(BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Chlor-alkali ...

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References [33] Euro Chlor, Chlor-alkali BREF update - Liquid effluents recycling, 2011. [34] Solvay, Information provided during site visits to Solvin chlor-alkali sites in Lillo/Antwerp and Jemeppe (Belgium) on 15-16 December 2010, 2010. [35] Euro Chlor, Maximum levels of nitrogen trichloride in liquid chlorine, 1990. [36] Euro Chlor, Chlor-alkali BREF update - Use of carbon tetrachloride, 2010. [37] Euro Chlor, Chlor-alkali BREF update - "Once-through" brine plants, 2010. [38] O'Brien and White, 'Process Engineering Aspects of Chlorine Cooling and Drying', Modern Chlor-Alkali Technology, Vol. 6, 1995, pp. 70-81. [39] HMSO, Chief Inspector's Guidance to Inspectors - Processes for the Manufacture of, or Which Use or Release Halogens, Mixed Halogen Compounds or Oxohalocompounds, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution, 1993. [40] Euro Chlor, Pressure Storage of Liquid Chlorine, 2002. [41] Euro Chlor, Low Pressure Storage of Liquid Chlorine, 2002. [42] Euro Chlor, Euro Chlor position paper on KCl electrolysis, 2010. [43] Spolchemie, Czech contribution to the review of the chlor-alkali BREF - Potash resources, potassium rock salts and typical composition of potassium chloride, 2010. [44] OxyChem, Caustic Soda Handbook, 1992. [45] Euro Chlor, Recommendations for a Best Available Techniques Reference Support Document - Chlorine Production by the Electrolysis of Brine, 1997. [46] Ullmann's, 'Sodium Hydroxide', Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition, electronic release, 2006. [47] De Dietrich, Sulfuric acid concentration, 2011. [48] ICIS Chemical Business, 'Chlor-alkali market stable', ICIS Chemical Business, Vol. 3-9 January, 2011, p. 22. [49] Euro Chlor, Chlor-alkali BREF update - New and emerging technologies, 2010. [50] Asahi Glass, Recent Progress of Flemion Membrane, 1999. [51] Bulan, 'CO2 Reduction during the Production of Basic Chemicals', klimazwei - Research for Climate Protection and Protection from Climate Impacts, 2007, Berlin. [52] Moussallem et al., 'Chlor-alkali electrolysis with oxygen depolarized cathodes: history, present status and future prospects', Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 38, No 9, 2008, pp. 1177-1194. [53] Bulan et al., 'CO2-Reduktion bei der Herstellung chemischer Grundstoffe – Einsatz von Sauerstoffverzehrkathoden bei der Chlorherstellung', Klimaschutz und Anpassung an die Klimafolgen - Strategien, Maßnahmen und Anwendungsbeispiele, 2009, pp. 61-68. [54] Euro Chlor, Chlor-alkali BREF update - Chlorine drying, 2010. [55] Euro Chlor, Mercury emissions per site (2010), 2011. [56] Euro Chlor, The Chlorine Reference Manual, 2008. [57] EIPPCB, Analysis of questionnaires provided by chlor-alkali installations in EU-27 and EFTA countries in 2010 during the first review of the BREF, 2011. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS [58] Euro Chlor, Information on collected specific energy consumption data according to the technique used, 2010. [59] Euro Chlor, Chlor-alkali BREF update - Treatment of solid mercury containing materials, 2010. [60] Chemical Week, 'Product focus - Chlor-alkali', Chemical Week, May 18/25, 2009, p. 36. [61] DG ENV, Report of undertakings on consumption and emissions of controlled substances as process agents under regulation EC/1005/2009, 2009. [62] UNECE, Guidelines for the control of emissions from the inorganic chemical industry, 1985. 302 December 2011 TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1
References [63] Euro Chlor, Euro Chlor position on energy consumption in chlor-alkali production, 2010. [64] IEA, Energy Technology Transitions for Industry - Strategies for the Next Industrial Revolution, 2009. [65] Millet, 'Cellules d'électrolyse chlore-soude', Techniques de l'Ingénieur, 2008. [66] Ullmann's, 'Sodium chloride', Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition, electronic release, 2010. [67] Euro Chlor, Determination of chlorine in workplace air, 2010. [68] AkzoNobel, Note on the request for modification of the integrated environmental permit of the chlor-alkali plant in Delfzijl due to unforeseen emissions of chlorine dioxide (Memorandum: Verzoek wijziging vergunning ivm onvoorziene emissie chloordioxide MEB Delfzijl), 2007. [69] Regierungspräsidium Dessau, Permit for the chlor-alkali plant in Bitterfeld, 1999. [70] COM, Reference Document on the General Principles of Monitoring (MON REF), 2003. [71] UK Environment Agency, UK contribution to the review of the chlor-alkali BREF - Solution mined brine use and treatment, 2009. [72] Nishio, 'Effect of brine impurities on cell voltage', 8th International Chlorine Technology Conference and Exhibition, 2011, Budapest (Hungary). [73] Debelle, 'Euro Chlor 10 years sustainability programme results', 8th International Chlorine Technology Conference and Exhibition, 2011, Budapest (Hungary). [74] Directive 2008/105/EC, 'Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy, amending and subsequently repealing Council Directives 82/176/EEC, 83/513/EEC, 84/156/EEC, 84/491/EEC, 86/280/EEC and amending Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council', L 348, 24.12.2008, 2008, p. 84. [75] COM, Reference document on Best Available Techniques in the Chlor-Alkali Manufacturing Industry (CAK BREF), 2001. [76] Regulation EC/1272/2008, 'Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006', OJ L 353, 31.12.2008, 2008, p. 1. [77] Directive 2010/75/EU, 'Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control)', OJ L 334, 17.12.2010, 2010, p. 17. [78] Regulation EC/1005/2009, 'Regulation EC/1005/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 on substances that deplete the ozone layer', OJ L 286, 31.10.2009, 2009, p. 1. [79] Directive 87/217/EEC, 'Directive 87/217/EEC of the Council of 19 March 1987 on the prevention and reduction of environmental pollution by asbestos', OJ L 85, 28.03.1987, 1987, p. 40. [80] Engel, 'Managing safety issues in the chlor-alkali industry', 8th International Chlorine Technology Conference and Exhibition, 2011, Budapest (Hungary). WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS [81] eMARS, electronic Major Accident Reporting System , 2011. [82] Euro Chlor, Annual report to the European Commission on mercury stored in mercury cell chlor-alkali plants in EU-27 countries on 31 December 2010, 2011. [83] Euro Chlor, Mercury electrolysis technology - Hg emissions reported to production capacity, 2010. [84] Euro Chlor, Mercury emissions from Western European chlor-alkali plants for the period 1977-1998 as reported to OSPAR, 2000. [85] Euro Chlor, Mercury emissions from Western European chlor-alkali plants for the year 2009 as reported to OSPAR, 2011. TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1 December 2011 303
Page 1 and 2:
EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH
Page 3 and 4:
PREFACE 1. Status of this document
Page 5 and 6:
Reference Document on Best Availabl
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3.4.7 Emissions of noise ..........
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4.3.6.3.3 Chemical reduction ......
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Main char
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List of Figures Figure 1.1: Share p
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SCOPE WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Sco
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1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Industria
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Chlorine production in Mt/yr 12 11
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 shows the annu
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Share of total capacity in % 70 70%
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1.4 Chlor-alkali products and their
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Total consumption: 9 801 kt Miscell
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1.4.5 Consumption of hydrogen Chapt
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Chapter 1 and hazardous waste incin
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2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES
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Chapter 2 WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS
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Chapter 2 The main characteristics
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2.2 The mercury cell technique proc
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Chapter 2 Characteristics of the ca
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2.3 The diaphragm cell technique pr
Page 45 and 46:
Source: [ 2, Le Chlore 2002 ] [USEP
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2.4 The membrane cell technique pro
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Chapter 2 (carcinogenic) [ 76, Regu
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Chapter 2 The membranes used in the
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Table 2.2: Typical configurations o
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2.5 Brine supply 2.5.1 Sources, qua
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Chapter 2 centrifuges before dispos
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Source: [ 29, Asahi Glass 1998 ] (p
Page 61 and 62:
Impurity Source Upper limit of brin
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Chapter 2 No such dechlorination tr
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Chapter 2 The cooling water is gene
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Chapter 2 composition of the chlori
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2.6.11 Dealing with impurities 2.6.
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Chapter 2 amount of chlorine, and t
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2.6.12.2 Chemical reactions Chapter
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2.7 Caustic processing production,
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Chapter 2 2.8 Hydrogen processing p
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3 CURRENT PRESENT EMISSION AND CONS
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Chapter 3 Table 3.1: Overview of em
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3.3 Consumption levels of all cell
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3.3.3 Ancillary materials Ancillary
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Further materials and/or further us
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Chapter 3 current) and the efficien
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Chapter 3 distance means a higher f
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3.3.4.3.6 Production of caustic pot
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Chapter 3 hydrogen at low pressure
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28 kg of hydrogen is produced {Thes
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Chapter 3 depleted brine is recircu
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Chapter 3 Table 3.10: Emissions of
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Chapter 3 When measuring chlorine i
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Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Chapter 3 concentrations of organic
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Chapter 3 3.4.3 Emissions and waste
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Chapter 3 {Please TWG provide infor
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Chapter 3 in process and waste wate
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Chapter 3 produced per year has bee
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Page 121 and 122:
Chapter 3 of chlorine capacity. The
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Table 3.23: Mercury emissions from
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Mercury emissions in g Hg/t Cl capa
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Chapter 3 Table 3.24: Mercury emiss
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Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 3 KCl are higher than from
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Chapter 3 When concentrated solid c
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Chapter 3 Generally, storage of con
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Chapter 3 recycled brine systems si
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Process Maintenance To solid treatm
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3.5.9.5 Graphite and activated Acti
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Chapter 3 Table 3.31: Yearly waste
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Chapter 3 The fact that the differe
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Chapter 3 3.6 Emissions Emission an
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Reported asbestos concentrations ar
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Chapter 3 3.7 Emissions Emission an
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{A list of techniques used on full
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3.8.3 PCDDs/PCDFs, PCBs, PCNs and P
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Chapter 3 The ‘dioxin’ pattern
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Chapter 4 4 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER
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Heading within the sections Cross-m
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4.1 Mercury cell plants 4.1.1 Overv
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Chapter 4 plants at comparable capa
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2: Data from the
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Chapter 4 environment can be expect
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4. Plant size Chapter 4 An increase
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Table 4.6: Comparison of reported c
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Chapter 4 Generally, conversion cos
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4.1.3 Decommissioning 4.1.3.1 Decom
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3. Emptying of the cells and handli
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7: Overview of co
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Table 4.8: Techniques for monitorin
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Chapter 4 Table 4.10: Decommissioni
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4.2 Diaphragm cell plants 4.2.1 Aba
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Source: [ 146, Arkema 2009 ] Figure
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Chapter 4 diaphragms [ 31, Euro Chl
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Driving force for implementation Th
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Chapter 4 4.2.3 Conversion of asbes
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Chapter 4 directly from the cells.
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4.3 All Diaphragm and membrane cell
Page 201 and 202:
Chapter 4 non-standardised) will be
Page 203 and 204:
Chapter 4 removal of conductive com
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Plant
Page 207 and 208:
Environmental performance and opera
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Example plants Dow, Stade (Germany)
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Chapter 4 current density resulting
Page 213 and 214:
Chapter 4 modifications to auxiliar
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Table 4.14: Cost calculation for th
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Chapter 4 membrane lifetimes range
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Some
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Chapter 4 The drawback of using fer
Page 223 and 224:
Chapter 4 evaporation unit integrat
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Chapter 4 Technical description The
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Chapter 4 Table 4.17: Monitoring te
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Environmental performance and opera
Page 235 and 236:
Chapter 4 Prevention of chlorine re
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Chapter 4 Good pipework design to m
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 4 was the solution at that
Page 241 and 242:
differential pressure at inlet and
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter 4 chlorine scrubber, immedi
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Chapter 4 Achieved environmental be
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{Please TWG provide more informatio
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environmental legislation; generati
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Chapter 4 Table 4.21: Examples of o
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Chapter 4 Driving force for impleme
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4.3.6.3.4 Catalytic decomposition r
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Chapter 4 In both cases, the spent
Page 259 and 260:
Chapter 4 Example plants Thermal de
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Chapter 4 migration of hydroxide io
Page 263 and 264:
eduction of chlorate emissions; red
Page 265 and 266:
Example plants Solvin in Antwerp-Li
Page 267 and 268: eduction of costs related to equipm
Page 269 and 270: Chapter 4 Off-site reconcentration
Page 271 and 272: Chapter 4 b) closing of doors and w
Page 273 and 274: 4.4 Membrane cell plants 4.4.1 High
Page 275 and 276: 4.5.3 Containment Chapter 4 Descrip
Page 277 and 278: Chapter 4 Sections 4.5.4.2 and 4.5.
Page 279 and 280: Chapter 4 At this site, mercury con
Page 281 and 282: Chapter 4 However, the soil washing
Page 283 and 284: 5 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES Scope
Page 285 and 286: General considerations In these BAT
Page 287 and 288: 5.2 Decommissioning of mercury cell
Page 289 and 290: 5.3 Environmental management system
Page 291 and 292: Chapter 5 The BAT-associated enviro
Page 293 and 294: Chapter 5 6. In order to reduce ene
Page 295 and 296: 5.6 Monitoring of emissions Chapter
Page 297 and 298: [This BAT conclusion is based on in
Page 299 and 300: 5.9 Generation of waste Chapter 5 1
Page 301 and 302: 5.11 Site remediation Chapter 5 20.
Page 303 and 304: Chapter 5 inorganic chloramines, di
Page 305 and 306: 6 EMERGING TECHNIQUES 6.1 Introduct
Page 307 and 308: Chapter 6 cooperation with the Japa
Page 309 and 310: Chapter 6 In December 1998 a test w
Page 311 and 312: 6.3 Use of fuel cells in chlor-alka
Page 313 and 314: Chapter 6 hydrogen that is burnt to
Page 315 and 316: Chapter 7 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND
Page 317: REFERENCES References [1] Ullmann's
Page 321 and 322: References [112] Santorelli et al.,
Page 323 and 324: References [161] Germany, 'Verordnu
Page 325 and 326: [212] Florkiewicz, Long life diaphr
Page 327 and 328: References [259] Rappe et al., 'Lev
Page 329 and 330: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Page 331 and 332: V. Units · VI. Chemical elements T
Page 333 and 334: VIII. Acronyms and definitions AC A
Page 335 and 336: EOX Extractable Organically-bound H
Page 337 and 338: Glossary Technique Ensemble of both
Page 339 and 340: ANNEX Annex {The CAK plant capaciti
Page 341 and 342: Euro Chlor No. Country code Company
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