(BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Chlor-alkali ...

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Glossary CEN European Committee for Standardisation (from its French name Comité Européen de Normalisation). Chrysotile White asbestos, the most commonly encountered form of asbestos. The chemical formula is Mg6Si4O10(OH)8. CN Chlorinated naphthalene. COD Chemical oxygen demand. Comproportionation Redox reaction where two reactants, each containing the same element but with a different oxidation number, will form a product with an oxidation number intermediate of the two reactants. Co-product Any of two or more products coming from the same unit process or product system (ISO 14044: Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines). In the chlor-alkali industry, chlorine, caustic and hydrogen are co-products of brine electrolysis. DC Direct current. Difference to balance Arithmetic difference between the mercury outputs and inputs of a mercury cell chlor-alkali plant. The outputs include mercury emissions to air, water and via products as well as mercury disposed of with waste. Diffuse emissions Emissions which do not occur via specific emission points (stacks, etc.). Disproportionation Redox reaction in which a species is simultaneously reduced and oxidized so as to form two different products. DPD N,N-diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine. ECU Electrochemical Unit. 1 ECU is equivalent to the co-production of 1.000 t chlorine, 1.128 t sodium hydroxide (100%) and 0.028 t hydrogen. EDC Ethylene dichloride. EFTA European Free Trade Association. Member countries in 2011 are Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland. Electrode Electrical conductor used to make contact with a non-metallic part of an electric circuit. Electrolyser Apparatus in which electrolysis is carried out. An electrolyser consists of several electrolytic cells arranged in parallel or series. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Electrolysis Passage of a direct electric current through an ionic substance resulting in chemical reactions at the electrodes. The ionic substance is either molten or dissolved in a suitable solvent. Emission Direct or indirect release of substances, vibrations, heat or noise from individual or diffuse sources in the installation into air, water or land (Industrial Emissions Directive). EMS Environmental Management System. EN European Standard adopted by CEN. 318 December 2011 TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1
EOX Extractable Organically-bound Halogens. EU European Union. EU-15 Member States of the European Union before 1 May 2004. EU-27 Member States of the European Union from 1 January 2007. Euro Chlor European association representing the chlor-alkali industry. Glossary Exergy In thermodynamics, the exergy of a system is the maximum useful work possible during a process that brings the system into equilibrium with a heat reservoir. Free oxidants Group of oxidising species present in waste water of chlor-alkali plants including dissolved elementary chlorine, hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid, organic and inorganic chloramines, dissolved elementary bromine, hypobromite, hypobromic acid, organic and inorganic bromamines. Fugitive emissions Emissions which occur via leaks (e.g. due to untightened or corroded equipment). Fugitive emissions are a subset of diffuse emissions. GWP Global Warming Potential. HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbon. Heavy metals Metals with a density greater than 4.5 kg/l (1998 Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution). HFC Hydrofluorocarbon. IED Industrial Emissions Directive. Installation Stationary technical unit within which one or more activities listed in Annex I or in Part 1 of Annex VII of the Industrial Emissions Directive are carried out, and any other directly associated activities on the same site which have a technical connection with the activities listed in those Annexes and which could have an effect on emissions and pollution (Industrial Emissions Directive). IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control. ISO International Organisation for Standardisation. Also international standard adopted by this organisation. Joule heating Process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor releases heat. The process is also known as ohmic heating or resistive heating. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS NGO Non-Governmental Organisation. ODC Oxygen-Depolarised Cathode. ODP Ozone Depletion Potential. ODS Ozone Depleting Substance. OSPAR Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic. The Contracting Parties comprise the governments of Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1 December 2011 319
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EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH
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PREFACE 1. Status of this document
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Reference Document on Best Availabl
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3.4.7 Emissions of noise ..........
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4.3.6.3.3 Chemical reduction ......
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Main char
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List of Figures Figure 1.1: Share p
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SCOPE WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Sco
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1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Industria
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Chlorine production in Mt/yr 12 11
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 shows the annu
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Share of total capacity in % 70 70%
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1.4 Chlor-alkali products and their
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Total consumption: 9 801 kt Miscell
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1.4.5 Consumption of hydrogen Chapt
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Chapter 1 and hazardous waste incin
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2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES
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Chapter 2 WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS
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Chapter 2 The main characteristics
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2.2 The mercury cell technique proc
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Chapter 2 Characteristics of the ca
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2.3 The diaphragm cell technique pr
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Source: [ 2, Le Chlore 2002 ] [USEP
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2.4 The membrane cell technique pro
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Chapter 2 (carcinogenic) [ 76, Regu
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Chapter 2 The membranes used in the
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Table 2.2: Typical configurations o
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2.5 Brine supply 2.5.1 Sources, qua
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Chapter 2 centrifuges before dispos
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Source: [ 29, Asahi Glass 1998 ] (p
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Impurity Source Upper limit of brin
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Chapter 2 No such dechlorination tr
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Chapter 2 The cooling water is gene
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Chapter 2 composition of the chlori
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2.6.11 Dealing with impurities 2.6.
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Chapter 2 amount of chlorine, and t
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2.6.12.2 Chemical reactions Chapter
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2.7 Caustic processing production,
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Chapter 2 2.8 Hydrogen processing p
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3 CURRENT PRESENT EMISSION AND CONS
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Chapter 3 Table 3.1: Overview of em
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3.3 Consumption levels of all cell
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3.3.3 Ancillary materials Ancillary
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Further materials and/or further us
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Chapter 3 current) and the efficien
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Chapter 3 distance means a higher f
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3.3.4.3.6 Production of caustic pot
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Chapter 3 hydrogen at low pressure
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28 kg of hydrogen is produced {Thes
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Chapter 3 depleted brine is recircu
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Chapter 3 Table 3.10: Emissions of
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Chapter 3 When measuring chlorine i
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Chapter 3 concentrations of organic
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Chapter 3 3.4.3 Emissions and waste
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Chapter 3 {Please TWG provide infor
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Chapter 3 in process and waste wate
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Chapter 3 produced per year has bee
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Chapter 3 of chlorine capacity. The
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Table 3.23: Mercury emissions from
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Mercury emissions in g Hg/t Cl capa
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Chapter 3 Table 3.24: Mercury emiss
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Chapter 3 KCl are higher than from
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Chapter 3 When concentrated solid c
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Chapter 3 Generally, storage of con
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Chapter 3 recycled brine systems si
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Process Maintenance To solid treatm
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3.5.9.5 Graphite and activated Acti
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Chapter 3 Table 3.31: Yearly waste
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Chapter 3 The fact that the differe
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Chapter 3 3.6 Emissions Emission an
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Reported asbestos concentrations ar
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Chapter 3 3.7 Emissions Emission an
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{A list of techniques used on full
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3.8.3 PCDDs/PCDFs, PCBs, PCNs and P
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Chapter 3 The ‘dioxin’ pattern
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Chapter 4 4 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER
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Heading within the sections Cross-m
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4.1 Mercury cell plants 4.1.1 Overv
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Chapter 4 plants at comparable capa
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2: Data from the
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Chapter 4 environment can be expect
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4. Plant size Chapter 4 An increase
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Table 4.6: Comparison of reported c
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Chapter 4 Generally, conversion cos
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4.1.3 Decommissioning 4.1.3.1 Decom
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3. Emptying of the cells and handli
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7: Overview of co
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Table 4.8: Techniques for monitorin
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Chapter 4 Table 4.10: Decommissioni
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4.2 Diaphragm cell plants 4.2.1 Aba
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Source: [ 146, Arkema 2009 ] Figure
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Chapter 4 diaphragms [ 31, Euro Chl
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Driving force for implementation Th
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Chapter 4 4.2.3 Conversion of asbes
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Chapter 4 directly from the cells.
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4.3 All Diaphragm and membrane cell
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Chapter 4 non-standardised) will be
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Chapter 4 removal of conductive com
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Plant
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Environmental performance and opera
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Example plants Dow, Stade (Germany)
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Chapter 4 current density resulting
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Chapter 4 modifications to auxiliar
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Table 4.14: Cost calculation for th
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Chapter 4 membrane lifetimes range
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Some
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Chapter 4 The drawback of using fer
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Chapter 4 evaporation unit integrat
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Chapter 4 Technical description The
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Chapter 4 Table 4.17: Monitoring te
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Environmental performance and opera
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Chapter 4 Prevention of chlorine re
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Chapter 4 Good pipework design to m
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Chapter 4 was the solution at that
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differential pressure at inlet and
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Chapter 4 chlorine scrubber, immedi
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Chapter 4 Achieved environmental be
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{Please TWG provide more informatio
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environmental legislation; generati
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Chapter 4 Table 4.21: Examples of o
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Chapter 4 Driving force for impleme
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4.3.6.3.4 Catalytic decomposition r
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Chapter 4 In both cases, the spent
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Chapter 4 Example plants Thermal de
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Chapter 4 migration of hydroxide io
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eduction of chlorate emissions; red
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Example plants Solvin in Antwerp-Li
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eduction of costs related to equipm
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Chapter 4 Off-site reconcentration
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Chapter 4 b) closing of doors and w
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4.4 Membrane cell plants 4.4.1 High
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4.5.3 Containment Chapter 4 Descrip
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Chapter 4 Sections 4.5.4.2 and 4.5.
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Chapter 4 At this site, mercury con
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Chapter 4 However, the soil washing
Page 283 and 284: 5 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES Scope
Page 285 and 286: General considerations In these BAT
Page 287 and 288: 5.2 Decommissioning of mercury cell
Page 289 and 290: 5.3 Environmental management system
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Page 295 and 296: 5.6 Monitoring of emissions Chapter
Page 297 and 298: [This BAT conclusion is based on in
Page 299 and 300: 5.9 Generation of waste Chapter 5 1
Page 301 and 302: 5.11 Site remediation Chapter 5 20.
Page 303 and 304: Chapter 5 inorganic chloramines, di
Page 305 and 306: 6 EMERGING TECHNIQUES 6.1 Introduct
Page 307 and 308: Chapter 6 cooperation with the Japa
Page 309 and 310: Chapter 6 In December 1998 a test w
Page 311 and 312: 6.3 Use of fuel cells in chlor-alka
Page 313 and 314: Chapter 6 hydrogen that is burnt to
Page 315 and 316: Chapter 7 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND
Page 317 and 318: REFERENCES References [1] Ullmann's
Page 319 and 320: References [63] Euro Chlor, Euro Ch
Page 321 and 322: References [112] Santorelli et al.,
Page 323 and 324: References [161] Germany, 'Verordnu
Page 325 and 326: [212] Florkiewicz, Long life diaphr
Page 327 and 328: References [259] Rappe et al., 'Lev
Page 329 and 330: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Page 331 and 332: V. Units · VI. Chemical elements T
Page 333: VIII. Acronyms and definitions AC A
Page 337 and 338: Glossary Technique Ensemble of both
Page 339 and 340: ANNEX Annex {The CAK plant capaciti
Page 341 and 342: Euro Chlor No. Country code Company
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