(BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Chlor-alkali ...

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References [236] EIPPCB, 'Confidential information provided from chlor-alkalil manufacturers regarding the marketability of caustic postash produced with the membrane cell technique', Personal Communication, 2011. [237] Lindley, An economic and environmental analysis of the chlor-alkali production process - Mercury cells and alternative technologies, ICI Chemical & Polymers , 1997. [238] Clews, 'Replacement of mercury chlor-alkali plants with new membrane plants in Australia', Modern Chlor-Alkali Technology, Vol. 8, 2001, pp. 128-139. [239] COM, State aid: Commission endorses EUR 18.5 million of aid to reduce mercury emissions in Italy, 2005. [240] Otto et al., 'Case study on remediation of a German city contaminated by a chloroalkali plant and PCP production', Organohalogen Compounds, Vol. 68, 2006, pp. 880-885. [241] COWI, Options for reducing mercury use in products and applications, and the fate of mercury already circulating in society, COWI - Concorde, 2008. [242] Lutz et al., 'Neue Altlast - Hochgrading mit polychlorierten Dibenzofuranen belastete Rückstände aus der Chlorerzeugung gelangten jahrzehntelang in die Umwelt', Müllmagazin, Vol. 4, No 3, 1991, pp. 55-60. [243] Stenhammar, 'Information provided for the elaboration of the original chlor-alkali BREF', Personal Communication, 2000. [244] Hinton and Veiga, 'Mercury contaminated sites: A review of remedial solutions', National Institute for Minamata Disease Forum, 2001, Minamata (Japan). [245] Euro Chlor, Management of mercury contaminated sites, 2009, p. 20. [246] Wanga et al., 'Sources and remediation for mercury contamination in aquatic systems - a literature review', Environmental Pollution, Vol. 131, 2004, pp. 323-336. [247] Orica, Orica mercury remediation project , 2011. [248] Biester et al., 'Estimating distribution and retention of mercury in three different soils contaminated by emissions from chlor-alkali plants: part I', The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 284, 2002, pp. 177-189. [249] Biester et al., 'Binding and mobility of mercury in soils contaminated by emissions from chlor-alkali plants', The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 284, 2002, pp. 191-203. [250] Maserti and Ferrara, 'Mercury in plants, soil and atmosphere near a chlor-alkali complex', Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 56, 1991, pp. 15-20. [251] Lodenius and Tulisalo, 'Environmental mercury contamination around a chlor-alkali plant', Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 32, 1984, pp. 439-444. [252] Chang and Hen, 'On-site mercury-contaminated soils remediation by using thermal desorption technology', Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. B128, 2006, pp. 208-217. [253] Nording et al., 'Rapid screening of dioxin-contaminated soil by accelerated solvent extraction/purification followed by immunochemical detection', Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 385, 2006, pp. 357-366. [254] van Bavel et al., 'Pressurised hot water/steam extraction of polychlorinated dibenzofurans and naphthalenes from industrial soil', The Analyst, Vol. 124, 1999, pp. 1351-1354. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS [255] Kannan et al., 'Congener profile of polychlorinated/brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil and sediments collected at a former chlor-alkali plant', Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 67, 1998, pp. 135-146. [256] Kannan et al., 'Distribution and characterization of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in soil and sediments from a superfund site contaminated with aroclor 1268', Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 31, No 5, 1997, pp. 1483-1488. [257] Kannan et al., 'Isomer-specific analysis and toxic evaluation of polychlorinated naphtalenes in soil, sediment and biota collected near the site of a former chlor-alkali plant', Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 32, 1998, pp. 2507-2514. [258] Johnson Matthey, List of example plants using catalytic fixed-bed decomposition of hypochlorite, 2011. 310 December 2011 TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1
References [259] Rappe et al., 'Levels, profile and pattern of PCDDs and PCDFs in samples related to the production and use of chlorine', Chemosphere, Vol. 23, No 11-12, 1991, pp. 1629-1636. [260] Brack et al., 'Polychlorinated naphthalenes in sediments from the industrial region of Bitterfeld', Environmental Pollution, Vol. 121, No 1, 2003, pp. 81-85. [261] Järnberg et al., 'Distribution of polychlorinated naphthalene congeners in environmental and source-related samples', Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 32, No 3, 1997, pp. 232-245. [262] Ilyushchenko et al., 'Monitoring the effectiveness of measures to contain the primary sources of mercury pollution on the site of a former chloralkali plant in Kazakhstan', Sixth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Battelle, Columbus, OH, 2008, Monterey/California (US). [263] Khrapunov et al., 'Development of integrated demercurization technology and facilities for its implementation in Kazakhstan', Environmental Mercury Pollution: Mercury Emissions, Remediation and Health Effects, 2007, Astana (Kazakhstan). [264] British Columbia Ministry, Nexen: Former chlor-alkali plant, Squamish, BC, 2009. [265] Hissler and Probst, 'Chlor-alkali industrial contamination and riverine transport of mercury: Distribution and partitioning of mercury between water, suspended matter, and bottom sediment of the Thur River, France', Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 21, 2006, pp. 1837-1854. [266] US EPA, Treatment technologies for mercury in soil, waste and water, 2007. [267] COM, Reference document on the Best Available Techniques for Waste Incineration (WI BREF), 2006. [268] COM, Reference document on Best Available Techniques for the Waste Treatments Industries (WT BREF), 2006. [269] Waste Framework Directive 98/EC, 'Directive 2008/98/EC European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives', Official Journal of the European Union, Vol. L 312, No 3-30 - 22.11.2008, 2008. [270] Orica, Chlorine liquefaction process, 2011. [271] CEN, EN ISO 17852: Water quality - Determination of mercury - Method using atomic fluorescence spectrometry, 2006. [272] DIN, DIN 38404 - C 6: Bestimmung der Redox-Spannung, 1984. [273] ASI, OENORM M 6618: Water analysis - Determination of the oxidation reduction (redox) potential, 2005. [274] Ancery, 'Decommissioning of mercury electrolysis units', 8th International Chlorine Technology Conference and Exhibition, 2011, Budapest (Hungary). [275] ANE, Decommissioning experiences in Spanish chlor-alkali plants, 2010. [276] French Ministry, Lessons learnt from the mercury cells dismantling and decommissioning on an oocupational health and safety perspective - Saint Auban (Arkema - France), 2010. [278] Verberne and Maxson, Mercury concerns in decommissioning chlor-alkali facilities in Western Europe, Environmental Resources Management and Concorde East/West, 2000. [279] Regulation EC/1102/2008, 'Regulation (EC) 1102/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 on the banning of exports of metallic mercury and certain mercury compounds and mixtures and the safe storage of metallic mercury', OJ L 304, 14.11.2008, 2008, p. 75. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS [280] Seveso II Directive (96/82/EC), 'Council Directive 96/82/EC of 9 December 1996 on the control of major accident hazards involving dangerous substances (Seveso II Directive)', Official Journal L 010, 14/01/1997, Vol. L 010, 1996, pp. Pages 0013 - 0033. [281] Directive 1999/31/EC, 'Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste', Official Journal of the European Communities, L 182/1, 16.07.1999, 1999. [282] COM, Proposal for a Council Directive amending Council Directive 1999/31/EC as regards specific criteria for the storage of metallic mercury considered as waste, 2011. TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1 December 2011 311
Page 1 and 2:
EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH
Page 3 and 4:
PREFACE 1. Status of this document
Page 5 and 6:
Reference Document on Best Availabl
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3.4.7 Emissions of noise ..........
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4.3.6.3.3 Chemical reduction ......
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Main char
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List of Figures Figure 1.1: Share p
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SCOPE WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Sco
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1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Industria
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Chlorine production in Mt/yr 12 11
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 shows the annu
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Share of total capacity in % 70 70%
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1.4 Chlor-alkali products and their
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Total consumption: 9 801 kt Miscell
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1.4.5 Consumption of hydrogen Chapt
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Chapter 1 and hazardous waste incin
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2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES
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Chapter 2 WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS
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Chapter 2 The main characteristics
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2.2 The mercury cell technique proc
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Chapter 2 Characteristics of the ca
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2.3 The diaphragm cell technique pr
Page 45 and 46:
Source: [ 2, Le Chlore 2002 ] [USEP
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2.4 The membrane cell technique pro
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Chapter 2 (carcinogenic) [ 76, Regu
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Chapter 2 The membranes used in the
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Table 2.2: Typical configurations o
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2.5 Brine supply 2.5.1 Sources, qua
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Chapter 2 centrifuges before dispos
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Source: [ 29, Asahi Glass 1998 ] (p
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Impurity Source Upper limit of brin
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Chapter 2 No such dechlorination tr
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Chapter 2 The cooling water is gene
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Chapter 2 composition of the chlori
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2.6.11 Dealing with impurities 2.6.
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Chapter 2 amount of chlorine, and t
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2.6.12.2 Chemical reactions Chapter
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2.7 Caustic processing production,
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Chapter 2 2.8 Hydrogen processing p
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3 CURRENT PRESENT EMISSION AND CONS
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Chapter 3 Table 3.1: Overview of em
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3.3 Consumption levels of all cell
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3.3.3 Ancillary materials Ancillary
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Further materials and/or further us
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Chapter 3 current) and the efficien
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Chapter 3 distance means a higher f
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3.3.4.3.6 Production of caustic pot
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Chapter 3 hydrogen at low pressure
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28 kg of hydrogen is produced {Thes
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Chapter 3 depleted brine is recircu
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Chapter 3 Table 3.10: Emissions of
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Chapter 3 When measuring chlorine i
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Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Chapter 3 concentrations of organic
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Chapter 3 3.4.3 Emissions and waste
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Chapter 3 {Please TWG provide infor
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Chapter 3 in process and waste wate
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Chapter 3 produced per year has bee
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Page 121 and 122:
Chapter 3 of chlorine capacity. The
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Table 3.23: Mercury emissions from
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Mercury emissions in g Hg/t Cl capa
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Chapter 3 Table 3.24: Mercury emiss
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Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 3 KCl are higher than from
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Chapter 3 When concentrated solid c
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Chapter 3 Generally, storage of con
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Chapter 3 recycled brine systems si
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Process Maintenance To solid treatm
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3.5.9.5 Graphite and activated Acti
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Chapter 3 Table 3.31: Yearly waste
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Chapter 3 The fact that the differe
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Chapter 3 3.6 Emissions Emission an
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Reported asbestos concentrations ar
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Chapter 3 3.7 Emissions Emission an
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{A list of techniques used on full
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3.8.3 PCDDs/PCDFs, PCBs, PCNs and P
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Chapter 3 The ‘dioxin’ pattern
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Chapter 4 4 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER
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Heading within the sections Cross-m
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4.1 Mercury cell plants 4.1.1 Overv
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Chapter 4 plants at comparable capa
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2: Data from the
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Chapter 4 environment can be expect
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4. Plant size Chapter 4 An increase
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Table 4.6: Comparison of reported c
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Chapter 4 Generally, conversion cos
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4.1.3 Decommissioning 4.1.3.1 Decom
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3. Emptying of the cells and handli
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7: Overview of co
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Table 4.8: Techniques for monitorin
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Chapter 4 Table 4.10: Decommissioni
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4.2 Diaphragm cell plants 4.2.1 Aba
Page 189 and 190:
Source: [ 146, Arkema 2009 ] Figure
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Chapter 4 diaphragms [ 31, Euro Chl
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Driving force for implementation Th
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Chapter 4 4.2.3 Conversion of asbes
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Chapter 4 directly from the cells.
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4.3 All Diaphragm and membrane cell
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Chapter 4 non-standardised) will be
Page 203 and 204:
Chapter 4 removal of conductive com
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Plant
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Environmental performance and opera
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Example plants Dow, Stade (Germany)
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Chapter 4 current density resulting
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Chapter 4 modifications to auxiliar
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Table 4.14: Cost calculation for th
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Chapter 4 membrane lifetimes range
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Some
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Chapter 4 The drawback of using fer
Page 223 and 224:
Chapter 4 evaporation unit integrat
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Chapter 4 Technical description The
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Chapter 4 Table 4.17: Monitoring te
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Environmental performance and opera
Page 235 and 236:
Chapter 4 Prevention of chlorine re
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Chapter 4 Good pipework design to m
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 4 was the solution at that
Page 241 and 242:
differential pressure at inlet and
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter 4 chlorine scrubber, immedi
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Chapter 4 Achieved environmental be
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{Please TWG provide more informatio
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environmental legislation; generati
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Chapter 4 Table 4.21: Examples of o
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Chapter 4 Driving force for impleme
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4.3.6.3.4 Catalytic decomposition r
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Chapter 4 In both cases, the spent
Page 259 and 260:
Chapter 4 Example plants Thermal de
Page 261 and 262:
Chapter 4 migration of hydroxide io
Page 263 and 264:
eduction of chlorate emissions; red
Page 265 and 266:
Example plants Solvin in Antwerp-Li
Page 267 and 268:
eduction of costs related to equipm
Page 269 and 270:
Chapter 4 Off-site reconcentration
Page 271 and 272:
Chapter 4 b) closing of doors and w
Page 273 and 274:
4.4 Membrane cell plants 4.4.1 High
Page 275 and 276: 4.5.3 Containment Chapter 4 Descrip
Page 277 and 278: Chapter 4 Sections 4.5.4.2 and 4.5.
Page 279 and 280: Chapter 4 At this site, mercury con
Page 281 and 282: Chapter 4 However, the soil washing
Page 283 and 284: 5 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES Scope
Page 285 and 286: General considerations In these BAT
Page 287 and 288: 5.2 Decommissioning of mercury cell
Page 289 and 290: 5.3 Environmental management system
Page 291 and 292: Chapter 5 The BAT-associated enviro
Page 293 and 294: Chapter 5 6. In order to reduce ene
Page 295 and 296: 5.6 Monitoring of emissions Chapter
Page 297 and 298: [This BAT conclusion is based on in
Page 299 and 300: 5.9 Generation of waste Chapter 5 1
Page 301 and 302: 5.11 Site remediation Chapter 5 20.
Page 303 and 304: Chapter 5 inorganic chloramines, di
Page 305 and 306: 6 EMERGING TECHNIQUES 6.1 Introduct
Page 307 and 308: Chapter 6 cooperation with the Japa
Page 309 and 310: Chapter 6 In December 1998 a test w
Page 311 and 312: 6.3 Use of fuel cells in chlor-alka
Page 313 and 314: Chapter 6 hydrogen that is burnt to
Page 315 and 316: Chapter 7 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND
Page 317 and 318: REFERENCES References [1] Ullmann's
Page 319 and 320: References [63] Euro Chlor, Euro Ch
Page 321 and 322: References [112] Santorelli et al.,
Page 323 and 324: References [161] Germany, 'Verordnu
Page 325: [212] Florkiewicz, Long life diaphr
Page 329 and 330: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Page 331 and 332: V. Units · VI. Chemical elements T
Page 333 and 334: VIII. Acronyms and definitions AC A
Page 335 and 336: EOX Extractable Organically-bound H
Page 337 and 338: Glossary Technique Ensemble of both
Page 339 and 340: ANNEX Annex {The CAK plant capaciti
Page 341 and 342: Euro Chlor No. Country code Company
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