(BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Chlor-alkali ...

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Chapter 2 The secondary polishing filtration generally consists of candle-type, plate frame or pressure leaf filters (either with or without a cellulose-based pre-coat) in order to sufficiently reduce suspended particles the suspension matter and protect the ion-exchange resin from damage. In some cases, no polishing filter is needed. The ion-exchange chelating resin treatment is designed to decrease the sum of magnesium and calcium concentrations to < 20 mg/l. alkaline earth metals to ppb level. Table 2.4 indicates the typical specifications required for metals, SO4 2- and other impurities. These specifications can vary if the users want to operate at a low current density (< 4 kA/m 2 ) or at a high current density. The specifications are more stringent for high density current densities. Specifications also depend on the interaction of impurities. While the presence of one impurity may not be harmful, its synergistic combination with others may be (e.g. the combination of aluminium, calcium and silica). The resin is periodically regenerated with high-purity hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions. Generally, one resin exchange column is in operation while another resin exchange column is regenerated. A chelating resin tower must be installed, but in some cases no polishing filter is needed in the secondary brine treatment. Before the brine enters the membrane electrolysis cells, it is usually acidified with hydrochloric acid which increases the lifetime of the anode coating and reduces the formation of oxygen, hypochlorite and chlorate. However, this increases the risk that precipitations of impurities such as iron and aluminium occur inside the membrane, which would otherwise occur outside near the surface. Furthermore, over-acidification can reverse the hydrolysis of the carboxylate groups that provide high ion selectivity in the membrane, thereby irreversibly damaging them [ 10, Kirk-Othmer 2002 ], [ 34, Solvay 2010 ], [ 72, Nishio 2011 ]. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Source: [ 29, Asahi Glass 1998 ] (photograph supplied by Asahi Glass Co) Figure 2.16: View of polishing filters in a secondary brine purification system 42 December 2011 TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1
Source: [ 29, Asahi Glass 1998 ] (photograph supplied by Asahi Glass Co) Figure 2.17: View of chelate resin towers in a secondary brine purification system Chapter 2 WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1 December 2011 43
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EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH
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PREFACE 1. Status of this document
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Reference Document on Best Availabl
Page 7 and 8: 3.4.7 Emissions of noise ..........
Page 9 and 10: 4.3.6.3.3 Chemical reduction ......
Page 11 and 12: List of Tables Table 2.1: Main char
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure 1.1: Share p
Page 15 and 16: SCOPE WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Sco
Page 17 and 18: 1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Industria
Page 19 and 20: Chlorine production in Mt/yr 12 11
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 shows the annu
Page 23 and 24: Share of total capacity in % 70 70%
Page 25 and 26: 1.4 Chlor-alkali products and their
Page 27 and 28: Total consumption: 9 801 kt Miscell
Page 29 and 30: 1.4.5 Consumption of hydrogen Chapt
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 1 and hazardous waste incin
Page 33 and 34: 2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 2 WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 2 The main characteristics
Page 39 and 40: 2.2 The mercury cell technique proc
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 2 Characteristics of the ca
Page 43 and 44: 2.3 The diaphragm cell technique pr
Page 45 and 46: Source: [ 2, Le Chlore 2002 ] [USEP
Page 47 and 48: 2.4 The membrane cell technique pro
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2 (carcinogenic) [ 76, Regu
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 2 The membranes used in the
Page 53 and 54: Table 2.2: Typical configurations o
Page 55 and 56: 2.5 Brine supply 2.5.1 Sources, qua
Page 57: Chapter 2 centrifuges before dispos
Page 61 and 62: Impurity Source Upper limit of brin
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 2 No such dechlorination tr
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 2 The cooling water is gene
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 2 composition of the chlori
Page 69 and 70: 2.6.11 Dealing with impurities 2.6.
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 2 amount of chlorine, and t
Page 73 and 74: 2.6.12.2 Chemical reactions Chapter
Page 75 and 76: 2.7 Caustic processing production,
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 2 2.8 Hydrogen processing p
Page 79 and 80: 3 CURRENT PRESENT EMISSION AND CONS
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 3 Table 3.1: Overview of em
Page 83 and 84: 3.3 Consumption levels of all cell
Page 85 and 86: 3.3.3 Ancillary materials Ancillary
Page 87 and 88: Further materials and/or further us
Page 89 and 90: Chapter 3 current) and the efficien
Page 91 and 92: Chapter 3 distance means a higher f
Page 93 and 94: 3.3.4.3.6 Production of caustic pot
Page 95 and 96: Chapter 3 hydrogen at low pressure
Page 97 and 98: 28 kg of hydrogen is produced {Thes
Page 99 and 100: Chapter 3 depleted brine is recircu
Page 101 and 102: Chapter 3 Table 3.10: Emissions of
Page 103 and 104: Chapter 3 When measuring chlorine i
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Chapter 3 concentrations of organic
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Chapter 3 3.4.3 Emissions and waste
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Chapter 3 {Please TWG provide infor
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Chapter 3 in process and waste wate
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Chapter 3 produced per year has bee
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Chapter 3 Table 3.21: Emissions of
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Chapter 3 of chlorine capacity. The
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Table 3.23: Mercury emissions from
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Mercury emissions in g Hg/t Cl capa
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Chapter 3 Table 3.24: Mercury emiss
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Chapter 3 Table 3.25: Emissions of
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Chapter 3 KCl are higher than from
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Chapter 3 When concentrated solid c
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Chapter 3 Generally, storage of con
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Chapter 3 recycled brine systems si
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Process Maintenance To solid treatm
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3.5.9.5 Graphite and activated Acti
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Chapter 3 Table 3.31: Yearly waste
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Chapter 3 The fact that the differe
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Chapter 3 3.6 Emissions Emission an
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Reported asbestos concentrations ar
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Chapter 3 3.7 Emissions Emission an
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{A list of techniques used on full
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3.8.3 PCDDs/PCDFs, PCBs, PCNs and P
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Chapter 3 The ‘dioxin’ pattern
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Chapter 4 4 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER
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Heading within the sections Cross-m
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4.1 Mercury cell plants 4.1.1 Overv
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Chapter 4 plants at comparable capa
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2: Data from the
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Chapter 4 environment can be expect
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4. Plant size Chapter 4 An increase
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Table 4.6: Comparison of reported c
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Chapter 4 Generally, conversion cos
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4.1.3 Decommissioning 4.1.3.1 Decom
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3. Emptying of the cells and handli
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7: Overview of co
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Table 4.8: Techniques for monitorin
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Chapter 4 Table 4.10: Decommissioni
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4.2 Diaphragm cell plants 4.2.1 Aba
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Source: [ 146, Arkema 2009 ] Figure
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Chapter 4 diaphragms [ 31, Euro Chl
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Driving force for implementation Th
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Chapter 4 4.2.3 Conversion of asbes
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Chapter 4 directly from the cells.
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4.3 All Diaphragm and membrane cell
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Chapter 4 non-standardised) will be
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Chapter 4 removal of conductive com
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Plant
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Environmental performance and opera
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Example plants Dow, Stade (Germany)
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Chapter 4 current density resulting
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Chapter 4 modifications to auxiliar
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Table 4.14: Cost calculation for th
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Chapter 4 membrane lifetimes range
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Some
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Chapter 4 The drawback of using fer
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Chapter 4 evaporation unit integrat
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Chapter 4 Technical description The
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Chapter 4 Table 4.17: Monitoring te
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Environmental performance and opera
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Chapter 4 Prevention of chlorine re
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Chapter 4 Good pipework design to m
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Chapter 4 was the solution at that
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differential pressure at inlet and
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Chapter 4 chlorine scrubber, immedi
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Chapter 4 Achieved environmental be
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{Please TWG provide more informatio
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environmental legislation; generati
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Chapter 4 Table 4.21: Examples of o
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Chapter 4 Driving force for impleme
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4.3.6.3.4 Catalytic decomposition r
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Chapter 4 In both cases, the spent
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Chapter 4 Example plants Thermal de
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Chapter 4 migration of hydroxide io
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eduction of chlorate emissions; red
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Example plants Solvin in Antwerp-Li
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eduction of costs related to equipm
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Chapter 4 Off-site reconcentration
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Chapter 4 b) closing of doors and w
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4.4 Membrane cell plants 4.4.1 High
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4.5.3 Containment Chapter 4 Descrip
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Chapter 4 Sections 4.5.4.2 and 4.5.
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Chapter 4 At this site, mercury con
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Chapter 4 However, the soil washing
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5 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES Scope
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General considerations In these BAT
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5.2 Decommissioning of mercury cell
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5.3 Environmental management system
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Chapter 5 The BAT-associated enviro
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Chapter 5 6. In order to reduce ene
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5.6 Monitoring of emissions Chapter
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[This BAT conclusion is based on in
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5.9 Generation of waste Chapter 5 1
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5.11 Site remediation Chapter 5 20.
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Chapter 5 inorganic chloramines, di
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6 EMERGING TECHNIQUES 6.1 Introduct
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Chapter 6 cooperation with the Japa
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Chapter 6 In December 1998 a test w
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6.3 Use of fuel cells in chlor-alka
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Chapter 6 hydrogen that is burnt to
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Chapter 7 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND
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REFERENCES References [1] Ullmann's
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References [63] Euro Chlor, Euro Ch
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References [112] Santorelli et al.,
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References [161] Germany, 'Verordnu
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[212] Florkiewicz, Long life diaphr
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References [259] Rappe et al., 'Lev
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
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V. Units · VI. Chemical elements T
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VIII. Acronyms and definitions AC A
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EOX Extractable Organically-bound H
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Glossary Technique Ensemble of both
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ANNEX Annex {The CAK plant capaciti
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Euro Chlor No. Country code Company
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