planners should ensure thatspecific needs for finished intelligenceproducts are communicated to the intelligencecommunity so that the requests can be tasked,monitored, and satisfied in a timely manner.When appropriate, planners should alsoensure that collection gaps are identifiedas either intelligence information objectives(as requests for “Collection Emphasis”) or astime-sensitive collection requirements fortasking to the DOD HUMINT system.d. Any factor that presents a recurring andidentifiable obstacle to achieving success ofa military PSYOP program is deemed a threat.The early identification of threats canestablish an advantage. Exploitation ofthreat factors increases the potential forsuccessful fulfillment of PSYOP programgoals and objectives. The PSYOP plannerneeds to write a collection plan with specificVI-1

Chapter VITHE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE1PLANNING ANDDIRECTION5DISSEMINATIONMISSION2COLLECTION4PRODUCTION3PROCESSINGFigure VI-1. The Intelligence Cycleintelligence and counterintelligencecollection requirements. Intelligence andcounterintelligence assets can then conductthe collection and analysis. Generally, threeenvironments are viewed as posing a threatto the effectiveness of military PSYOP.• Conflict environment threats are thosethat can stem from a foreign nation usingits military and economic power to gaincontrol of a region. Whatever the methodused, the US PSYOP analyst shouldidentify specific intelligence andcounterintelligence collection requirementsto assist in recognizing the effort tochannel the behavior of individuals toreach a desired goal.• Technological environment threats areproducts of an expanding ability ofnations worldwide to use easily accessedcommunications resources. Manynations possess electronic attack andelectronic protection assets that candegrade US military PSYOP efforts. ThePSYOP planner needs to write acollection plan with specific intelligenceand counterintelligence collectionrequirements focusing on the enemy’scapabilities to jam PSYOP signals andVI-2Joint Pub 3-53

Support for PSYOPconduct counter-PSYOP and othertechnical operations.• Social and political environmentthreats are created through upheavals ina country’s economic, religious, cultural,and political structures. These changesmay be sudden or unanticipated,temporary or permanent, and may alterthe perceptions held by the country’spopulace. This can pose a threat to thesuccess of US military PSYOP if thepotential for these changes in perceptionis not recognized by planners. ThePSYOP planner must write a collectionplan with specific intelligence andcounterintelligence collection requirementsincluding these political, religious,economic, and social structures.2. C4 System Supporta. Communications between staffs andcommands that are planning and executingPSYOP actions are necessary for effectivejoint use of capabilities. A joint PSYOPcommunications plan should be preparedto ensure that communications systems arecompatible and adequate. Theatercommunications architecture must includeplans for integration of PSYOP supportrequirements into secure voice and data nets,satellite communications systems, and acapability to communicate with US nationallevel agencies, multinational, and HNcommunications systems.b. Control should favor centralizedplanning and decentralized execution.Control is exercised from the lowest level thataccomplishes the required coordination.PSYOP considerations may dictate thatcontrol be at high national levels. Theflexibility needed necessitates that PSYOPassets have access to long- and short-haulcommunications.c. The POAS is a joint system thatprovides analytical computer-supportedPSYOP products for multiple nationallevelusers. It is one of the systems, togetherwith the Resource Monitoring System, theWorldwide Military Command and ControlSystem’s Environmental Support System, andcertain other systems that provide theChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff themeans to fulfill his mission. The POASrepresents the primary automated systemmeans to permit near-real-time support tothe combatant commands, the Joint Staff, andinteragency customers having need formilitarily relevant psychological products.These capabilities are for development ofproducts used by the Joint Staff, the operationsand intelligence staffs, and thecounterintelligence support officers availableto the combatant commands, Service staffs,major commands, and their elements, as wellas Cabinet-level national security and foreignpolicy departments. POAS is a joint systemdesigned to store, integrate, compareagainst preprogrammed criteria, andretrieve PSYOP-relevant information.This information is needed to identify, predict,and influence foreign responses and attitudestoward US military PSYOP, national security,and foreign policy initiatives and currentevents throughout the world. POAS consistsof two subsystems.• PSYOP Management InformationSubsystem (PMIS) is designed toprovide automated information managementcapabilities for all DOD PSYOPorganizations and customers. Thesecapabilities include access to intelligencesources, commercial news and wireservices, academic automated data bases,and message transfer. The PsychologicalOperations Automated Data System isthe computer hardware and softwarestructure that ties PMIS to the otherPOAS subsystem.VI-3

Chapter VI• PSYOP Studies Program Subsystemprovides for the production of variousBPS and SPAs used as planning andintelligence tools. SPAs are combatantcommander-driven. The Chairman of theJoint Chiefs of Staff has established aprogram for the systematic production ofPSYOP studies. This program isintended to provide PSYOP plannerswith basic source documents fordeveloping PSYOP estimates and plans.PSYOP studies are not a substitute forPSYOP estimates. Therefore, combatantcommands will supplement PSYOPstudies with recent or specialized data toproduce current PSYOP estimatesresponsive to the requirements of specificOPLANs. It is intended to be fullyautomated eventually.d. The Joint Center for Lessons Learnedcan assist by providing Joint UniversalLessons Learned about historic PSYOP.3. Logistic Supporta. PSYOP forces will normally deploywith a 30-day basic load of PSYOP supplies.This is a baseline planning figure and maynot be sufficient to meet specific contingencymission requirements. Joint planners mustensure that PSYOP support requirementsare taken into account when planninglogistic support.b. Although PSYOP rely heavily on stateof-the-artsystems, planning must take intoconsideration the potential for having tointegrate into less sophisticated equipmentoften found in lesser developed areas of theworld. Host-nation support (HNS) is asource for providing much of PSYOPrequired supplies. Host-nation personnel andorganizations can perform many of the supportrelated functions, thus reducing the strain onUS logistic systems. CA organizations canidentify potential sources of HNS for PSYOPrequirements. Early identification of PSYOPHNS needs is critical to facilitate location andestablishment of agreements or contracts toprovide necessary PSYOP-related supplies,equipment, and facilities.c. When US PSYOP assets supportmultinational operations, they will normallybe supported by US logistic systems unlessotherwise determined by agreements,directives, or approved OPLANs. HNforces involved in US-sponsored or USsupportedPSYOP activities may provide themajor portion of their logistic supportrequirements. When approved by thecombatant commander, US PSYOP or logisticsystems may furnish military supplies,services, PSYOP-peculiar equipment, and USmedical support in accordance with directivesand approved OPLANs.VI-4Joint Pub 3-53

APPENDIX ASERVICE-PSYOP CAPABILITIES1. GeneralEach Military Service has the inherentcapability to support US foreign policyobjectives with organic assets for productionand/or dissemination of PSYOP products.Planning guidance is contained in the JSCP,JOPES, and Service doctrine. Plans shouldaddress the use of strategic, operational,tactical, and consolidation PSYOP as aspectsof the overall strategy for conducting the war.2. US Army PSYOP Assetsa. The US Army maintains AC and RCunits to plan and conduct PSYOP. These units,or elements thereof, are available for supportof training exercises for planning purposes tosupport pertinent OPLANs prepared bycombatant commanders and furnishing adviceand assistance.b. US Army PSYOP units are equippedand trained to plan and execute the joint forcecommanders’ PSYOP activities at thestrategic, operational, and tactical levels;support all SO missions; and conduct PSYOPin support of consolidation missions.Specially trained units support enemy prisonerof war missions. PSYOP group and battalionheadquarters are structured to command andcontrol subordinate units that conduct PSYOPmissions.c. PSYOP forces are assigned to the USArmy Civil Affairs and PsychologicalOperations Command, a major subordinatecommand of United States Army SpecialOperations Command, at Fort Bragg, NorthCarolina. The AC forces are organized underthe 4th PSYOP Group (Airborne) into threeregionally oriented battalions, a tacticalsupport battalion, and a PSYOP disseminationbattalion.d. Most of the Army’s PSYOP units are inthe Army Reserve. In peacetime, RC PSYOPpersonnel will actively participate with ACPSYOP personnel in an integrated planningand training program to prepare for regionalconflicts or contingencies. The RC will alsobe involved with the AC in the planning andexecution of peacetime PSYOP programs. Inwartime, RC PSYOP assets may be mobilizedby the Service as required by combatantcommanders and constrained by nationalpolicy to augment AC PSYOP forces. TheRC can also continue peacetime PSYOPprograms in the absence of AC PSYOP forceswhen mobilized or directed by higherauthority. The RC will task, organize,mobilize, and deploy a PSYOP Task Groupor PSYOP Task Force in the event of a secondregional conflict or contingency.e. US Army PSYOP-unique equipmentassets are very diverse. They include 10-kilowatt (kw) and 50-kw transmitters (radioand TV broadcast capability), print systems,loudspeakers, and mobile audiovisual vans.These systems are instrumental in thedevelopment and dissemination of ArmyPSYOP products.3. US Navy PSYOP Assetsa. Capabilities to produce audiovisualproducts are available from Fleet AudiovisualCommand, Pacific; Fleet Imagery Command,Atlantic; Fleet Combat Camera Groups;various film libraries; Naval ImagingCommand; and limited assistance from shipsand aircraft of the fleet. A Naval ReservePSYOP audiovisual unit supports the AtlanticFleet.b. Navy personnel assets have thecapability to produce documents, posters,articles, and other material for PSYOP.A-1

Appendix AAdministrative capabilities ashore and afloatexist to prepare and produce various quantitiesof printed materials. Language capabilitiesexist in naval intelligence and among navalpersonnel for most Asian and Europeanlanguages.c. Fleet tactical readiness group (FTRG)provides equipment and technicalmaintenance support to conduct civil radiobroadcasts and broadcast jamming in theamplitude modulation (AM) frequency band.However, this group is not trained to producePSYOP products and must be augmented withPSYOP personnel or linguists whennecessary. The detachment is capable of beingfully operational within 48 hours of receiptof tasking. The equipment consists of a trailermounted,ground, or air-transportable 10.6 kwAM band broadcast radio transmitter; abroadcast studio van; air conditioning units;antenna tuner; two antennas (a pneumaticallyraised 100-foot top-loaded antenna mast anda 500-foot wire helium-balloon antenna); anda 30 kw generator that provides power to thesystem. The FTRG is capable of respondingto real-world PSYOP missions and naturaldisasters that require a rapidly deployable AMradio station.4. US Air Force (USAF) PSYOPAssetsa. The USAF has a wide variety of aircraftwith a vast range of capabilities that lendthemselves to PSYOP across the range ofmilitary operations. Several types of USAFaircraft are specifically modified for thePSYOP role. Air Force Special OperationsCommand is equipped with a number ofaircraft that are capable of accomplishingbroadcast and leaflet PSYOP. Four EC-130COMMANDO SOLO aircraft, assigned to thePennsylvania Air National Guard, havePSYOP as their primary mission and areequipped for airborne broadcasting of radioand television signals. In addition, the MC-130 COMBAT TALON force, based inCONUS, Europe, and the Pacific, is fullytrained and equipped for leaflet droppingoperations.b. In addition to specialized assets, nearlyall other USAF aircraft can conduct a varietyof PSYOP missions. For example,conventional airlift C-130s and rescueHC-130s can be configured for leafletdropping operations and strike aircraft candispense leaflets by dropping M-129 leafletbombs on designated targets. In addition,strike aircraft can conduct specific attackmissions designed to dramatically reinforceparticular messages presented by broadcastor leaflet assets.5. US Marine Corps (USMC)PSYOP AssetsThe USMC has the capability to executeobservable actions to convey selectedimpressions to support PSYOP objectives.This support can include the use of shorebasedloudspeaker broadcasting, aerial andartillery leaflet dissemination, combat cameradocumentation, and use of motion pictureprojection and viewing equipment.A-2Joint Pub 3-53

APPENDIX BREFERENCESThe development of Joint Pub 3-53 is based upon the following primary references.1. US Public Lawsa. National Security Act of 1947 (50 US Code [USC] 413).b. DOD Reorganization Acts of 1958 and 1986.c. Cohen-Nunn Amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year1987 (Public Laws 99-591 and 99-661).d. 10 USC 167, “Unified Combatant Command for Special Operations Forces.”2. Executive Branch Documentsa. EO12333.b. NSD 51.c. NSD 130, US International Information Policy.d. National Security Strategy of the United States (current year).e. National Drug Control Strategy (current year).f. “US Capabilities to Engage in Low-Intensity Conflict and Conduct Special Operations,”The President’s Report to Congress.3. DOD Directivesa. 2010.1, “Support of International Military Activities.”b. S-3321.1, “Overt Peacetime Psychological Operations Conducted by the MilitaryServices in Contingencies Short of Declared War.”c. 5100.1, “Functions of the Department of Defense and its Major Components.”d. 5132.3, “DOD Policy and Responsibilities Relating to Security Assistance.”e. 5138.3, “Assistant Secretary of Defense (Special Operations and Low-IntensityConflict).”f. 5240.10, “DOD Counterintelligence Support to Unified and Specified Commands.”B-1

Appendix Bg. 5525.1, “Status-of-Forces Policies and Information.”h. 5530.3, “International Agreements.”i. 0-2000.12H, “Protection of DOD Personnel Against Terrorist Acts.”4. Joint Publications, Plans, and Memorandumsa. Joint Pub 0-2, “Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF).”b. Joint Pub 2-0, “Doctrine for Intelligence Support to Joint Operations.”c. Joint Pub 2-01, “Joint Intelligence Support to Military Operations.”d. Joint Pub 2-01.2, “Joint Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Counterintelligence inJoint Operations.”e. Joint Pub 3-0, “Doctrine for Joint Operations.”f. Joint Pub 3-05, “Doctrine for Joint Special Operations.”g. Joint Pub 3-05.3, “Joint Special Operations Operational Procedures.”h. Joint Pub 3-07, “Joint Doctrine for Military Operations Other than War.”i. Joint Pub 3.07.1, “JTTP for Foreign Internal Defense.”j. Joint Pub 3.07.2, “JTTP for Antiterrorism.”k. Joint Pub 3.07.3, “JTTP for Peacekeeping Operations.”l. Joint Pub 3-07.4, “Joint Counterdrug Operations.”m. Joint Pub 3-13.1, “Joint Doctrine for Command and Control Warfare (C2W).”n. Joint Pub 3-51, “Electronic Warfare in Joint Military Operations.”o. Joint Pub 3-54, “Joint Doctrine for Operations Security.”p. Joint Pub 3-57, “Doctrine for Joint Civil Affairs.”q. Joint Pub 3-58, “Joint Doctrine for Military Deception.”r. Joint Pub 4-0, “Doctrine for Logistic Support of Joint Operations.”s. Joint Pub 5-0, “Doctrine for Planning Joint Operations.”B-2Joint Pub 3-53

t. Joint Pub 5-00.2, “Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures.”Referencesu. Joint Pub 5-03.1, “Joint Operation Planning and Execution System, Vol I: (PlanningPolicies and Procedures).”v. Joint Pub 5-03.2, “Joint Operation Planning and Execution System, Vol II: (Planningand Execution Formats and Guidance).”w. Annex D (Psychological Operations) to the Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan.x. 1990 DOD Psychological Operations Master Plan.y. JCSM-712-92, “Unified Command Plan (UCP).”5. Multiservice Publicationsa. Field Manual (FM) 100-20/AFP 3-20, “Military Operations in Low-Intensity Conflict.”b. Center for Low Intensity Conflict Papers: “Psychological Strategies for Low-IntensityConflict.”6. Department of the Army Publicationsa. FM 27-10, “Law of Land Warfare.”b. FM 31-20(C), “Special Forces Operations.”c. FM 33-1, “Psychological Operations.”d. FM 33-1-1, “Psychological Operations Techniques and Procedures.”e. FM 41-10, “Civil Affairs Operations.”f. FM 100-5, “Operations.”g. FM 100-25, “Doctrine for Army Special Operations.”7. Department of the Navy Publicationsa. OPNAVINST 3490.1 (series), “Military Deception.”b. Naval Warfare Publication 9, “Law of Naval Warfare.”c. Secretary of the Navy Instruction (SECNAVINST) 3070.1 (series), “Operations Securityand Related Operational Methods.”d. SECNAVINST 3300.1A, “Law of War Program to Ensure Compliance by the NavalEstablishment.”B-3

Appendix B8. Department of the Air Force Publicationsa. Air Force Manual (AFM) 1-1, “Basic Aerospace Doctrine of the US Air Force.”b. AFM 3-H, “Psychological Operations.”c. Air Force Manual 2-10, "Special Operations.”d. Air Force Regulation 2-11, “Foreign Internal Defense Operations.”e. Air Force Pamphlet (AFP) 110-20, “Selected International Agreements.”f. AFP 110-31, “International Law-The Conduct of Armed Conflict and Air Operations.”9. United States Marine Corps Publicationsa. Fleet Marine Force Manual (FMFM) 2-1, “MEF Doctrine.”b. FMFM 7-34, “MAGTF Civil Affairs.”c. FMFM 8-2, “Counterinsurgency Operations.”B-4Joint Pub 3-53

APPENDIX CADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS1. User CommentsUsers in the field are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication to theJoint Warfighting Center, Attn: Doctrine Division, Fenwick Road, Bldg 96, Fort Monroe,VA 23651-5000. These comments should address content (accuracy, usefulness,consistency, and organization), writing, and appearance.2. AuthorshipThe lead agent for this publication is the US Special Operations Command. The JointStaff doctrine sponsor for this publication is the Director for Operations (J-3).3. SupersessionThis publication supersedes Joint Pub 3-53, 30 July 1993, “Doctrine for Joint PsychologicalOperations.”4. Change Recommendationsa. Recommendations for urgent changes to this publication should be submitted:TO:INFO:USCINCSOC MACDILL AFB FL//SOJ5-0//JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//J7-JDD//Routine changes should be submitted to the Director for Operational Plans andInteroperability (J-7), JDD, 7000 Joint Staff Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20318-7000.b. When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff that would change source document information reflected in thispublication, that directorate will include a proposed change to this publication as anenclosure to its proposal. The Military Services and other organizations are requestedto notify the Director, J-7, Joint Staff, when changes to source documents reflected inthis publication are initiated.c. Record of Changes:CHANGE COPY DATE OF DATE POSTEDNUMBER NUMBER CHANGE ENTERED BY REMARKS__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________C-1

Appendix C5. Distributiona. Additional copies of this publication can be obtained through Service publicationcenters.b. Only approved pubs and test pubs are releasable outside the combatant commands,Services, and Joint Staff. Release of any classified joint publication to foreigngovernments or foreign nationals must be requested through the local embassy (DefenseAttache Office) to DIA Foreign Liaison Office, PSS, Room 1A674, Pentagon,Washington D.C. 20301-7400.c. Additional copies should be obtained from the Military Service assignedadministrative support responsibility by DOD Directive 5100.3, 1 November 1988,“Support of the Headquarters of Unified, Specified, and Subordinate Joint Commands.”By Military Services:Army:Air Force:Navy:Marine Corps:Coast Guard:US Army AG Publication Center2800 Eastern BoulevardBaltimore, MD 21220-2898Air Force Publications Distribution Center2800 Eastern BoulevardBaltimore, MD 21220-2896CO, Naval Inventory Control Point700 Robbins AvenueBldg 1, Customer ServicePhiladelphia, PA 19111-5099Marine Corps Logistics BaseAlbany, GA 31704-5000Coast Guard Headquarters, COMDT (G-OPD)2100 2nd Street, SWWashington, D.C. 20593-0001d. Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassified publications isunrestricted. However, access to and reproduction authorization for classified jointpublications must be in accordance with DOD Regulation 5200.1-R.C-2Joint Pub 3-53

GLOSSARYPART I—ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSACAFMAFPAMAOIAORASD(SO/LIC)BPSC2C2WC4CACINCCJCSCOCOMCONUSCTDADODEWFIDFMFMFMFTRGHNHNSHUMINTIWActive componentAir Force ManualAir Force Pamphletamplitude modulationarea of interestarea of responsibilityAssistant Secretary of Defense (Special Operations/LowIntensity Conflict)Basic PSYOP studycommand and controlcommand and control warfarecommand, control, communications, and computerscivil affairscommander in chiefChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staffcombatant command (command authority)continental United Statescounterterrorismdirect actionDepartment of Defenseelectronic warfareforeign internal defensefield manualFleet Marine Force ManualFleet Tactical Readiness Grouphost nationhost-nation supporthuman resources intelligenceinformation warfareJ-3 operations staffJFCjoint force commanderJOPESJoint Operation Planning and Execution SystemJSCPJoint Strategic Capabilities PlanJTFjoint task forcekwkilowattGL-1

GlossaryMOOTWNCAOP3OPCONOPLANOPNAVINSTOPSECPAPMISPOASPOATPOTFPSYOPRCSECNAVINSTSOSPASPSSRTPFDDTVUSAFUSCINCSOCUSDPUSIAUSGUSMCUWmilitary operations other than warNational Command AuthoritiesOvert Peacetime PSYOP Programoperational controloperation planChief of Naval Operations Instructionoperations securitypublic affairsPSYOP Management Information SubsystemsPSYOP Automated SystemPSYOP assessment teamPSYOP Task Forcepsychological operationsReserve componentSecretary of the Navy Instructionspecial operationsspecial PSYOP assessmentspecial PSYOP studyspecial reconnaissancetime-phased force and deployment datatelevisionUS Air ForceCommander in Chief, US Special Operations CommandUnder Secretary of Defense for PolicyUnited States Information AgencyUS GovernmentUS Marine Corpsunconventional warfareGL-2Joint Pub 3-53

PART II—TERMS AND DEFINITIONScivil affairs. The activities of a commanderthat establish, maintain, influence, or exploitrelations between military forces and civilauthorities, both governmental andnongovernmental, and the civilian populacein a friendly, neutral, or hostile area ofoperations in order to facilitate militaryoperations and consolidate operationalobjectives. Civil affairs may includeperformance by military forces of activitiesand functions normally the responsibilityof local government. These activities mayoccur prior to, during, or subsequent to othermilitary actions. They may also occur, ifdirected, in the absence of other militaryoperations. (Joint Pub 1-02)command and control warfare. Theintegrated use of operations security(OPSEC), military deception,psychological operations (PSYOP),electronic warfare (EW), and physicaldestruction, mutually supported byintelligence, to deny information to,influence, degrade, or destroy adversarycommand and control capabilities, whileprotecting friendly command and controlcapabilities against such actions. Commandand control warfare is an application ofinformation warfare in military operationsand is a subset of information warfare.Command and control warfare appliesacross the range of military operations andall levels of conflict. Also called C2W.C2W is both offensive and defensive: a.C2-attack. Prevent effective C2 ofadversary forces by denying information to,influencing, degrading, or destroying theadversary C2 system. b. C2-protect.Maintain effective command and controlof own forces by turning to friendlyadvantage or negating adversary efforts todeny information to, influence, degrade ordestroy the friendly C2 system. (Joint Pub1-02)consolidation psychological operations.Psychological operations conducted inforeign areas inhabited by an enemy orpotentially hostile populace and occupiedby United States forces, or in which UnitedStates forces are based, designed to producebehaviors by the foreign populace thatsupport United States objectives in the area.(Joint Pub 1-02)foreign internal defense. Participation bycivilian and military agencies of agovernment in any of the action programstaken by another government to free andprotect its society from subversion,lawlessness, and insurgency. Also calledFID. (Joint Pub 1-02)internal defense and development. The fullrange of measures taken by a nation topromote its growth and to protect itself fromsubversion, lawlessness, and insurgency. Itfocuses on building viable institutions(political, economic, social, and military)that respond to the needs of society. Alsocalled IDAD. (Joint Pub 1-02)overt peacetime psychological operationsprograms. Those programs developed bycombatant commands, in coordination withthe chiefs of US diplomatic missions, thatplan, support, and provide for the conduct,during military operations other than war,of psychological operations in support ofUS regional objectives, policies, interests,and theater military missions. Also calledOP3. (Approved for inclusion in nextedition of Joint Pub 1-02)propaganda. Any form of communicationin support of national objectives designedto influence the opinions, emotions,attitudes, or behavior of any group in orderto benefit the sponsor, either directly orindirectly. (Joint Pub 1-02)GL-3

Glossarypsychological operations. Plannedoperations to convey selected informationand indicators to foreign audiences toinfluence their emotions, motives, objectivereasoning, and ultimately the behavior offoreign governments, organizations,groups, and individuals. The purpose ofpsychological operations is to induce orreinforce foreign attitudes and behaviorfavorable to the originator’s objectives.Also called PSYOP. (Joint Pub 1-02)GL-4Joint Pub 3-53

JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHYJOINT PUB 1JOINTWARFAREJOINT PUB 0-2UNAAFJOINT PUB 1-0PERSONNELandADMINISTRATIONJOINT PUB 2-0INTELLIGENCEJOINT PUB 3-0OPERATIONSJOINT PUB 4-0 JOINT PUB 5-0 JOINT PUB 6-0LOGISTICSPLANSC4 SYSTEMSAll joint doctrine and tactics, techniques, and procedures are organized into a comprehensive hierarchyas shown in the chart above. Joint Pub 3-53 is in the Operations series of joint doctrine publications.The diagram below illustrates an overview of the development process:STEP #5Assessments/Revision The CINCS receive the pub andbegin to assess it during use 18 to 24 months followingpublication, the Director J-7, willsolicit a written report from thecombatant commands andServices on the utility and qualityof each pub and the need for anyurgent changes or earlier-thanscheduledrevisions No later than 5 years afterdevelopment, each pub is revisedSTEP #1Project Proposal Submitted by Services, CINCS, or Joint Staffto fill extant operational void J-7 validates requirement with Services andCINCs J-7 initiates Program DirectiveProjectProposalSTEP #2Program Directive J-7 formally staffs withServices and CINCS Includes scope of project,references, milestones,and who will developdrafts J-7 releases ProgramDirective to Lead Agent.Lead Agent can beService, CINC, or JointStaff (JS) DirectorateENHANCEDJOINTWARFIGHTINGCAPABILITYAssessments/RevisionCJCSApprovalJOINTDOCTRINEPUBLICATIONProgramDirectiveTwoDraftsSTEP #4CJCS Approval Lead Agent forwards proposed pub to Joint Staff Joint Staff takes responsibility for pub, makesrequired changes and prepares pub forcoordination with Services and CINCS Joint Staff conducts formalstaffing for approval as a Joint PublicationSTEP #3Two Drafts Lead Agent selects Primary Review Authority(PRA) to develop the pub PRA develops two draft pubs PRA staffs each draft with CINCS, Services,and Joint Staff