(BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Chlor-alkali ...

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References [86] Euro Chlor, Guidelines for making a mercury balance in a chlorine plant, 2010. [87] Euro Chlor, Guideline for the minimisation of mercury emissions and wastes from mercury chlor-alkali plants, 2006. [88] Directive 2009/161/EU, 'Commission Directive 2009/161/EU of 17 December 2009 establishing a third list of indicative occupational exposure limit values in implementation of Council Directive 98/24/EC and amending Commission Directive 2000/39/EC', OJ L 338, 19.12.2009, 2009, p. 87. [89] Euro Chlor, Code of Practice - Mercury housekeeping, 2004. [90] PARCOM Decision 90/3, PARCOM Decision 90/3 of 14 June 1990 on reducing atmospheric emissions from existing chlor-alkali plants, 1990. [91] Euro Chlor, Mercury electrolysis technology - Waste water treatment, 2011. [92] Gluszcz et al., Biological mercury removal (BIOMER) as best available technology for treatment of mercury contaminated wastewater, 2007. [93] Euro Chlor, Potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate applications in Europe in 2009, 2011. [94] Euro Chlor, Guideline for decommissioning of mercury chor-alkali pants, 2009. [95] EEB, The European chlor-alkali industry - Is national implementation of the IPPC Directive contributing to a mercury-free industry? - Results of an environmental NGO study, 2008. [96] Euro Chlor, Mercury electrolysis technology - Difference to balance, 2010. [97] Concorde, Status report: Mercury cell chlor-alkali plants in Europe, 2006. [98] Southworth et al., 'Fugitive mercury emissions from a chlor-alkali factory: sources and fluxes to the atmosphre', Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38, 2004, pp. 597-611. [99] Kinsey et al., 'Characterization of fugitive mercury emissions from the cell building of a US chlor-alkali plant', Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38, 2004, pp. 623-631. [100] Grönlund et al., 'Elemental mercury emissions from chlor-alkali plants measured by LIDAR techniques', Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 39, 2005, pp. 7474-7480. [101] US EPA, 'National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants: Mercury emissions from mercury cell chlor-alkali plants - Proposed rule', Federal Register, Vol. 73, No 113, 2008, pp. 33258-33282. [102] EMECAP, European Mercury Emissions from Chlor-Alkali Plants (EMECAP) - Final project report, 2004. [103] US EPA, 'National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants: Mercury emissions from mercury cell chlor-alkali plants - Proposed rule', Federal Register, Vol. 76, No 49, 2011, pp. 13852-13878. [104] US EPA, Summary of 2005 cell room mercury emissions data for Occidental chemical company mercury cell chlor-alkali plants: Delaware City, Delaware and Muscle Shoals, Alabama, 2008. [105] US EPA, Summary of cell room mercury emissions data for Olin mercury cell chlor-alkali plant: Charleston, Tennessee, 2007. [106] Landis et al., 'Divalent inorganic reactive gaseous mercury emissions from a mercury cell chlor-alkali plant and its impact on near-field atmospheric dry deposition', Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38, 2004, pp. 613-622. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS [107] Euro Chlor, Chlorine Industry Review 2004-2005, 2006. [108] Nedstack, Fuel cells , 2011. [109] Verhage et al., 'Duration tests of PEM fuel cells in a 50 kW pilot power plant', 18th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, 2010, Essen (Germany). [110] Verhage, 'PEM power plant (multi-MW scale) - Proof of technical and economical feasibility', 8th International Chlorine Technology Conference and Exhibition, 2011, Budapest (Hungary). [111] Ballard, Information on fuel cells, 2010. 304 December 2011 TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1
References [112] Santorelli et al., 'Energy production from hydrogen co-generated in chlor-alkali plants by the means of PEM fuel cells systems', Chemical Engineering Transactions, Vol. 12, 2007. [113] Moussallem et al., 'Möglichkeiten zur Energierückgewinnung bei der Chlor-Alkali- Elektrolyse', Chemie Ingenieur Technik, Vol. 81, No 4, 2009, pp. 489-493. [114] Delfrate and Schmitt, 'Integration of fuel cells systems into chlor alkali plants: The chlorine industry perspective', 18th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, 2010, Essen (Germany). [115] Jörissen et al., 'Chlorherstellung mit Sauerstoffverzehrkathoden', Chemie in unserer Zeit, Vol. 45, 2011, pp. 172-183. [116] Ullmann's, 'Fuel cells', Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition, electronic release, 2010. [117] ISO, Technical committee 207 http://www.tc207.org , 2010. [118] Solvay, Information provided during the site visit to the Solvay chlor-alkali plant in Rheinberg (Germany) on 30 June 2011, 2011. [119] DG Environment, What is Emas? http://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/index_en.htm , 2010. [120] Reg. 1221/, 'REGULATION (EC) No 1221/2009 of the European Parliament and the Council of 25 November 2009 on the voluntary participation by organisations in a Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS), repealing Regulation (EC) No 761/2001 and Commission Decisions 2001/681/EC and 2006/193/EC.', , 2009. [121] IAF, International Accreditation Forum website http://www.iaf.nu , 2010. [122] ISO, ISO 14001: 2004 http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_14000_essentials.htm , 2004. [123] Gaucher et al., 'Conventions on multi-operator sites: an efficient risk management tool', 4th Global Congress on Process Safety, 2008, New Orleans (US). [124] COM, Draft Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the Chemical Sector (Draft 2 CWW BREF), 2011. [125] Aker Chemetics, Sulphate removal system - Preliminary assessment information, 2010. [126] Lashkari et al., 'Applications of membrane technologies in the chloralkali industry', 8th International Chlorine Technology Conference and Exhibition, 2011, Budapest (Hungary). [127] Eckert, 'Additional information on sulphate removal by nanofiltration', Personal Communication, 2010. [128] SABIC, Brine recovery in the production of polycarbonate, Saudi Basics Industry Corporation, 2008. [129] Euro Chlor, Chlorine Industry Review 2006-2007, 2007. [130] Austria, 'Verordnung des Bundesministers für Land- und Forstwirtschaft über die Begrenzung von Abwasseremissionen aus der Chlor-Alkali-Elektrolyse (AEV Chlor-Alkali- Elektrolyse)', Bundesgesetzblatt der Republik Österreich, Vol. 672, 1996. [131] Germany, 'Hinweise und Erläuterungen zum Anhang 42 - Alkalichloridelektrolyse - der Verordnung über Anforderungen an das Einleiten von Abwasser in Gewässer', Bundesanzeiger, Vol. 75a, 2003, p. 17. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS [132] Germany, 'Hinweise und Erläuterungen zum Anhang 22 - Chemische Industrie - der Verordnung über Anforderungen an das Einleiten von Abwasser in Gewässer', Bundesanzeiger, 2000. [133] Chlorine Engineers, Commitment to electro-chemicals - Corporate brochure, 2011. [134] INEOS, Chlor-alkali electrolyser technology, 2011. [135] Asahi Kasei, 'New zero-gap electrolysis system from AKCC', 8th International Chlorine Technology Conference and Exhibition, 2011, Budapest (Hungary). [136] Asahi Kasei, Acilyzer - Membrane chlor-alkali electrolyzers, 2008. [137] Euro Chlor, Chlor-alkali BREF update - Production costs, 2010. TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1 December 2011 305
Page 1 and 2:
EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH
Page 3 and 4:
PREFACE 1. Status of this document
Page 5 and 6:
Reference Document on Best Availabl
Page 7 and 8:
3.4.7 Emissions of noise ..........
Page 9 and 10:
4.3.6.3.3 Chemical reduction ......
Page 11 and 12:
List of Tables Table 2.1: Main char
Page 13 and 14:
List of Figures Figure 1.1: Share p
Page 15 and 16:
SCOPE WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Sco
Page 17 and 18:
1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Industria
Page 19 and 20:
Chlorine production in Mt/yr 12 11
Page 21 and 22:
Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 shows the annu
Page 23 and 24:
Share of total capacity in % 70 70%
Page 25 and 26:
1.4 Chlor-alkali products and their
Page 27 and 28:
Total consumption: 9 801 kt Miscell
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1.4.5 Consumption of hydrogen Chapt
Page 31 and 32:
Chapter 1 and hazardous waste incin
Page 33 and 34:
2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES
Page 35 and 36:
Chapter 2 WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS
Page 37 and 38:
Chapter 2 The main characteristics
Page 39 and 40:
2.2 The mercury cell technique proc
Page 41 and 42:
Chapter 2 Characteristics of the ca
Page 43 and 44:
2.3 The diaphragm cell technique pr
Page 45 and 46:
Source: [ 2, Le Chlore 2002 ] [USEP
Page 47 and 48:
2.4 The membrane cell technique pro
Page 49 and 50:
Chapter 2 (carcinogenic) [ 76, Regu
Page 51 and 52:
Chapter 2 The membranes used in the
Page 53 and 54:
Table 2.2: Typical configurations o
Page 55 and 56:
2.5 Brine supply 2.5.1 Sources, qua
Page 57 and 58:
Chapter 2 centrifuges before dispos
Page 59 and 60:
Source: [ 29, Asahi Glass 1998 ] (p
Page 61 and 62:
Impurity Source Upper limit of brin
Page 63 and 64:
Chapter 2 No such dechlorination tr
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Chapter 2 The cooling water is gene
Page 67 and 68:
Chapter 2 composition of the chlori
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2.6.11 Dealing with impurities 2.6.
Page 71 and 72:
Chapter 2 amount of chlorine, and t
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2.6.12.2 Chemical reactions Chapter
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2.7 Caustic processing production,
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Chapter 2 2.8 Hydrogen processing p
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3 CURRENT PRESENT EMISSION AND CONS
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Chapter 3 Table 3.1: Overview of em
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3.3 Consumption levels of all cell
Page 85 and 86:
3.3.3 Ancillary materials Ancillary
Page 87 and 88:
Further materials and/or further us
Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 3 current) and the efficien
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Chapter 3 distance means a higher f
Page 93 and 94:
3.3.4.3.6 Production of caustic pot
Page 95 and 96:
Chapter 3 hydrogen at low pressure
Page 97 and 98:
28 kg of hydrogen is produced {Thes
Page 99 and 100:
Chapter 3 depleted brine is recircu
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Chapter 3 Table 3.10: Emissions of
Page 103 and 104:
Chapter 3 When measuring chlorine i
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Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Chapter 3 concentrations of organic
Page 111 and 112:
Chapter 3 3.4.3 Emissions and waste
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Chapter 3 {Please TWG provide infor
Page 115 and 116:
Chapter 3 in process and waste wate
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Chapter 3 produced per year has bee
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Chapter 3 of chlorine capacity. The
Page 123 and 124:
Table 3.23: Mercury emissions from
Page 125 and 126:
Mercury emissions in g Hg/t Cl capa
Page 127 and 128:
Chapter 3 Table 3.24: Mercury emiss
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Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 3 KCl are higher than from
Page 133 and 134:
Chapter 3 When concentrated solid c
Page 135 and 136:
Chapter 3 Generally, storage of con
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Chapter 3 recycled brine systems si
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Process Maintenance To solid treatm
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3.5.9.5 Graphite and activated Acti
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Chapter 3 Table 3.31: Yearly waste
Page 145 and 146:
Chapter 3 The fact that the differe
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Chapter 3 3.6 Emissions Emission an
Page 149 and 150:
Reported asbestos concentrations ar
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Chapter 3 3.7 Emissions Emission an
Page 153 and 154:
{A list of techniques used on full
Page 155 and 156:
3.8.3 PCDDs/PCDFs, PCBs, PCNs and P
Page 157 and 158:
Chapter 3 The ‘dioxin’ pattern
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Chapter 4 4 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER
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Heading within the sections Cross-m
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4.1 Mercury cell plants 4.1.1 Overv
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Chapter 4 plants at comparable capa
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2: Data from the
Page 169 and 170:
Chapter 4 environment can be expect
Page 171 and 172:
4. Plant size Chapter 4 An increase
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Table 4.6: Comparison of reported c
Page 175 and 176:
Chapter 4 Generally, conversion cos
Page 177 and 178:
4.1.3 Decommissioning 4.1.3.1 Decom
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3. Emptying of the cells and handli
Page 181 and 182:
Chapter 4 Table 4.7: Overview of co
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Table 4.8: Techniques for monitorin
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Chapter 4 Table 4.10: Decommissioni
Page 187 and 188:
4.2 Diaphragm cell plants 4.2.1 Aba
Page 189 and 190:
Source: [ 146, Arkema 2009 ] Figure
Page 191 and 192:
Chapter 4 diaphragms [ 31, Euro Chl
Page 193 and 194:
Driving force for implementation Th
Page 195 and 196:
Chapter 4 4.2.3 Conversion of asbes
Page 197 and 198:
Chapter 4 directly from the cells.
Page 199 and 200:
4.3 All Diaphragm and membrane cell
Page 201 and 202:
Chapter 4 non-standardised) will be
Page 203 and 204:
Chapter 4 removal of conductive com
Page 205 and 206:
Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Plant
Page 207 and 208:
Environmental performance and opera
Page 209 and 210:
Example plants Dow, Stade (Germany)
Page 211 and 212:
Chapter 4 current density resulting
Page 213 and 214:
Chapter 4 modifications to auxiliar
Page 215 and 216:
Table 4.14: Cost calculation for th
Page 217 and 218:
Chapter 4 membrane lifetimes range
Page 219 and 220:
Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Some
Page 221 and 222:
Chapter 4 The drawback of using fer
Page 223 and 224:
Chapter 4 evaporation unit integrat
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
Page 227 and 228:
Chapter 4 Technical description The
Page 229 and 230:
Chapter 4 Table 4.17: Monitoring te
Page 231 and 232:
Chapter 4 Environmental performance
Page 233 and 234:
Environmental performance and opera
Page 235 and 236:
Chapter 4 Prevention of chlorine re
Page 237 and 238:
Chapter 4 Good pipework design to m
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 4 was the solution at that
Page 241 and 242:
differential pressure at inlet and
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter 4 chlorine scrubber, immedi
Page 245 and 246:
Chapter 4 Achieved environmental be
Page 247 and 248:
{Please TWG provide more informatio
Page 249 and 250:
environmental legislation; generati
Page 251 and 252:
Chapter 4 Table 4.21: Examples of o
Page 253 and 254:
Chapter 4 Driving force for impleme
Page 255 and 256:
4.3.6.3.4 Catalytic decomposition r
Page 257 and 258:
Chapter 4 In both cases, the spent
Page 259 and 260:
Chapter 4 Example plants Thermal de
Page 261 and 262:
Chapter 4 migration of hydroxide io
Page 263 and 264:
eduction of chlorate emissions; red
Page 265 and 266:
Example plants Solvin in Antwerp-Li
Page 267 and 268:
eduction of costs related to equipm
Page 269 and 270: Chapter 4 Off-site reconcentration
Page 271 and 272: Chapter 4 b) closing of doors and w
Page 273 and 274: 4.4 Membrane cell plants 4.4.1 High
Page 275 and 276: 4.5.3 Containment Chapter 4 Descrip
Page 277 and 278: Chapter 4 Sections 4.5.4.2 and 4.5.
Page 279 and 280: Chapter 4 At this site, mercury con
Page 281 and 282: Chapter 4 However, the soil washing
Page 283 and 284: 5 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES Scope
Page 285 and 286: General considerations In these BAT
Page 287 and 288: 5.2 Decommissioning of mercury cell
Page 289 and 290: 5.3 Environmental management system
Page 291 and 292: Chapter 5 The BAT-associated enviro
Page 293 and 294: Chapter 5 6. In order to reduce ene
Page 295 and 296: 5.6 Monitoring of emissions Chapter
Page 297 and 298: [This BAT conclusion is based on in
Page 299 and 300: 5.9 Generation of waste Chapter 5 1
Page 301 and 302: 5.11 Site remediation Chapter 5 20.
Page 303 and 304: Chapter 5 inorganic chloramines, di
Page 305 and 306: 6 EMERGING TECHNIQUES 6.1 Introduct
Page 307 and 308: Chapter 6 cooperation with the Japa
Page 309 and 310: Chapter 6 In December 1998 a test w
Page 311 and 312: 6.3 Use of fuel cells in chlor-alka
Page 313 and 314: Chapter 6 hydrogen that is burnt to
Page 315 and 316: Chapter 7 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND
Page 317 and 318: REFERENCES References [1] Ullmann's
Page 319: References [63] Euro Chlor, Euro Ch
Page 323 and 324: References [161] Germany, 'Verordnu
Page 325 and 326: [212] Florkiewicz, Long life diaphr
Page 327 and 328: References [259] Rappe et al., 'Lev
Page 329 and 330: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Page 331 and 332: V. Units · VI. Chemical elements T
Page 333 and 334: VIII. Acronyms and definitions AC A
Page 335 and 336: EOX Extractable Organically-bound H
Page 337 and 338: Glossary Technique Ensemble of both
Page 339 and 340: ANNEX Annex {The CAK plant capaciti
Page 341 and 342: Euro Chlor No. Country code Company
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