(BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Chlor-alkali ...

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Chapter 5 BAT conclusions Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section are generally applicable. 5.1 Cell technique 1. BAT for the production of chlor-alkali is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Neither the mercury cell technique nor the use of asbestos diaphragms can be considered BAT under any circumstances. a b c Technique Description Applicability Bipolar membrane cell technique Monopolar membrane cell technique Asbestos-free diaphragm cell technique Membrane cells consist of an anolyte chamber with a coated titanium anode, a catholyte chamber with a coated nickel cathode and a separator consisting of a fluoropolymer grid with carbonate and sulphonate layers. In a bipolar configuration, individual membrane cells are electrically connected in series. Membrane cells consist of an anolyte chamber with a coated titanium anode, a catholyte chamber with a coated nickel cathode and a separator consisting of a fluoropolymer grid with carbonate and sulphonate layers. In a monopolar configuration, individual membrane cells are electrically connected in parallel. Asbestos-free diaphragm cells consist of an anolyte chamber with a coated titanium anode, a catholyte chamber with steel cathode (with or without coating) and a separator consisting of fluoropolymer fibres and metal oxide fillers such as zirconium dioxide. Individual diaphragm cells are electrically connected in series (bipolar) or in parallel (monopolar). Applicable to new and existing electrolysers. Applicable to existing electrolysers. Applicable to existing electrolysers. [Sections on which BAT conclusion are based] [2.4, 4.1.2, 4.2.3, 4.3.2.3.2] [2.4, 4.3.2.3.2] [2.3, 4.2.2, 4.3.2.3.2] WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS 270 December 2011 TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1
5.2 Decommissioning of mercury cell plants Chapter 5 2. In order to reduce emissions of mercury and to reduce the generation of mercury-containing waste during the decommissioning or conversion of mercury cell plants, BAT is to elaborate and implement a decommissioning plan that incorporates all of the following features: i. inclusion of some of the staff experienced in running the former plant at all stages of elaboration and implementation; ii. provision of procedures and instructions for all stages of implementation; iii. provision of a detailed training and supervision programme for personnel without experience in mercury handling; iv. provision of working areas which are: (a) covered with a roof; (b) equipped with a smooth, sloped, impervious floor to direct mercury spills to a collection sump; (c) well-lit; (d) free of obstructions and debris that may absorb mercury; (e) connected to a waste water treatment system; v. emptying of the cells and transfer of metallic mercury to containers by: (a) keeping the system closed if possible; (b) washing of mercury; (c) using gravity transfer if possible; (d) removing solid impurities from mercury if necessary; (e) filling the containers to Q 80 % of their volumetric capacity; (f) hermetically sealing the containers after filling; (g) washing of the empty cells followed by filling with water; vi. carrying out of all dismantling and demolition operations by: (a) replacing hot cutting of equipment by cold cutting if possible; (b) frequent washing of the floor of the working area; (c) rapidly cleaning-up of mercury spills by using aspiration equipment with activated carbon filters; (d) accounting of waste streams; (e) separating mercury-contaminated waste from non-contaminated waste; (f) decontaminating mercury-containing waste by using mechanical and physical treatment techniques (e.g. washing, ultrasonic vibration, vacuum cleaners), chemical treatment techniques (e.g. washing with hypochlorite, chlorinated brine or hydrogen peroxide) and/or thermal treatment techniques (e.g. distillation/retorting); (g) reusing or recycling decontaminated equipment if possible; (h) decontaminating the cell room building by cleaning the walls and the floor followed by coating or painting to give them an impermeable surface if the building is to be reused; (i) decontaminating or renewing the waste water collection systems in or around the plant; (j) confining the working area and treating mercury-containing ventilation air when high-pressure washing is used for decontamination (treatment techniques for ventilation air include adsorption on iodised or sulphurised activated carbon, scrubbing with hypochlorite or chlorinated brine or adding chlorine to form solid dimercury dichloride); (k) treating mercury-containing waste water including laundry wash water arising from the cleaning of protective equipment by using oxidation and ion exchange, oxidation and precipitation as mercury sulphide or reduction and adsorption on activated carbon; (l) monitoring of mercury in air, water and waste; vii. potential transport, potential further treatment and disposal of waste. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1 December 2011 271
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EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH
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PREFACE 1. Status of this document
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Reference Document on Best Availabl
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3.4.7 Emissions of noise ..........
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4.3.6.3.3 Chemical reduction ......
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Main char
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List of Figures Figure 1.1: Share p
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SCOPE WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Sco
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1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Industria
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Chlorine production in Mt/yr 12 11
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 shows the annu
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Share of total capacity in % 70 70%
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1.4 Chlor-alkali products and their
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Total consumption: 9 801 kt Miscell
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1.4.5 Consumption of hydrogen Chapt
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Chapter 1 and hazardous waste incin
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2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES
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Chapter 2 WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS
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Chapter 2 The main characteristics
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2.2 The mercury cell technique proc
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Chapter 2 Characteristics of the ca
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2.3 The diaphragm cell technique pr
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Source: [ 2, Le Chlore 2002 ] [USEP
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2.4 The membrane cell technique pro
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Chapter 2 (carcinogenic) [ 76, Regu
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Chapter 2 The membranes used in the
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Table 2.2: Typical configurations o
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2.5 Brine supply 2.5.1 Sources, qua
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Chapter 2 centrifuges before dispos
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Source: [ 29, Asahi Glass 1998 ] (p
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Impurity Source Upper limit of brin
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Chapter 2 No such dechlorination tr
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Chapter 2 The cooling water is gene
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Chapter 2 composition of the chlori
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2.6.11 Dealing with impurities 2.6.
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Chapter 2 amount of chlorine, and t
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2.6.12.2 Chemical reactions Chapter
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2.7 Caustic processing production,
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Chapter 2 2.8 Hydrogen processing p
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3 CURRENT PRESENT EMISSION AND CONS
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Chapter 3 Table 3.1: Overview of em
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3.3 Consumption levels of all cell
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3.3.3 Ancillary materials Ancillary
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Further materials and/or further us
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Chapter 3 current) and the efficien
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Chapter 3 distance means a higher f
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3.3.4.3.6 Production of caustic pot
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Chapter 3 hydrogen at low pressure
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28 kg of hydrogen is produced {Thes
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Chapter 3 depleted brine is recircu
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Chapter 3 Table 3.10: Emissions of
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Chapter 3 When measuring chlorine i
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Chapter 3 concentrations of organic
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Chapter 3 3.4.3 Emissions and waste
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Chapter 3 {Please TWG provide infor
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Chapter 3 in process and waste wate
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Chapter 3 produced per year has bee
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Chapter 3 of chlorine capacity. The
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Table 3.23: Mercury emissions from
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Mercury emissions in g Hg/t Cl capa
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Chapter 3 Table 3.24: Mercury emiss
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Chapter 3 KCl are higher than from
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Chapter 3 When concentrated solid c
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Chapter 3 Generally, storage of con
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Chapter 3 recycled brine systems si
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Process Maintenance To solid treatm
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3.5.9.5 Graphite and activated Acti
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Chapter 3 Table 3.31: Yearly waste
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Chapter 3 The fact that the differe
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Chapter 3 3.6 Emissions Emission an
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Reported asbestos concentrations ar
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Chapter 3 3.7 Emissions Emission an
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{A list of techniques used on full
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3.8.3 PCDDs/PCDFs, PCBs, PCNs and P
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Chapter 3 The ‘dioxin’ pattern
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Chapter 4 4 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER
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Heading within the sections Cross-m
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4.1 Mercury cell plants 4.1.1 Overv
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Chapter 4 plants at comparable capa
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2: Data from the
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Chapter 4 environment can be expect
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4. Plant size Chapter 4 An increase
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Table 4.6: Comparison of reported c
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Chapter 4 Generally, conversion cos
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4.1.3 Decommissioning 4.1.3.1 Decom
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3. Emptying of the cells and handli
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7: Overview of co
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Table 4.8: Techniques for monitorin
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Chapter 4 Table 4.10: Decommissioni
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4.2 Diaphragm cell plants 4.2.1 Aba
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Source: [ 146, Arkema 2009 ] Figure
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Chapter 4 diaphragms [ 31, Euro Chl
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Driving force for implementation Th
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Chapter 4 4.2.3 Conversion of asbes
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Chapter 4 directly from the cells.
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4.3 All Diaphragm and membrane cell
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Chapter 4 non-standardised) will be
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Chapter 4 removal of conductive com
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Plant
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Environmental performance and opera
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Example plants Dow, Stade (Germany)
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Chapter 4 current density resulting
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Chapter 4 modifications to auxiliar
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Table 4.14: Cost calculation for th
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Chapter 4 membrane lifetimes range
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Some
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Chapter 4 The drawback of using fer
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Chapter 4 evaporation unit integrat
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Chapter 4 Technical description The
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Chapter 4 Table 4.17: Monitoring te
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Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Environmental performance and opera
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Page 243 and 244: Chapter 4 chlorine scrubber, immedi
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Page 249 and 250: environmental legislation; generati
Page 251 and 252: Chapter 4 Table 4.21: Examples of o
Page 253 and 254: Chapter 4 Driving force for impleme
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Page 259 and 260: Chapter 4 Example plants Thermal de
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Page 269 and 270: Chapter 4 Off-site reconcentration
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Page 275 and 276: 4.5.3 Containment Chapter 4 Descrip
Page 277 and 278: Chapter 4 Sections 4.5.4.2 and 4.5.
Page 279 and 280: Chapter 4 At this site, mercury con
Page 281 and 282: Chapter 4 However, the soil washing
Page 283 and 284: 5 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES Scope
Page 285: General considerations In these BAT
Page 289 and 290: 5.3 Environmental management system
Page 291 and 292: Chapter 5 The BAT-associated enviro
Page 293 and 294: Chapter 5 6. In order to reduce ene
Page 295 and 296: 5.6 Monitoring of emissions Chapter
Page 297 and 298: [This BAT conclusion is based on in
Page 299 and 300: 5.9 Generation of waste Chapter 5 1
Page 301 and 302: 5.11 Site remediation Chapter 5 20.
Page 303 and 304: Chapter 5 inorganic chloramines, di
Page 305 and 306: 6 EMERGING TECHNIQUES 6.1 Introduct
Page 307 and 308: Chapter 6 cooperation with the Japa
Page 309 and 310: Chapter 6 In December 1998 a test w
Page 311 and 312: 6.3 Use of fuel cells in chlor-alka
Page 313 and 314: Chapter 6 hydrogen that is burnt to
Page 315 and 316: Chapter 7 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND
Page 317 and 318: REFERENCES References [1] Ullmann's
Page 319 and 320: References [63] Euro Chlor, Euro Ch
Page 321 and 322: References [112] Santorelli et al.,
Page 323 and 324: References [161] Germany, 'Verordnu
Page 325 and 326: [212] Florkiewicz, Long life diaphr
Page 327 and 328: References [259] Rappe et al., 'Lev
Page 329 and 330: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Page 331 and 332: V. Units · VI. Chemical elements T
Page 333 and 334: VIII. Acronyms and definitions AC A
Page 335 and 336: EOX Extractable Organically-bound H
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Glossary Technique Ensemble of both
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ANNEX Annex {The CAK plant capaciti
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Euro Chlor No. Country code Company
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