(BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Chlor-alkali ...

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Chapter 5 16. In order to reduce emissions of chlorate and bromate to water from the brine purge and the chlorine absorption unit, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a Brine acidification b Acidic reduction c Catalytic reduction d Use of brine purge to produce sodium chlorate The brine is acidified prior to electrolysis in order to reduce the formation of chlorate and bromate. The degree of acidification is limited by the chemical stability of the equipment used. Chlorate is reduced with hydrochloric acid at pH values of 0 and at temperatures higher than 85 °C. In a pressurised trickle-bed reactor, chlorate is reduced to chloride and bromate to bromide by using hydrogen and a rhodium catalyst in a three-phase reaction. The brine purge of the chlor-alkali plant is recycled to the brine system of a sodium chlorate production unit. Generally applicable. Generally applicable. Generally applicable. Restricted to sites where sodium chlorate is produced. [Section on which BAT conclusion is based] [4.3.6.4.2] [4.3.6.4.3] [4.3.6.4.4] [4.3.6.4.5] The BAT-associated emission level for chlorate (ClO3 - ) for plants that do not fully use the brine purge to produce sodium chlorate is Q 20 mg/l as daily average value. 17. In order to reduce emissions of halogenated organic compounds to water from the brine purge and the chlorine absorption unit, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description a Selection and control of salt and ancillary materials Salt and ancillary materials are selected and controlled to reduce the level of organic contaminants in the brine. Techniques such as membrane filtration, ion exchange, UV irradiation b Water purification and adsorption on activated carbon can be used to purify water thereby reducing the level of organic contaminants in the brine. c Selection and control of equipment Equipment such as cells, tubes, valves and pumps is carefully selected to reduce the potential leaching of organic contaminants to the brine. The BAT-associated emission level for halogenated organic compounds (expressed as AOX) is 0.10 – 0.50 mg/l as daily average based on measuring the sum of adsorbable organically-bound halogens (AOX) according to Annex A to EN ISO 9562 (see BAT 9). WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS [This BAT conclusion is based on information given in Section 4.3.6.5.] 282 December 2011 TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1
5.9 Generation of waste Chapter 5 18. In order to reduce the generation of sulphuric acid waste from the chlorine drying process, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a Use on site b Use off site c Reconcentration The spent acid is used to control the pH in process and waste water or to destroy surplus hypochlorite. The spent acid is used as byproduct (in the sense of Directive 2008/98/EC on waste) for other purposes off site. The spent acid is reconcentrated on site or off site in closed-loop evaporators under vacuum by indirect heating with steam. Applicable to sites which can use the spent acid of this quality Applicable to sites with an off-site demand for the spent acid of this quality. The applicability of off-site reconcentration is restricted to sites where a service provider is located nearby. [Section on which BAT conclusion is based] [4.3.7.1] [4.3.7.1] [4.3.7.2] The BAT-associated environmental performance level for the generation of sulphuric acid waste is Q 0.1 kg/t chlorine produced as yearly average. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1 December 2011 283
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EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH
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PREFACE 1. Status of this document
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Reference Document on Best Availabl
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3.4.7 Emissions of noise ..........
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4.3.6.3.3 Chemical reduction ......
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Main char
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List of Figures Figure 1.1: Share p
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SCOPE WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Sco
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1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Industria
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Chlorine production in Mt/yr 12 11
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 shows the annu
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Share of total capacity in % 70 70%
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1.4 Chlor-alkali products and their
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Total consumption: 9 801 kt Miscell
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1.4.5 Consumption of hydrogen Chapt
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Chapter 1 and hazardous waste incin
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2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES
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Chapter 2 WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS
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Chapter 2 The main characteristics
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2.2 The mercury cell technique proc
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Chapter 2 Characteristics of the ca
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2.3 The diaphragm cell technique pr
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Source: [ 2, Le Chlore 2002 ] [USEP
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2.4 The membrane cell technique pro
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Chapter 2 (carcinogenic) [ 76, Regu
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Chapter 2 The membranes used in the
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Table 2.2: Typical configurations o
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2.5 Brine supply 2.5.1 Sources, qua
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Chapter 2 centrifuges before dispos
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Source: [ 29, Asahi Glass 1998 ] (p
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Impurity Source Upper limit of brin
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Chapter 2 No such dechlorination tr
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Chapter 2 The cooling water is gene
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Chapter 2 composition of the chlori
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2.6.11 Dealing with impurities 2.6.
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Chapter 2 amount of chlorine, and t
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2.6.12.2 Chemical reactions Chapter
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2.7 Caustic processing production,
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Chapter 2 2.8 Hydrogen processing p
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3 CURRENT PRESENT EMISSION AND CONS
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Chapter 3 Table 3.1: Overview of em
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3.3 Consumption levels of all cell
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3.3.3 Ancillary materials Ancillary
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Further materials and/or further us
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Chapter 3 current) and the efficien
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Chapter 3 distance means a higher f
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3.3.4.3.6 Production of caustic pot
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Chapter 3 hydrogen at low pressure
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28 kg of hydrogen is produced {Thes
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Chapter 3 depleted brine is recircu
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Chapter 3 Table 3.10: Emissions of
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Chapter 3 When measuring chlorine i
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Chapter 3 concentrations of organic
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Chapter 3 3.4.3 Emissions and waste
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Chapter 3 {Please TWG provide infor
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Chapter 3 in process and waste wate
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Chapter 3 produced per year has bee
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Chapter 3 of chlorine capacity. The
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Table 3.23: Mercury emissions from
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Mercury emissions in g Hg/t Cl capa
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Chapter 3 Table 3.24: Mercury emiss
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Chapter 3 KCl are higher than from
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Chapter 3 When concentrated solid c
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Chapter 3 Generally, storage of con
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Chapter 3 recycled brine systems si
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Process Maintenance To solid treatm
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3.5.9.5 Graphite and activated Acti
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Chapter 3 Table 3.31: Yearly waste
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Chapter 3 The fact that the differe
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Chapter 3 3.6 Emissions Emission an
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Reported asbestos concentrations ar
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Chapter 3 3.7 Emissions Emission an
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{A list of techniques used on full
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3.8.3 PCDDs/PCDFs, PCBs, PCNs and P
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Chapter 3 The ‘dioxin’ pattern
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Chapter 4 4 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER
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Heading within the sections Cross-m
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4.1 Mercury cell plants 4.1.1 Overv
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Chapter 4 plants at comparable capa
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2: Data from the
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Chapter 4 environment can be expect
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4. Plant size Chapter 4 An increase
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Table 4.6: Comparison of reported c
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Chapter 4 Generally, conversion cos
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4.1.3 Decommissioning 4.1.3.1 Decom
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3. Emptying of the cells and handli
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7: Overview of co
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Table 4.8: Techniques for monitorin
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Chapter 4 Table 4.10: Decommissioni
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4.2 Diaphragm cell plants 4.2.1 Aba
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Source: [ 146, Arkema 2009 ] Figure
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Chapter 4 diaphragms [ 31, Euro Chl
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Driving force for implementation Th
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Chapter 4 4.2.3 Conversion of asbes
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Chapter 4 directly from the cells.
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4.3 All Diaphragm and membrane cell
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Chapter 4 non-standardised) will be
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Chapter 4 removal of conductive com
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Plant
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Environmental performance and opera
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Example plants Dow, Stade (Germany)
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Chapter 4 current density resulting
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Chapter 4 modifications to auxiliar
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Table 4.14: Cost calculation for th
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Chapter 4 membrane lifetimes range
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Some
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Chapter 4 The drawback of using fer
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Chapter 4 evaporation unit integrat
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Chapter 4 Technical description The
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Chapter 4 Table 4.17: Monitoring te
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Environmental performance and opera
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Chapter 4 Prevention of chlorine re
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Chapter 4 Good pipework design to m
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Chapter 4 was the solution at that
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differential pressure at inlet and
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Chapter 4 chlorine scrubber, immedi
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Chapter 4 Achieved environmental be
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Page 251 and 252: Chapter 4 Table 4.21: Examples of o
Page 253 and 254: Chapter 4 Driving force for impleme
Page 255 and 256: 4.3.6.3.4 Catalytic decomposition r
Page 257 and 258: Chapter 4 In both cases, the spent
Page 259 and 260: Chapter 4 Example plants Thermal de
Page 261 and 262: Chapter 4 migration of hydroxide io
Page 263 and 264: eduction of chlorate emissions; red
Page 265 and 266: Example plants Solvin in Antwerp-Li
Page 267 and 268: eduction of costs related to equipm
Page 269 and 270: Chapter 4 Off-site reconcentration
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Page 273 and 274: 4.4 Membrane cell plants 4.4.1 High
Page 275 and 276: 4.5.3 Containment Chapter 4 Descrip
Page 277 and 278: Chapter 4 Sections 4.5.4.2 and 4.5.
Page 279 and 280: Chapter 4 At this site, mercury con
Page 281 and 282: Chapter 4 However, the soil washing
Page 283 and 284: 5 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES Scope
Page 285 and 286: General considerations In these BAT
Page 287 and 288: 5.2 Decommissioning of mercury cell
Page 289 and 290: 5.3 Environmental management system
Page 291 and 292: Chapter 5 The BAT-associated enviro
Page 293 and 294: Chapter 5 6. In order to reduce ene
Page 295 and 296: 5.6 Monitoring of emissions Chapter
Page 297: [This BAT conclusion is based on in
Page 301 and 302: 5.11 Site remediation Chapter 5 20.
Page 303 and 304: Chapter 5 inorganic chloramines, di
Page 305 and 306: 6 EMERGING TECHNIQUES 6.1 Introduct
Page 307 and 308: Chapter 6 cooperation with the Japa
Page 309 and 310: Chapter 6 In December 1998 a test w
Page 311 and 312: 6.3 Use of fuel cells in chlor-alka
Page 313 and 314: Chapter 6 hydrogen that is burnt to
Page 315 and 316: Chapter 7 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND
Page 317 and 318: REFERENCES References [1] Ullmann's
Page 319 and 320: References [63] Euro Chlor, Euro Ch
Page 321 and 322: References [112] Santorelli et al.,
Page 323 and 324: References [161] Germany, 'Verordnu
Page 325 and 326: [212] Florkiewicz, Long life diaphr
Page 327 and 328: References [259] Rappe et al., 'Lev
Page 329 and 330: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Page 331 and 332: V. Units · VI. Chemical elements T
Page 333 and 334: VIII. Acronyms and definitions AC A
Page 335 and 336: EOX Extractable Organically-bound H
Page 337 and 338: Glossary Technique Ensemble of both
Page 339 and 340: ANNEX Annex {The CAK plant capaciti
Page 341 and 342: Euro Chlor No. Country code Company
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