(BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Chlor-alkali ...

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Chapter 5 5.4 Water consumption 4. In order to reduce the generation of waste water, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a Brine recirculation b c d e f Recycling of other process streams Recycling of saltcontaining waste water from other production processes Use of waste water for solution mining Closed-circuit direct cooling of hydrogen and chlorine with water Concentration of brine filtration sludges g Nanofiltration h The depleted brine from the electrolysis cells is resaturated with solid salt or by evaporation and fed back to the cells. Process streams from the chlor-alkali plant such as condensates from chlorine, caustic and hydrogen processing are fed back to various steps of the process. Salt-containing waste water from other production processes is treated and fed back into the brine system. Waste water from the chloralkali plant is treated and pumped back to the salt mine. The gas is cooled by direct contact with water which is circulated in a closed loop and cooled indirectly by using heat exchangers. Brine filtration sludges are concentrated in filter presses, rotary drum vacuum filters or centrifuges. The residual water is fed back into the brine system. A specific type of membrane filtration with membrane pore sizes of approximately 1 nm, used to concentrate sulphate in the brine purge, thereby reducing the waste water volume. Techniques to reduce chlorate emissions are described in BAT 16. These techniques reduce the brine purge volume. Not applicable to diaphragm cell plants. Not applicable to membrane cell plants using solution-mined brine in the case of availability of abundant salt and water resources and a saline receiving water body which tolerates high chloride emission levels. [Section on which BAT conclusion is based] [4.3.2.2.2, 4.3.2.3.7.] Generally applicable. [4.3.2.2.3] Not applicable to plants where an additional treatment of this waste water offsets the environmental benefits. Applicable to plants which use solution-mined brine. Not applicable when it leads to significant additional energy consumption. [4.3.2.1.3] [4.3.2.2.6] Generally applicable. [4.3.2.2.4] Generally applicable. [4.3.2.2.5] Applicable to membrane cell plants with brine recirculation. [4.3.6.2.2] WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Techniques to reduce chlorate emissions Applicable to membrane cell plants with brine recirculation. [4.3.6.4] 274 December 2011 TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1
Chapter 5 The BAT-associated environmental performance levels for the generation of waste water are: Plants Generation of waste water in m 3 /t chlorine produced as yearly average value Plants which fully use their waste water for solution mining 0 Other plants {tbd} NB: {tbd} = to be determined after further data collection. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1 December 2011 275
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EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH
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PREFACE 1. Status of this document
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Reference Document on Best Availabl
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3.4.7 Emissions of noise ..........
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4.3.6.3.3 Chemical reduction ......
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Main char
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List of Figures Figure 1.1: Share p
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SCOPE WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Sco
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1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Industria
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Chlorine production in Mt/yr 12 11
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 shows the annu
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Share of total capacity in % 70 70%
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1.4 Chlor-alkali products and their
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Total consumption: 9 801 kt Miscell
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1.4.5 Consumption of hydrogen Chapt
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Chapter 1 and hazardous waste incin
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2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES
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Chapter 2 WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS
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Chapter 2 The main characteristics
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2.2 The mercury cell technique proc
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Chapter 2 Characteristics of the ca
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2.3 The diaphragm cell technique pr
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Source: [ 2, Le Chlore 2002 ] [USEP
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2.4 The membrane cell technique pro
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Chapter 2 (carcinogenic) [ 76, Regu
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Chapter 2 The membranes used in the
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Table 2.2: Typical configurations o
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2.5 Brine supply 2.5.1 Sources, qua
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Chapter 2 centrifuges before dispos
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Source: [ 29, Asahi Glass 1998 ] (p
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Impurity Source Upper limit of brin
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Chapter 2 No such dechlorination tr
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Chapter 2 The cooling water is gene
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Chapter 2 composition of the chlori
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2.6.11 Dealing with impurities 2.6.
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Chapter 2 amount of chlorine, and t
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2.6.12.2 Chemical reactions Chapter
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2.7 Caustic processing production,
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Chapter 2 2.8 Hydrogen processing p
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3 CURRENT PRESENT EMISSION AND CONS
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Chapter 3 Table 3.1: Overview of em
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3.3 Consumption levels of all cell
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3.3.3 Ancillary materials Ancillary
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Further materials and/or further us
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Chapter 3 current) and the efficien
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Chapter 3 distance means a higher f
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3.3.4.3.6 Production of caustic pot
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Chapter 3 hydrogen at low pressure
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28 kg of hydrogen is produced {Thes
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Chapter 3 depleted brine is recircu
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Chapter 3 Table 3.10: Emissions of
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Chapter 3 When measuring chlorine i
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Chapter 3 concentrations of organic
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Chapter 3 3.4.3 Emissions and waste
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Chapter 3 {Please TWG provide infor
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Chapter 3 in process and waste wate
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Chapter 3 produced per year has bee
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Chapter 3 of chlorine capacity. The
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Table 3.23: Mercury emissions from
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Mercury emissions in g Hg/t Cl capa
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Chapter 3 Table 3.24: Mercury emiss
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Chapter 3 KCl are higher than from
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Chapter 3 When concentrated solid c
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Chapter 3 Generally, storage of con
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Chapter 3 recycled brine systems si
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Process Maintenance To solid treatm
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3.5.9.5 Graphite and activated Acti
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Chapter 3 Table 3.31: Yearly waste
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Chapter 3 The fact that the differe
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Chapter 3 3.6 Emissions Emission an
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Reported asbestos concentrations ar
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Chapter 3 3.7 Emissions Emission an
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{A list of techniques used on full
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3.8.3 PCDDs/PCDFs, PCBs, PCNs and P
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Chapter 3 The ‘dioxin’ pattern
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Chapter 4 4 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER
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Heading within the sections Cross-m
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4.1 Mercury cell plants 4.1.1 Overv
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Chapter 4 plants at comparable capa
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2: Data from the
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Chapter 4 environment can be expect
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4. Plant size Chapter 4 An increase
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Table 4.6: Comparison of reported c
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Chapter 4 Generally, conversion cos
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4.1.3 Decommissioning 4.1.3.1 Decom
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3. Emptying of the cells and handli
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7: Overview of co
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Table 4.8: Techniques for monitorin
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Chapter 4 Table 4.10: Decommissioni
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4.2 Diaphragm cell plants 4.2.1 Aba
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Source: [ 146, Arkema 2009 ] Figure
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Chapter 4 diaphragms [ 31, Euro Chl
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Driving force for implementation Th
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Chapter 4 4.2.3 Conversion of asbes
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Chapter 4 directly from the cells.
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4.3 All Diaphragm and membrane cell
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Chapter 4 non-standardised) will be
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Chapter 4 removal of conductive com
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Plant
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Environmental performance and opera
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Example plants Dow, Stade (Germany)
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Chapter 4 current density resulting
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Chapter 4 modifications to auxiliar
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Table 4.14: Cost calculation for th
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Chapter 4 membrane lifetimes range
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Some
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Chapter 4 The drawback of using fer
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Chapter 4 evaporation unit integrat
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Chapter 4 Technical description The
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Chapter 4 Table 4.17: Monitoring te
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Environmental performance and opera
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Chapter 4 Prevention of chlorine re
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Chapter 4 Good pipework design to m
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Page 243 and 244: Chapter 4 chlorine scrubber, immedi
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Page 251 and 252: Chapter 4 Table 4.21: Examples of o
Page 253 and 254: Chapter 4 Driving force for impleme
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Page 257 and 258: Chapter 4 In both cases, the spent
Page 259 and 260: Chapter 4 Example plants Thermal de
Page 261 and 262: Chapter 4 migration of hydroxide io
Page 263 and 264: eduction of chlorate emissions; red
Page 265 and 266: Example plants Solvin in Antwerp-Li
Page 267 and 268: eduction of costs related to equipm
Page 269 and 270: Chapter 4 Off-site reconcentration
Page 271 and 272: Chapter 4 b) closing of doors and w
Page 273 and 274: 4.4 Membrane cell plants 4.4.1 High
Page 275 and 276: 4.5.3 Containment Chapter 4 Descrip
Page 277 and 278: Chapter 4 Sections 4.5.4.2 and 4.5.
Page 279 and 280: Chapter 4 At this site, mercury con
Page 281 and 282: Chapter 4 However, the soil washing
Page 283 and 284: 5 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES Scope
Page 285 and 286: General considerations In these BAT
Page 287 and 288: 5.2 Decommissioning of mercury cell
Page 289: 5.3 Environmental management system
Page 293 and 294: Chapter 5 6. In order to reduce ene
Page 295 and 296: 5.6 Monitoring of emissions Chapter
Page 297 and 298: [This BAT conclusion is based on in
Page 299 and 300: 5.9 Generation of waste Chapter 5 1
Page 301 and 302: 5.11 Site remediation Chapter 5 20.
Page 303 and 304: Chapter 5 inorganic chloramines, di
Page 305 and 306: 6 EMERGING TECHNIQUES 6.1 Introduct
Page 307 and 308: Chapter 6 cooperation with the Japa
Page 309 and 310: Chapter 6 In December 1998 a test w
Page 311 and 312: 6.3 Use of fuel cells in chlor-alka
Page 313 and 314: Chapter 6 hydrogen that is burnt to
Page 315 and 316: Chapter 7 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND
Page 317 and 318: REFERENCES References [1] Ullmann's
Page 319 and 320: References [63] Euro Chlor, Euro Ch
Page 321 and 322: References [112] Santorelli et al.,
Page 323 and 324: References [161] Germany, 'Verordnu
Page 325 and 326: [212] Florkiewicz, Long life diaphr
Page 327 and 328: References [259] Rappe et al., 'Lev
Page 329 and 330: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Page 331 and 332: V. Units · VI. Chemical elements T
Page 333 and 334: VIII. Acronyms and definitions AC A
Page 335 and 336: EOX Extractable Organically-bound H
Page 337 and 338: Glossary Technique Ensemble of both
Page 339 and 340: ANNEX Annex {The CAK plant capaciti
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Euro Chlor No. Country code Company
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