(BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Chlor-alkali ...

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References [138] Prochemics, Study "Impact of Electricity Price on the Competitiveness of the European Chlor-Alkali Industry", 2007. [139] Europe's Energy Portal, Electricity prices - Industrial consumption , 2011. [140] Giatti, 'mTA-salt - Safe savings', 8th International Chlorine Technology Conference and Exhibition, 2011, Budapest (Hungary). [141] AkzoNobel, mTA-salt - Safe savings - The future of chlorine electrolysis, 2011. [142] AkzoNobel, New generation anti caking agent for salt - Application for CEFIC European Responsible Care Award 2010, 2010. [143] Healy, 'Technical considerations of membrane cell room operation', 8th International Chlorine Technology Conference and Exhibition, 2011, Budapest (Hungary). [144] Alfa Laval, NaOH concentration with plate evaporators, 2011. [145] Decision 2000/532/EC, 'Commission Decision 2000/532/EC of 3 May 2000 replacing Decision 94/3/EC establishing a list of wastes pursuant to Article 1(a) of Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste and Council Decision 94/904/EC establishing a list of hazardous waste pursuant to Article 1(4) of Council Directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste', OJ, Vol. L 226, 2000, p. 3. [146] Arkema, Information provided during site visits to Arkema chlor-alkali sites in Lavéra, Fossur-mer and Sausset-les-Pins (France) on 1-3 December 2009, 2009. [147] Arkema, Photo of a chlorine absorption unit, 2011. [148] Directive 2002/49/EC, 'Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise', OJ L 187, 18.7.2002, 2002, p. 12. [149] Directive 2003/10/EC, 'Directive 2003/10/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 February 2003 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (noise)', OJ L 42, 15.2.2003, 2003, p. 38. [150] COM, Final Draft Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Iron and Steel Production (Final Draft IS BREF), 2011. [151] COM, Final Draft Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Glass Manufacturing Industry (Final Draft GLS BREF), 2011. [152] COM, Draft Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Tanning of Hides and Skins (Draft 2 TAN BREF), 2011. [153] COM, Draft Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Pulp and Paper Industry (Draft 1 PP BREF), 2010. [154] COM, Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Large Combustion Plants (LCP BREF), 2006. [155] COM, Reference Document on Best Available Techniques to Industrial Cooling Systems (ICS BREF), 2001. [156] UK Environment Agency, Horizontal Guidance for Noise - Part 2 - Noise Assessment and Control, 2004. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS [157] CEN, EN ISO 9562: Water quality - Determination of adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX), 2004. [158] DIN, DIN 38409 - H 8: Bestimmung der extrahierbaren organisch gebundenen Halogene (EOX), 1984. [159] ASI, OENORM M 6614: Wasseruntersuchung - Bestimmung der extrahierbaren organisch gebundenen Halogene (EOX), 2001. [160] Austria, 'Verordnung des Bundesministers für Land- und Forstwirtschaft über die allgemeine Begrenzung von Abwasseremissionen in Fließgewässer und öffentliche Kanalisationen (AAEV)', Bundesgesetzblatt für die Republik Österreich, Vol. 58, No 186, 1996, pp. 985-1002. 306 December 2011 TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1
References [161] Germany, 'Verordnung über Anforderungen an das Einleiten von Abwasser in Gewässer (Abwasserverordnung - AbwV)', Bundesgesetzblatt I, 2004, p. 1108, 2625. [162] CEN, EN ISO 7393-1: Water quality - Determination of free chlorine and total chlorine - Part 1: Titrimetric method using N,N-diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, 2000. [163] CEN, EN ISO 7393-2: Water quality - Determination of free chlorine and total chlorine - Part 2: Colorimetric method using N,N-diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine for routine control purposes, 2000. [164] CEN, EN ISO 7393-3: Water quality - Determination of free chlorine and total chlorine - Part 3: Iodometric titration method for the determination of total chlorine, 2000. [165] EA UK, Chemical disinfecting agents in waters and effluents, 2008. [166] CEN, EN 13211: Air quality - Stationary source emissions - Manual method of determination of the concentration of total mercury, 2001. [167] CEN, EN 14884: Air quality - Stationary source emissions - Determination of total mercury: automated measuring systems, 2005. [168] ISO, ISO 17733: Workplace air - Determination of mercury and inorganic mercury compounds - Method by cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrometry or atomic fluorescence spectrometry, 2004. [169] Ijspeerd et al., 'Biamperometric determination of free chlorine, hypochlorite, chlorite and chlorate in sodium chloride brine', Fresenius Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie, Vol. 288, 1977, pp. 357-360. [170] Desai et al., 'Chromatographic determination of anions in industrial salt and sodium chloride brines used in chlor–alkali industry', Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 841, No 1, 1999, pp. 55-62. [171] Metrohm, Determination of chlorate and sulfate in a brine solution (1.5% NaCl) using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression, 2011. [172] CEN, EN ISO 10304-1: Water quality - Determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions - Part 1: Determination of bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulfate, 2009. [173] CEN, EN ISO 15682: Water quality - Determination of chloride by flow analysis (CFA and FIA) and photometric or potentiometric detection, 2001. [174] ISO, ISO 9297: Water quality - Determination of chloride - Silver nitrate titration with chromate indicator (Mohr's method), 1989. [175] CEN, EN 1483: Water quality - Determination of mercury - Method using atomic absorption spectrometry, 2007. [176] ISO, ISO 22743: Water quality - Determination of sulfates - Method by continuous flow analysis (CFA), 2006. [177] CEN, EN 13657: Characterization of waste - Digestion for subsequent determination of aqua regia soluble portion of elements, 2002. [178] CEN, EN 13656: Characterization of waste - Microwave assisted digestion with hydrofluoric (HF), nitric (HNO3) and hydrochloric (HCl) acid mixture for subsequent determination of elements, 2002. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS [179] VDI, VDI 3488 Blatt 1: Messen gasförmiger Emissionen - Messen der Chlorkonzentration - Methylorange-Verfahren, 1979. [180] VDI, VDI 3488 Blatt 2: Messen gasförmiger Emissionen - Messen der Chlorkonzentration - Bromid-Jodid-Verfahren, 1980. [181] USDOL-OSHA, Sampling and analytical methods: Chlorine in workplace atmospheres, 1991. [182] USDOL-OSHA, Sampling and analytical methods: Chlorine and chlorine dioxide in workplace atmospheres, 2011. [183] USDOL-OSHA, Sampling and analytical methods: Determination of chlorine dioxide in workplace atmospheres, 1991. TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1 December 2011 307
Page 1 and 2:
EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH
Page 3 and 4:
PREFACE 1. Status of this document
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Reference Document on Best Availabl
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3.4.7 Emissions of noise ..........
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4.3.6.3.3 Chemical reduction ......
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Main char
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List of Figures Figure 1.1: Share p
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SCOPE WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Sco
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1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Industria
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Chlorine production in Mt/yr 12 11
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 shows the annu
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Share of total capacity in % 70 70%
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1.4 Chlor-alkali products and their
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Total consumption: 9 801 kt Miscell
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1.4.5 Consumption of hydrogen Chapt
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Chapter 1 and hazardous waste incin
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2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES
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Chapter 2 WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS
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Chapter 2 The main characteristics
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2.2 The mercury cell technique proc
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Chapter 2 Characteristics of the ca
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2.3 The diaphragm cell technique pr
Page 45 and 46:
Source: [ 2, Le Chlore 2002 ] [USEP
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2.4 The membrane cell technique pro
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Chapter 2 (carcinogenic) [ 76, Regu
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Chapter 2 The membranes used in the
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Table 2.2: Typical configurations o
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2.5 Brine supply 2.5.1 Sources, qua
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Chapter 2 centrifuges before dispos
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Source: [ 29, Asahi Glass 1998 ] (p
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Impurity Source Upper limit of brin
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Chapter 2 No such dechlorination tr
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Chapter 2 The cooling water is gene
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Chapter 2 composition of the chlori
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2.6.11 Dealing with impurities 2.6.
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Chapter 2 amount of chlorine, and t
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2.6.12.2 Chemical reactions Chapter
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2.7 Caustic processing production,
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Chapter 2 2.8 Hydrogen processing p
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3 CURRENT PRESENT EMISSION AND CONS
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Chapter 3 Table 3.1: Overview of em
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3.3 Consumption levels of all cell
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3.3.3 Ancillary materials Ancillary
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Further materials and/or further us
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Chapter 3 current) and the efficien
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Chapter 3 distance means a higher f
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3.3.4.3.6 Production of caustic pot
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Chapter 3 hydrogen at low pressure
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28 kg of hydrogen is produced {Thes
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Chapter 3 depleted brine is recircu
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Chapter 3 Table 3.10: Emissions of
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Chapter 3 When measuring chlorine i
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Page 107 and 108:
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Chapter 3 concentrations of organic
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Chapter 3 3.4.3 Emissions and waste
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Chapter 3 {Please TWG provide infor
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Chapter 3 in process and waste wate
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Chapter 3 produced per year has bee
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Page 121 and 122:
Chapter 3 of chlorine capacity. The
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Table 3.23: Mercury emissions from
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Mercury emissions in g Hg/t Cl capa
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Chapter 3 Table 3.24: Mercury emiss
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Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 3 KCl are higher than from
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Chapter 3 When concentrated solid c
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Chapter 3 Generally, storage of con
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Chapter 3 recycled brine systems si
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Process Maintenance To solid treatm
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3.5.9.5 Graphite and activated Acti
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Chapter 3 Table 3.31: Yearly waste
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Chapter 3 The fact that the differe
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Chapter 3 3.6 Emissions Emission an
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Reported asbestos concentrations ar
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Chapter 3 3.7 Emissions Emission an
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{A list of techniques used on full
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3.8.3 PCDDs/PCDFs, PCBs, PCNs and P
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Chapter 3 The ‘dioxin’ pattern
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Chapter 4 4 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER
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Heading within the sections Cross-m
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4.1 Mercury cell plants 4.1.1 Overv
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Chapter 4 plants at comparable capa
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2: Data from the
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Chapter 4 environment can be expect
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4. Plant size Chapter 4 An increase
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Table 4.6: Comparison of reported c
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Chapter 4 Generally, conversion cos
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4.1.3 Decommissioning 4.1.3.1 Decom
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3. Emptying of the cells and handli
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7: Overview of co
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Table 4.8: Techniques for monitorin
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Chapter 4 Table 4.10: Decommissioni
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4.2 Diaphragm cell plants 4.2.1 Aba
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Source: [ 146, Arkema 2009 ] Figure
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Chapter 4 diaphragms [ 31, Euro Chl
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Driving force for implementation Th
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Chapter 4 4.2.3 Conversion of asbes
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Chapter 4 directly from the cells.
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4.3 All Diaphragm and membrane cell
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Chapter 4 non-standardised) will be
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Chapter 4 removal of conductive com
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Plant
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Environmental performance and opera
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Example plants Dow, Stade (Germany)
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Chapter 4 current density resulting
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Chapter 4 modifications to auxiliar
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Table 4.14: Cost calculation for th
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Chapter 4 membrane lifetimes range
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Some
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Chapter 4 The drawback of using fer
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Chapter 4 evaporation unit integrat
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Chapter 4 Technical description The
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Chapter 4 Table 4.17: Monitoring te
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Environmental performance and opera
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Chapter 4 Prevention of chlorine re
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Chapter 4 Good pipework design to m
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Chapter 4 was the solution at that
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differential pressure at inlet and
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Chapter 4 chlorine scrubber, immedi
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Chapter 4 Achieved environmental be
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{Please TWG provide more informatio
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environmental legislation; generati
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Chapter 4 Table 4.21: Examples of o
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Chapter 4 Driving force for impleme
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4.3.6.3.4 Catalytic decomposition r
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Chapter 4 In both cases, the spent
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Chapter 4 Example plants Thermal de
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Chapter 4 migration of hydroxide io
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eduction of chlorate emissions; red
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Example plants Solvin in Antwerp-Li
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eduction of costs related to equipm
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Chapter 4 Off-site reconcentration
Page 271 and 272: Chapter 4 b) closing of doors and w
Page 273 and 274: 4.4 Membrane cell plants 4.4.1 High
Page 275 and 276: 4.5.3 Containment Chapter 4 Descrip
Page 277 and 278: Chapter 4 Sections 4.5.4.2 and 4.5.
Page 279 and 280: Chapter 4 At this site, mercury con
Page 281 and 282: Chapter 4 However, the soil washing
Page 283 and 284: 5 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES Scope
Page 285 and 286: General considerations In these BAT
Page 287 and 288: 5.2 Decommissioning of mercury cell
Page 289 and 290: 5.3 Environmental management system
Page 291 and 292: Chapter 5 The BAT-associated enviro
Page 293 and 294: Chapter 5 6. In order to reduce ene
Page 295 and 296: 5.6 Monitoring of emissions Chapter
Page 297 and 298: [This BAT conclusion is based on in
Page 299 and 300: 5.9 Generation of waste Chapter 5 1
Page 301 and 302: 5.11 Site remediation Chapter 5 20.
Page 303 and 304: Chapter 5 inorganic chloramines, di
Page 305 and 306: 6 EMERGING TECHNIQUES 6.1 Introduct
Page 307 and 308: Chapter 6 cooperation with the Japa
Page 309 and 310: Chapter 6 In December 1998 a test w
Page 311 and 312: 6.3 Use of fuel cells in chlor-alka
Page 313 and 314: Chapter 6 hydrogen that is burnt to
Page 315 and 316: Chapter 7 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND
Page 317 and 318: REFERENCES References [1] Ullmann's
Page 319 and 320: References [63] Euro Chlor, Euro Ch
Page 321: References [112] Santorelli et al.,
Page 325 and 326: [212] Florkiewicz, Long life diaphr
Page 327 and 328: References [259] Rappe et al., 'Lev
Page 329 and 330: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Page 331 and 332: V. Units · VI. Chemical elements T
Page 333 and 334: VIII. Acronyms and definitions AC A
Page 335 and 336: EOX Extractable Organically-bound H
Page 337 and 338: Glossary Technique Ensemble of both
Page 339 and 340: ANNEX Annex {The CAK plant capaciti
Page 341 and 342: Euro Chlor No. Country code Company
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