(BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Chlor-alkali ...

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Chapter 2 Caustic solution MERCURY CELL TECHNIQUE Brine dechlorination Hydrochloric acid Caustic solution Depleted brine Water Cooling Mercury removal Storage Anolyte Mercury Salt Brine saturation Precipitation Filtration Electrolysis Purified brine Amalgam Amalgam decomposition Hydrogen Cooling Mercury removal Raw brine Precipitants Residue Hydrochloric acid Chlorine Cooling Drying Compression Liquefaction Evaporation Caustic solution Hydrogen Chlorine Salt DIAPHRAGM CELL TECHNIQUE Salt Caustic solution Concentration Cooling Storage Water Salt or brine Brine saturation Raw brine Precipitants Precipitation Hydrogen Filtration Brine saturation Electrolysis Purified brine WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Precipitants 18 January 2012 TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1 Cooling Residue Hydrochloric acid Chlorine Cooling Drying Compression Liquefaction Evaporation Caustic solution Hydrogen Chlorine Source: [ 1, Ullmann's 2006 ], [ 10, Kirk-Othmer 2002 ] [Kirk-Othmer, 1991], [Ullmann’s, 1996] {Figure was updated.} Figure 2.1: Flow diagram of the three typical main chlor-alkali techniques processes Water MEMBRANE CELL TECHNIQUE Depleted brine Caustic solution Brine dechlorination Hydrochloric acid Chlorate destruction (optional) Anolyte Cooling Concentration Cooling Storage Caustic solution Water Salt Brine saturation Precipitation Filtration Raw brine Fine purification Purified brine Hydrochloric acid Electrolysis Cooling Caustic solution Hydrogen Hydrogen Residue Chlorine Cooling Drying Compression Liquefaction Evaporation Chlorine
Chapter 2 WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Source: [ 10, Kirk-Othmer 2002 ] [Dutch report, 1998] {Figure was originally taken from Kirk-Othmer 1991 and is now replaced with the one from Kirk-Othmer 2002.} Figure 2.2: Simplified scheme of chlorine electrolysis cells TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1 December 2011 19
Page 1 and 2: EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE 1. Status of this document
Page 5 and 6: Reference Document on Best Availabl
Page 7 and 8: 3.4.7 Emissions of noise ..........
Page 9 and 10: 4.3.6.3.3 Chemical reduction ......
Page 11 and 12: List of Tables Table 2.1: Main char
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure 1.1: Share p
Page 15 and 16: SCOPE WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Sco
Page 17 and 18: 1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Industria
Page 19 and 20: Chlorine production in Mt/yr 12 11
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 shows the annu
Page 23 and 24: Share of total capacity in % 70 70%
Page 25 and 26: 1.4 Chlor-alkali products and their
Page 27 and 28: Total consumption: 9 801 kt Miscell
Page 29 and 30: 1.4.5 Consumption of hydrogen Chapt
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 1 and hazardous waste incin
Page 33: 2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 2 The main characteristics
Page 39 and 40: 2.2 The mercury cell technique proc
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 2 Characteristics of the ca
Page 43 and 44: 2.3 The diaphragm cell technique pr
Page 45 and 46: Source: [ 2, Le Chlore 2002 ] [USEP
Page 47 and 48: 2.4 The membrane cell technique pro
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2 (carcinogenic) [ 76, Regu
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 2 The membranes used in the
Page 53 and 54: Table 2.2: Typical configurations o
Page 55 and 56: 2.5 Brine supply 2.5.1 Sources, qua
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 2 centrifuges before dispos
Page 59 and 60: Source: [ 29, Asahi Glass 1998 ] (p
Page 61 and 62: Impurity Source Upper limit of brin
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 2 No such dechlorination tr
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 2 The cooling water is gene
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 2 composition of the chlori
Page 69 and 70: 2.6.11 Dealing with impurities 2.6.
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 2 amount of chlorine, and t
Page 73 and 74: 2.6.12.2 Chemical reactions Chapter
Page 75 and 76: 2.7 Caustic processing production,
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 2 2.8 Hydrogen processing p
Page 79 and 80: 3 CURRENT PRESENT EMISSION AND CONS
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 3 Table 3.1: Overview of em
Page 83 and 84: 3.3 Consumption levels of all cell
Page 85 and 86:
3.3.3 Ancillary materials Ancillary
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Further materials and/or further us
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Chapter 3 current) and the efficien
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Chapter 3 distance means a higher f
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3.3.4.3.6 Production of caustic pot
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Chapter 3 hydrogen at low pressure
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28 kg of hydrogen is produced {Thes
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Chapter 3 depleted brine is recircu
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Chapter 3 Table 3.10: Emissions of
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Chapter 3 When measuring chlorine i
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Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Chapter 3 concentrations of organic
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Chapter 3 3.4.3 Emissions and waste
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Chapter 3 {Please TWG provide infor
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Chapter 3 in process and waste wate
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Chapter 3 produced per year has bee
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Page 121 and 122:
Chapter 3 of chlorine capacity. The
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Table 3.23: Mercury emissions from
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Mercury emissions in g Hg/t Cl capa
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Chapter 3 Table 3.24: Mercury emiss
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Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 3 KCl are higher than from
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Chapter 3 When concentrated solid c
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Chapter 3 Generally, storage of con
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Chapter 3 recycled brine systems si
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Process Maintenance To solid treatm
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3.5.9.5 Graphite and activated Acti
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Chapter 3 Table 3.31: Yearly waste
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Chapter 3 The fact that the differe
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Chapter 3 3.6 Emissions Emission an
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Reported asbestos concentrations ar
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Chapter 3 3.7 Emissions Emission an
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{A list of techniques used on full
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3.8.3 PCDDs/PCDFs, PCBs, PCNs and P
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Chapter 3 The ‘dioxin’ pattern
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Chapter 4 4 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER
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Heading within the sections Cross-m
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4.1 Mercury cell plants 4.1.1 Overv
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Chapter 4 plants at comparable capa
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2: Data from the
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Chapter 4 environment can be expect
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4. Plant size Chapter 4 An increase
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Table 4.6: Comparison of reported c
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Chapter 4 Generally, conversion cos
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4.1.3 Decommissioning 4.1.3.1 Decom
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3. Emptying of the cells and handli
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7: Overview of co
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Table 4.8: Techniques for monitorin
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Chapter 4 Table 4.10: Decommissioni
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4.2 Diaphragm cell plants 4.2.1 Aba
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Source: [ 146, Arkema 2009 ] Figure
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Chapter 4 diaphragms [ 31, Euro Chl
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Driving force for implementation Th
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Chapter 4 4.2.3 Conversion of asbes
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Chapter 4 directly from the cells.
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4.3 All Diaphragm and membrane cell
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Chapter 4 non-standardised) will be
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Chapter 4 removal of conductive com
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Plant
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Environmental performance and opera
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Example plants Dow, Stade (Germany)
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Chapter 4 current density resulting
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Chapter 4 modifications to auxiliar
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Table 4.14: Cost calculation for th
Page 217 and 218:
Chapter 4 membrane lifetimes range
Page 219 and 220:
Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Some
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Chapter 4 The drawback of using fer
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Chapter 4 evaporation unit integrat
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Chapter 4 Technical description The
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Chapter 4 Table 4.17: Monitoring te
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Environmental performance and opera
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Chapter 4 Prevention of chlorine re
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Chapter 4 Good pipework design to m
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Chapter 4 was the solution at that
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differential pressure at inlet and
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter 4 chlorine scrubber, immedi
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Chapter 4 Achieved environmental be
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{Please TWG provide more informatio
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environmental legislation; generati
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Chapter 4 Table 4.21: Examples of o
Page 253 and 254:
Chapter 4 Driving force for impleme
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4.3.6.3.4 Catalytic decomposition r
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Chapter 4 In both cases, the spent
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Chapter 4 Example plants Thermal de
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Chapter 4 migration of hydroxide io
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eduction of chlorate emissions; red
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Example plants Solvin in Antwerp-Li
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eduction of costs related to equipm
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Chapter 4 Off-site reconcentration
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Chapter 4 b) closing of doors and w
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4.4 Membrane cell plants 4.4.1 High
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4.5.3 Containment Chapter 4 Descrip
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Chapter 4 Sections 4.5.4.2 and 4.5.
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Chapter 4 At this site, mercury con
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Chapter 4 However, the soil washing
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5 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES Scope
Page 285 and 286:
General considerations In these BAT
Page 287 and 288:
5.2 Decommissioning of mercury cell
Page 289 and 290:
5.3 Environmental management system
Page 291 and 292:
Chapter 5 The BAT-associated enviro
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Chapter 5 6. In order to reduce ene
Page 295 and 296:
5.6 Monitoring of emissions Chapter
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[This BAT conclusion is based on in
Page 299 and 300:
5.9 Generation of waste Chapter 5 1
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5.11 Site remediation Chapter 5 20.
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Chapter 5 inorganic chloramines, di
Page 305 and 306:
6 EMERGING TECHNIQUES 6.1 Introduct
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Chapter 6 cooperation with the Japa
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Chapter 6 In December 1998 a test w
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6.3 Use of fuel cells in chlor-alka
Page 313 and 314:
Chapter 6 hydrogen that is burnt to
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Chapter 7 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND
Page 317 and 318:
REFERENCES References [1] Ullmann's
Page 319 and 320:
References [63] Euro Chlor, Euro Ch
Page 321 and 322:
References [112] Santorelli et al.,
Page 323 and 324:
References [161] Germany, 'Verordnu
Page 325 and 326:
[212] Florkiewicz, Long life diaphr
Page 327 and 328:
References [259] Rappe et al., 'Lev
Page 329 and 330:
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
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V. Units · VI. Chemical elements T
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VIII. Acronyms and definitions AC A
Page 335 and 336:
EOX Extractable Organically-bound H
Page 337 and 338:
Glossary Technique Ensemble of both
Page 339 and 340:
ANNEX Annex {The CAK plant capaciti
Page 341 and 342:
Euro Chlor No. Country code Company
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