(BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Chlor-alkali ...

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Chapter 5 5.10 Emissions of noise 19. In order to reduce emissions of noise, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. a Technique Description Applicability Strategic planning of the location of equipment, units and buildings b Noise-reduction programme c Operational and management techniques in buildings containing noisy equipment d Low-noise equipment e Noise-reducers f Vibration insulation g h Enclosure of noisy equipment Soundproofing of buildings Noise levels can be reduced by increasing the distance between the emitter and the receiver and by using buildings as noise screens. The noise-reduction programme includes identification of sources and affected areas, calculations and measurements of noise levels, identification of most costeffective combination of techniques, their implementation and monitoring. This includes: improved inspection and maintenance of equipment to prevent failures; closing of doors and windows of covered areas; equipment operation by experienced staff; avoidance of noisy activities during night-time; provisions for noise control during maintenance activities. This potentially includes: compressors with Q 85 dB(A); speed-controlled pumps; avoidance of punched disks. Installation of noise-reducers on equipment and ducts. Vibration insulation of machineries and decoupled arrangement of noise sources and potentially resonant components. Enclosure of noisy equipment in separate structures such as buildings or soundproofed cabinets where internalexternal lining is made of impactabsorbent material. This potentially includes: sound-absorbing materials in walls and ceilings; sound-isolating doors; double-glazed windows. Noise propagation can be reduced by inserting obstacles between emitters and receivers. Appropriate obstacles include protection walls, embankments and buildings. Applicable to new plants. In the case of existing plants, the relocation of equipment and production units may be restricted by the lack of space or excessive costs. Generally applicable. Generally applicable. Generally applicable. Generally applicable. Generally applicable. Generally applicable. Generally applicable. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS i Noise abatement Applicable to new plants. In the case of existing plants, the insertion of obstacles may be restricted by the lack of space. [This BAT conclusion is based on information given in Sections 4.3.8.2, 4.3.8.3 and 4.3.8.4] 284 December 2011 TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1
5.11 Site remediation Chapter 5 20. In order to reduce contamination of soils, groundwater and air as well as to halt pollutant dispersion and transfer to biota from contaminated chlor-alkali sites, BAT is to devise and implement a site remediation plan that incorporates all of the following features: x. implementation of emergency techniques to cut off the exposure pathways and the expansion of the contamination; xi. desk study to identify the origin, extent and composition of the contamination; xii. characterisation of the contamination including surveys and the preparation of a baseline report; xiii. risk assessment over time and space as a function of the current and planned land use; xiv. preparation of an engineering project including: (a) decontamination techniques and – when these are not sufficient to meet the target – permanent containment techniques; (b) monitoring plan; xv. implementation of the engineering project; xvi. possible permanent containment techniques and site use restrictions; xvii. associated monitoring to verify that the objectives are achieved and maintained; in the case of containment or natural recovery techniques, the monitoring includes the surrounding areas. Applicability Some features of the site remediation plan can overlap, be skipped, or be carried out in another order depending on national requirements. The applicability of BAT 20 xiv. is generally restricted to sites where the need for decontamination was proven by the risk assessment and where this does not lead to excessive costs. [This BAT conclusion is based on information given in Section 4.5.2.] WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1 December 2011 285
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EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH
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PREFACE 1. Status of this document
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Reference Document on Best Availabl
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3.4.7 Emissions of noise ..........
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4.3.6.3.3 Chemical reduction ......
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Main char
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List of Figures Figure 1.1: Share p
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SCOPE WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Sco
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1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Industria
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Chlorine production in Mt/yr 12 11
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 shows the annu
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Share of total capacity in % 70 70%
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1.4 Chlor-alkali products and their
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Total consumption: 9 801 kt Miscell
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1.4.5 Consumption of hydrogen Chapt
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Chapter 1 and hazardous waste incin
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2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES
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Chapter 2 WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS
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Chapter 2 The main characteristics
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2.2 The mercury cell technique proc
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Chapter 2 Characteristics of the ca
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2.3 The diaphragm cell technique pr
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Source: [ 2, Le Chlore 2002 ] [USEP
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2.4 The membrane cell technique pro
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Chapter 2 (carcinogenic) [ 76, Regu
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Chapter 2 The membranes used in the
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Table 2.2: Typical configurations o
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2.5 Brine supply 2.5.1 Sources, qua
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Chapter 2 centrifuges before dispos
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Source: [ 29, Asahi Glass 1998 ] (p
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Impurity Source Upper limit of brin
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Chapter 2 No such dechlorination tr
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Chapter 2 The cooling water is gene
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Chapter 2 composition of the chlori
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2.6.11 Dealing with impurities 2.6.
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Chapter 2 amount of chlorine, and t
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2.6.12.2 Chemical reactions Chapter
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2.7 Caustic processing production,
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Chapter 2 2.8 Hydrogen processing p
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3 CURRENT PRESENT EMISSION AND CONS
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Chapter 3 Table 3.1: Overview of em
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3.3 Consumption levels of all cell
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3.3.3 Ancillary materials Ancillary
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Further materials and/or further us
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Chapter 3 current) and the efficien
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Chapter 3 distance means a higher f
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3.3.4.3.6 Production of caustic pot
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Chapter 3 hydrogen at low pressure
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28 kg of hydrogen is produced {Thes
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Chapter 3 depleted brine is recircu
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Chapter 3 Table 3.10: Emissions of
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Chapter 3 When measuring chlorine i
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Chapter 3 concentrations of organic
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Chapter 3 3.4.3 Emissions and waste
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Chapter 3 {Please TWG provide infor
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Chapter 3 in process and waste wate
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Chapter 3 produced per year has bee
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Chapter 3 of chlorine capacity. The
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Table 3.23: Mercury emissions from
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Mercury emissions in g Hg/t Cl capa
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Chapter 3 Table 3.24: Mercury emiss
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Chapter 3 KCl are higher than from
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Chapter 3 When concentrated solid c
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Chapter 3 Generally, storage of con
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Chapter 3 recycled brine systems si
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Process Maintenance To solid treatm
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3.5.9.5 Graphite and activated Acti
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Chapter 3 Table 3.31: Yearly waste
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Chapter 3 The fact that the differe
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Chapter 3 3.6 Emissions Emission an
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Reported asbestos concentrations ar
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Chapter 3 3.7 Emissions Emission an
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{A list of techniques used on full
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3.8.3 PCDDs/PCDFs, PCBs, PCNs and P
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Chapter 3 The ‘dioxin’ pattern
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Chapter 4 4 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER
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Heading within the sections Cross-m
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4.1 Mercury cell plants 4.1.1 Overv
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Chapter 4 plants at comparable capa
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2: Data from the
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Chapter 4 environment can be expect
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4. Plant size Chapter 4 An increase
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Table 4.6: Comparison of reported c
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Chapter 4 Generally, conversion cos
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4.1.3 Decommissioning 4.1.3.1 Decom
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3. Emptying of the cells and handli
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7: Overview of co
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Table 4.8: Techniques for monitorin
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Chapter 4 Table 4.10: Decommissioni
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4.2 Diaphragm cell plants 4.2.1 Aba
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Source: [ 146, Arkema 2009 ] Figure
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Chapter 4 diaphragms [ 31, Euro Chl
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Driving force for implementation Th
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Chapter 4 4.2.3 Conversion of asbes
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Chapter 4 directly from the cells.
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4.3 All Diaphragm and membrane cell
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Chapter 4 non-standardised) will be
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Chapter 4 removal of conductive com
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Plant
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Environmental performance and opera
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Example plants Dow, Stade (Germany)
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Chapter 4 current density resulting
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Chapter 4 modifications to auxiliar
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Table 4.14: Cost calculation for th
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Chapter 4 membrane lifetimes range
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Some
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Chapter 4 The drawback of using fer
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Chapter 4 evaporation unit integrat
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Chapter 4 Technical description The
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Chapter 4 Table 4.17: Monitoring te
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Environmental performance and opera
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Chapter 4 Prevention of chlorine re
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Chapter 4 Good pipework design to m
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Chapter 4 was the solution at that
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differential pressure at inlet and
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Chapter 4 chlorine scrubber, immedi
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Chapter 4 Achieved environmental be
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{Please TWG provide more informatio
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Page 251 and 252: Chapter 4 Table 4.21: Examples of o
Page 253 and 254: Chapter 4 Driving force for impleme
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Page 269 and 270: Chapter 4 Off-site reconcentration
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Page 273 and 274: 4.4 Membrane cell plants 4.4.1 High
Page 275 and 276: 4.5.3 Containment Chapter 4 Descrip
Page 277 and 278: Chapter 4 Sections 4.5.4.2 and 4.5.
Page 279 and 280: Chapter 4 At this site, mercury con
Page 281 and 282: Chapter 4 However, the soil washing
Page 283 and 284: 5 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES Scope
Page 285 and 286: General considerations In these BAT
Page 287 and 288: 5.2 Decommissioning of mercury cell
Page 289 and 290: 5.3 Environmental management system
Page 291 and 292: Chapter 5 The BAT-associated enviro
Page 293 and 294: Chapter 5 6. In order to reduce ene
Page 295 and 296: 5.6 Monitoring of emissions Chapter
Page 297 and 298: [This BAT conclusion is based on in
Page 299: 5.9 Generation of waste Chapter 5 1
Page 303 and 304: Chapter 5 inorganic chloramines, di
Page 305 and 306: 6 EMERGING TECHNIQUES 6.1 Introduct
Page 307 and 308: Chapter 6 cooperation with the Japa
Page 309 and 310: Chapter 6 In December 1998 a test w
Page 311 and 312: 6.3 Use of fuel cells in chlor-alka
Page 313 and 314: Chapter 6 hydrogen that is burnt to
Page 315 and 316: Chapter 7 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND
Page 317 and 318: REFERENCES References [1] Ullmann's
Page 319 and 320: References [63] Euro Chlor, Euro Ch
Page 321 and 322: References [112] Santorelli et al.,
Page 323 and 324: References [161] Germany, 'Verordnu
Page 325 and 326: [212] Florkiewicz, Long life diaphr
Page 327 and 328: References [259] Rappe et al., 'Lev
Page 329 and 330: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Page 331 and 332: V. Units · VI. Chemical elements T
Page 333 and 334: VIII. Acronyms and definitions AC A
Page 335 and 336: EOX Extractable Organically-bound H
Page 337 and 338: Glossary Technique Ensemble of both
Page 339 and 340: ANNEX Annex {The CAK plant capaciti
Page 341 and 342: Euro Chlor No. Country code Company
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