(BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Chlor-alkali ...

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References [184] Euro Chlor, Determination of mercury in gases, 2008. [185] Infomil, Technique to consider in the determination of BAT: Addition of hydrogen peroxide to prevent emissions of chlorine dioxide, NL Agency - Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the environment, 2011. [186] Euro Chlor, Site hydrogen used in 2010, 2011. [187] Debelle and Millet, 'Information on ferrocyanide destruction', Personal Communication, 2011. [188] DuPont, General information on Nafion membrane for electrolysis, 2006. [189] Nitini, 'Additional information on Nafion membranes', Personal Communication, 2011. [190] Czarnetzki and Janssen, 'Formation of hypochlorite, chlorate and oxygen during NaCl electrolysis from alkaline solutions at an RuO2/TiO2 anode', Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 22, 1992, pp. 315-324. [191] Lassche, 'Information on chlorine dioxide formation in the chlorine absorption unit', Personal Communication, 2011. [192] Euro Chlor, Equipment for the treatment of gaseous effluents containing chlorine, 2011. [193] Jia et al., 'General-acid-catalyzed reactions of hypochlorous acid and acetyl hypochlorite with chlorite ion', Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 39, No 12, 2000, p. 2614–2620. [194] Gordon and Tachiyashiki, 'Kinetics and mechanism of formation of chlorate ion from the hypochlorous acid/chlorite ion reaction at pH 6-10', Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 25, No 3, 1991, p. 468–474. [195] Bolyard et al., 'Occurrence of chlorate in hypochlorite solutions used for drinking water disinfection', Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 26, No 8, 1992, p. 1663–1665. [196] Solvay, Information provided during site visit to Solvay chlor-alkali site in Rheinberg (Germany) on 30 June 2011, 2011. [197] Götaverken Miljö, Soil remediation in Bohus, Sweden, 2000. [198] WMO, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006, 2006. [199] Bezirksregierung Lüneburg, Permit for the chlor-alkali plant in Stade, 1997. [200] UBA, Avoiding fluorinated greenhouse gases - Prospects for phasing out, 2011. [201] Piersma, 'Nitrogen trichloride (NCl3): a continuing challenge', Euro Chlor fifth technical seminar - A sustainable future for chlorine - Improving health, safety and environmental performance, 2001, Barcelona (Spain). [202] AkzoNobel, Information on carbon tetrachloride-free techniques to control nitrogen trichloride impurities in the Delfzijl and Rotterdam-Botlem plants, 2010. [203] Eckerscham, 'Additional information on Flemion membranes', Personal Communication, 2011. [204] Asahi Glass, Development of Flemion membranes, 2011. [205] Ullmann's, 'Sodium sulfates', Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition, electronic release, 2000. [206] Denye et al., 'The Hydecat process - Fit and forget technology for hypochlorite destruction', Modern Chlor-Alkali Technology, Vol. 6, UK, 1995, pp. 251-257. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS [207] Stitt et al., 'New process options for hypochlorite destruction', Modern Chlor-Alkali Technology, Vol. 8, 2001, pp. 315-332. [208] Johnson Matthey, Environmental catalysts - Hydecat, 2009. [209] COM, Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Manufacture of Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Solids and Others industry, 2007. [210] Beekman, 'Hypochlorite recycling to diaphragm cells', Modern Chlor-Alkali Technology, Vol. 8, 2001, pp. 173-181. [211] Dibble and White, 'Practical experience in mercury and diaphragm cell conversions to membrane technology', Modern Chlor-Alkali Technology, Vol. 4, 1988, pp. 291-305. 308 December 2011 TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1
[212] Florkiewicz, Long life diaphragm cell, 1997. References [213] Florkiewicz and Curlin, 'Polyramix(TM) diaphragm - A commercial reality', Modern Chlor- Alkali Technology, Vol. 5, 1992, p. 209. [214] Dilmore and DuBois, 'PPG's TephramTM synthetic diaphragm circuit conversion', Modern Chlor-Alkali Technology, Vol. 6, 1995, pp. 133-139. [215] German Ministry, Report on the derogation for diaphragms containing chrysotile pursuant to point 6 of Annex XVII to the REACH regulation, 2011. [216] O'Brien et al., Handbook of Chlor-Alkali Technology, Springer, 2005. [217] PPG, PPG technology improves performance in diaphragm cell chlor-alkali production, 2010. [218] Ahmed and Foller, 'Responding to a harsh business environment: A new diaphragm for the chlor-alkali industry', The Electrochemical Society Interface, Vol. 12, No 4, 2003, pp. 34- 39. [219] Carbocloro, Relatorio de sustentabilidade - Ano base 2008, 2008. [220] Polish Ministry, Report to the European Commission on the availability of asbestos-free substitutes for electrolysis installations and the efforts undertaken to develop such alternatives, on the protection of the health of workers in the installations, on the source and quantities of chrysotile, on the source and quantities of diaphragms containing chrysotile, and the envisaged date of the end of the exemption, 2011. [221] Florkiewicz, 'Information on diaphragm technology', Personal Communication, 1998. [222] Euro Chlor, Guidelines for the preparation for permanent storage of metallic mercury above ground or in underground mines, 2007. [223] ICIS Chemical Business, 'Chemical profile - Caustic soda', ICIS Chemical Business, Vol. 5-18 April 2010, 2010, p. 36. [224] Bayer, 'Information provided during site visit to Bayer chlor-alkali site in Uerdingen (Germany) in 1998', Personal Communication, 1998. [225] Lott, 'Practical experiences on the conversion of mercury cells to membrane technology', Modern Chlor-Alkali Technology, Vol. 6, 1995, pp. 243-250. [226] Schindler, 'Information provided for the elaboration of the original chlor-alkali BREF', Personal Communication, 2000. [227] de Flon, 'Information provided during site visit to Borregaard chlor-alkali site in Sarpsborg (Norway) in 1998', Personal Communication, 1998. [228] PPG, 'Membrane technology eliminates use of mercury at Lake Charles - PPG dedicates USD 100 million membrane cell production unit in Louisiana', Personal Communication, 2007. [229] Oceana, Cleaning up: Taking mercury-free chlorine production to the bank, 2007. [230] Schubert, 'Information provided for the elaboration of the original chlor-alkali BREF', Personal Communication, 2000. [231] Chemie Produktion, 'Eingriff am Offenen Herzen (Open Heart Surgery)', Chemie Produktion, 2000, pp. 120-121. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS [232] Euro Chlor, Chlor-alkali BREF update: Break-down of conversion costs from mercury to membrane technology, 2010. [233] SEPA, 'Ekonomisk konsekvensbeskrivning för övergång till kvicksilverfri kloralkaliproduktion vid Eka Chemicals i Bohus. (Economic assessment of conversion to mercury-free production of chlor-alkali at Eka Chemicals (today Akzo Nobel) in Bohus.)', National Licensing Board for Environmental protection, 1997. [234] UBA AT, BAT Reference Document Chlor-Alkali: Austrian Statement, Federal Environment Agency Austria (Umweltbundesamt Österreich), 1998. [235] ANE, Spanish chlor-alkali plants conversion cost summary, 2010. TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1 December 2011 309
Page 1 and 2:
EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH
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PREFACE 1. Status of this document
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Reference Document on Best Availabl
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3.4.7 Emissions of noise ..........
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4.3.6.3.3 Chemical reduction ......
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Main char
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List of Figures Figure 1.1: Share p
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SCOPE WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Sco
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1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Industria
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Chlorine production in Mt/yr 12 11
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 shows the annu
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Share of total capacity in % 70 70%
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1.4 Chlor-alkali products and their
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Total consumption: 9 801 kt Miscell
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1.4.5 Consumption of hydrogen Chapt
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Chapter 1 and hazardous waste incin
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2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES
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Chapter 2 WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS
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Chapter 2 The main characteristics
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2.2 The mercury cell technique proc
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Chapter 2 Characteristics of the ca
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2.3 The diaphragm cell technique pr
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Source: [ 2, Le Chlore 2002 ] [USEP
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2.4 The membrane cell technique pro
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Chapter 2 (carcinogenic) [ 76, Regu
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Chapter 2 The membranes used in the
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Table 2.2: Typical configurations o
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2.5 Brine supply 2.5.1 Sources, qua
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Chapter 2 centrifuges before dispos
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Source: [ 29, Asahi Glass 1998 ] (p
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Impurity Source Upper limit of brin
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Chapter 2 No such dechlorination tr
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Chapter 2 The cooling water is gene
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Chapter 2 composition of the chlori
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2.6.11 Dealing with impurities 2.6.
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Chapter 2 amount of chlorine, and t
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2.6.12.2 Chemical reactions Chapter
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2.7 Caustic processing production,
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Chapter 2 2.8 Hydrogen processing p
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3 CURRENT PRESENT EMISSION AND CONS
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Chapter 3 Table 3.1: Overview of em
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3.3 Consumption levels of all cell
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3.3.3 Ancillary materials Ancillary
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Further materials and/or further us
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Chapter 3 current) and the efficien
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Chapter 3 distance means a higher f
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3.3.4.3.6 Production of caustic pot
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Chapter 3 hydrogen at low pressure
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28 kg of hydrogen is produced {Thes
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Chapter 3 depleted brine is recircu
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Chapter 3 Table 3.10: Emissions of
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Chapter 3 When measuring chlorine i
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Page 107 and 108:
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Chapter 3 concentrations of organic
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Chapter 3 3.4.3 Emissions and waste
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Chapter 3 {Please TWG provide infor
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Chapter 3 in process and waste wate
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Chapter 3 produced per year has bee
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Page 121 and 122:
Chapter 3 of chlorine capacity. The
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Table 3.23: Mercury emissions from
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Mercury emissions in g Hg/t Cl capa
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Chapter 3 Table 3.24: Mercury emiss
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Chapter 3 KCl are higher than from
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Chapter 3 When concentrated solid c
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Chapter 3 Generally, storage of con
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Chapter 3 recycled brine systems si
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Process Maintenance To solid treatm
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3.5.9.5 Graphite and activated Acti
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Chapter 3 Table 3.31: Yearly waste
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Chapter 3 The fact that the differe
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Chapter 3 3.6 Emissions Emission an
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Reported asbestos concentrations ar
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Chapter 3 3.7 Emissions Emission an
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{A list of techniques used on full
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3.8.3 PCDDs/PCDFs, PCBs, PCNs and P
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Chapter 3 The ‘dioxin’ pattern
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Chapter 4 4 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER
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Heading within the sections Cross-m
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4.1 Mercury cell plants 4.1.1 Overv
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Chapter 4 plants at comparable capa
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2: Data from the
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Chapter 4 environment can be expect
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4. Plant size Chapter 4 An increase
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Table 4.6: Comparison of reported c
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Chapter 4 Generally, conversion cos
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4.1.3 Decommissioning 4.1.3.1 Decom
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3. Emptying of the cells and handli
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7: Overview of co
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Table 4.8: Techniques for monitorin
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Chapter 4 Table 4.10: Decommissioni
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4.2 Diaphragm cell plants 4.2.1 Aba
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Source: [ 146, Arkema 2009 ] Figure
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Chapter 4 diaphragms [ 31, Euro Chl
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Driving force for implementation Th
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Chapter 4 4.2.3 Conversion of asbes
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Chapter 4 directly from the cells.
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4.3 All Diaphragm and membrane cell
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Chapter 4 non-standardised) will be
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Chapter 4 removal of conductive com
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Plant
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Environmental performance and opera
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Example plants Dow, Stade (Germany)
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Chapter 4 current density resulting
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Chapter 4 modifications to auxiliar
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Table 4.14: Cost calculation for th
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Chapter 4 membrane lifetimes range
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Some
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Chapter 4 The drawback of using fer
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Chapter 4 evaporation unit integrat
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Chapter 4 Technical description The
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Chapter 4 Table 4.17: Monitoring te
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Environmental performance and opera
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Chapter 4 Prevention of chlorine re
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Chapter 4 Good pipework design to m
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Chapter 4 was the solution at that
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differential pressure at inlet and
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Chapter 4 chlorine scrubber, immedi
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Chapter 4 Achieved environmental be
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{Please TWG provide more informatio
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environmental legislation; generati
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Chapter 4 Table 4.21: Examples of o
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Chapter 4 Driving force for impleme
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4.3.6.3.4 Catalytic decomposition r
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Chapter 4 In both cases, the spent
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Chapter 4 Example plants Thermal de
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Chapter 4 migration of hydroxide io
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eduction of chlorate emissions; red
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Example plants Solvin in Antwerp-Li
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eduction of costs related to equipm
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Chapter 4 Off-site reconcentration
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Chapter 4 b) closing of doors and w
Page 273 and 274: 4.4 Membrane cell plants 4.4.1 High
Page 275 and 276: 4.5.3 Containment Chapter 4 Descrip
Page 277 and 278: Chapter 4 Sections 4.5.4.2 and 4.5.
Page 279 and 280: Chapter 4 At this site, mercury con
Page 281 and 282: Chapter 4 However, the soil washing
Page 283 and 284: 5 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES Scope
Page 285 and 286: General considerations In these BAT
Page 287 and 288: 5.2 Decommissioning of mercury cell
Page 289 and 290: 5.3 Environmental management system
Page 291 and 292: Chapter 5 The BAT-associated enviro
Page 293 and 294: Chapter 5 6. In order to reduce ene
Page 295 and 296: 5.6 Monitoring of emissions Chapter
Page 297 and 298: [This BAT conclusion is based on in
Page 299 and 300: 5.9 Generation of waste Chapter 5 1
Page 301 and 302: 5.11 Site remediation Chapter 5 20.
Page 303 and 304: Chapter 5 inorganic chloramines, di
Page 305 and 306: 6 EMERGING TECHNIQUES 6.1 Introduct
Page 307 and 308: Chapter 6 cooperation with the Japa
Page 309 and 310: Chapter 6 In December 1998 a test w
Page 311 and 312: 6.3 Use of fuel cells in chlor-alka
Page 313 and 314: Chapter 6 hydrogen that is burnt to
Page 315 and 316: Chapter 7 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND
Page 317 and 318: REFERENCES References [1] Ullmann's
Page 319 and 320: References [63] Euro Chlor, Euro Ch
Page 321 and 322: References [112] Santorelli et al.,
Page 323: References [161] Germany, 'Verordnu
Page 327 and 328: References [259] Rappe et al., 'Lev
Page 329 and 330: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Page 331 and 332: V. Units · VI. Chemical elements T
Page 333 and 334: VIII. Acronyms and definitions AC A
Page 335 and 336: EOX Extractable Organically-bound H
Page 337 and 338: Glossary Technique Ensemble of both
Page 339 and 340: ANNEX Annex {The CAK plant capaciti
Page 341 and 342: Euro Chlor No. Country code Company
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