(BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Chlor-alkali ...

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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects If the contaminated soil is removed, additional emissions may result from the mobilisation of pollutants and additional soil is required to substitute the confined soil. Raw materials and energy are used for the confinement. Technical considerations relevant to applicability Some containment techniques are restricted by existing buildings and underground equipment. The removal of soil can be difficult if the contamination is present at some depth and/or in the in the presence of an aquifer [ 245, Euro Chlor 2009 ]. Economics Containment techniques are more economical than decontamination techniques. The total costs for site remediation in Rheinfelden (Germany) including incineration of the soil fraction with the heaviest PCDD/PCDF contamination amounted to EUR 24 million. A complete decontamination was considered to be not economical due to the elevated costs and the fact that the risk of ground water contamination with PCDDs/PCDFs could be excluded [ 240, Otto et al. 2006 ]. Driving force for implementation The driving forces for implementation of this technique include: environmental legislation; reduction of costs. Example plants Mercury cell chlor-alkali plant in Skutskär (Sweden), in operation from 1949 – 1977 [ 75, COM 2001 ], [ 278, Verberne and Maxson 2000 ]; Mercury cell chlor-alkali plant in Pavlodar (Kazakhstan), put into operation in 1975, chlorine capacity 100 kt/yr [ 262, Ilyushchenko et al. 2008 ]; Mercury and diaphragm cell chlor-alkali plant in Rheinfelden (Germany), put into operation in 1890 [ 240, Otto et al. 2006 ]. {Please TWG provide more examples.} Reference Literature [ 75, COM 2001 ], [ 240, Otto et al. 2006 ], [ 244, Hinton and Veiga 2001 ], [ 245, Euro Chlor 2009 ], [ 262, Ilyushchenko et al. 2008 ], [ 278, Verberne and Maxson 2000 ] 4.5.4 Decontamination 4.5.4.1 Overview Decontamination is frequently carried out by excavation of the soil and ex-situ treatment, either on site of off site, while in-situ treatment is less frequently applied. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Excavated contaminated soil is waste according to the Waste Framework Directive. It falls under chapter 17 05 of the European List of Waste. Depending on the properties, the excavated contaminated soil may fulfil the criteria for hazardous waste [ 145, Decision 2000/532/EC 2000 ], [ 269, Waste Framework Directive 98/EC 2008 ]. Ex-situ techniques for decontamination are therefore described in the Waste Treatments Industries BREF (e.g. immobilisation, thermal desorption, vapour extraction, solvent extraction, soil washing) [ 267, COM 2006 ] and the Waste Incineration BREF (e.g. incineration, mercury abatement, PCDD/PCDF abatement) [ 268, COM 2006 ]. The techniques described in 260 December 2011 TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1
Chapter 4 Sections 4.5.4.2 and 4.5.4.3 constitute specific examples of waste treatments relevant for contaminated chlor-alkali sites. Table 4.24 summarises potential techniques for the decontamination of mercury-contaminated soils. Table 4.24: Potential techniques for the decontamination of mercury-contaminated soils Technique Description Thermal desorption is an ex-situ physical technique to remove mercury from the contaminated medium. Heat is supplied under reduced pressure to the contaminated Thermal soil or waste, volatilising mercury. The off-gas is treated by condensation to desorption generate liquid elemental mercury. The off-gas may require further treatment also depending on the presence of other pollutants. The technique has been used at full scale including chlor-alkali sites (see Section 4.5.4.2). Vapour extraction is based on in-situ volatilisation of mercury by applying vacuum Vapour and heat followed by treatment of the exhaust gases. The technique has been used at extraction full scale, but not at chlor-alkali sites. Soil washing is an ex-situ technique that takes advantage of the behavior of mercury to preferentially adsorb onto fine particles. The contaminated soil is suspended in a wash solution and the fine particles are separated from the suspension, thereby Soil washing reducing the contaminant concentration in the remaining soil. The extraction of and extraction mercury from the fine particles fraction can be based on desorption of adsorbed species, oxidation of metallic mercury, complexation and dissolution (e.g. by using acids). The technique has been used at full scale including chlor-alkali sites (see Section 4.5.4.3). Solidification and stabilisation are ex-situ techniques which reduce the mobility of hazardous substances and contaminants in the environment through both physical and chemical means. This technique physically binds or encloses contaminants within a stabilised mass and chemically reduces the hazard potential by converting Solidification the contaminants into less soluble, mobile, or toxic forms. Amalgamation is and stabilisation typically used to immobilise elemental mercury and is often combined with encapsulation to prevent volatisation of mercury from the amalgam. The technique has been used at full scale including chlor-alkali sites. Soluble mercury may be immobilised in-situ by precipitation as mercury sulphide. Vitrification is a high-temperature treatment designed to immobilise contaminants ex-situ or in-situ by incorporating them in the vitrified end product, which is chemically durable and leach resistant. The primary residue generated by this technique is typically glass cullet or aggregate. Secondary residues generated are air Vitrification emissions, scrubber liquor, carbon filters, and used hood panels. This technique may also cause contaminants to volatilise or undergo thermal destruction, thereby reducing their concentration in the soil. The technique has been used at full scale, but not at chlor-alkali sites. Source: [ 244, Hinton and Veiga 2001 ], [ 245, Euro Chlor 2009 ], [ 266, US EPA 2007 ] Techniques for treating mercury-contaminated waste water arising during decontamination are described in Section 4.1.3.1 and in the CWW and WT BREFs [ 124, COM 2011 ], [ 267, COM 2006 ]. Techniques for treating mercury-containing waste gases arising during decontamination are described in Section 4.1.3.1 and in the WT and WI BREFs [ 267, COM 2006 ], [ 268, COM 2006 ]. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS 4.5.4.2 Thermal desorption Description This technique consists in heating excavated soil (on site or off site) to volatilise mercury and other organic compounds (e.g. PCDDs/PCDFs and halogenated organic compounds) with subsequent treatment of the resulting waste gases. TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1 December 2011 261
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EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH
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PREFACE 1. Status of this document
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Reference Document on Best Availabl
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3.4.7 Emissions of noise ..........
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4.3.6.3.3 Chemical reduction ......
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Main char
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List of Figures Figure 1.1: Share p
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SCOPE WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Sco
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1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Industria
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Chlorine production in Mt/yr 12 11
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 shows the annu
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Share of total capacity in % 70 70%
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1.4 Chlor-alkali products and their
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Total consumption: 9 801 kt Miscell
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1.4.5 Consumption of hydrogen Chapt
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Chapter 1 and hazardous waste incin
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2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES
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Chapter 2 WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS
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Chapter 2 The main characteristics
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2.2 The mercury cell technique proc
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Chapter 2 Characteristics of the ca
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2.3 The diaphragm cell technique pr
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Source: [ 2, Le Chlore 2002 ] [USEP
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2.4 The membrane cell technique pro
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Chapter 2 (carcinogenic) [ 76, Regu
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Chapter 2 The membranes used in the
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Table 2.2: Typical configurations o
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2.5 Brine supply 2.5.1 Sources, qua
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Chapter 2 centrifuges before dispos
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Source: [ 29, Asahi Glass 1998 ] (p
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Impurity Source Upper limit of brin
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Chapter 2 No such dechlorination tr
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Chapter 2 The cooling water is gene
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Chapter 2 composition of the chlori
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2.6.11 Dealing with impurities 2.6.
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Chapter 2 amount of chlorine, and t
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2.6.12.2 Chemical reactions Chapter
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2.7 Caustic processing production,
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Chapter 2 2.8 Hydrogen processing p
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3 CURRENT PRESENT EMISSION AND CONS
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Chapter 3 Table 3.1: Overview of em
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3.3 Consumption levels of all cell
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3.3.3 Ancillary materials Ancillary
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Further materials and/or further us
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Chapter 3 current) and the efficien
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Chapter 3 distance means a higher f
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3.3.4.3.6 Production of caustic pot
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Chapter 3 hydrogen at low pressure
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28 kg of hydrogen is produced {Thes
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Chapter 3 depleted brine is recircu
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Chapter 3 Table 3.10: Emissions of
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Chapter 3 When measuring chlorine i
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Chapter 3 concentrations of organic
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Chapter 3 3.4.3 Emissions and waste
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Chapter 3 {Please TWG provide infor
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Chapter 3 in process and waste wate
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Chapter 3 produced per year has bee
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Chapter 3 of chlorine capacity. The
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Table 3.23: Mercury emissions from
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Mercury emissions in g Hg/t Cl capa
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Chapter 3 Table 3.24: Mercury emiss
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Chapter 3 KCl are higher than from
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Chapter 3 When concentrated solid c
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Chapter 3 Generally, storage of con
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Chapter 3 recycled brine systems si
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Process Maintenance To solid treatm
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3.5.9.5 Graphite and activated Acti
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Chapter 3 Table 3.31: Yearly waste
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Chapter 3 The fact that the differe
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Chapter 3 3.6 Emissions Emission an
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Reported asbestos concentrations ar
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Chapter 3 3.7 Emissions Emission an
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{A list of techniques used on full
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3.8.3 PCDDs/PCDFs, PCBs, PCNs and P
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Chapter 3 The ‘dioxin’ pattern
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Chapter 4 4 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER
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Heading within the sections Cross-m
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4.1 Mercury cell plants 4.1.1 Overv
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Chapter 4 plants at comparable capa
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2: Data from the
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Chapter 4 environment can be expect
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4. Plant size Chapter 4 An increase
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Table 4.6: Comparison of reported c
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Chapter 4 Generally, conversion cos
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4.1.3 Decommissioning 4.1.3.1 Decom
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3. Emptying of the cells and handli
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7: Overview of co
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Table 4.8: Techniques for monitorin
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Chapter 4 Table 4.10: Decommissioni
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4.2 Diaphragm cell plants 4.2.1 Aba
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Source: [ 146, Arkema 2009 ] Figure
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Chapter 4 diaphragms [ 31, Euro Chl
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Driving force for implementation Th
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Chapter 4 4.2.3 Conversion of asbes
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Chapter 4 directly from the cells.
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4.3 All Diaphragm and membrane cell
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Chapter 4 non-standardised) will be
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Chapter 4 removal of conductive com
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Plant
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Environmental performance and opera
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Example plants Dow, Stade (Germany)
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Chapter 4 current density resulting
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Chapter 4 modifications to auxiliar
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Table 4.14: Cost calculation for th
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Chapter 4 membrane lifetimes range
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Some
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Chapter 4 The drawback of using fer
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Chapter 4 evaporation unit integrat
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Page 231 and 232: Chapter 4 Environmental performance
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Page 251 and 252: Chapter 4 Table 4.21: Examples of o
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Page 283 and 284: 5 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES Scope
Page 285 and 286: General considerations In these BAT
Page 287 and 288: 5.2 Decommissioning of mercury cell
Page 289 and 290: 5.3 Environmental management system
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Page 293 and 294: Chapter 5 6. In order to reduce ene
Page 295 and 296: 5.6 Monitoring of emissions Chapter
Page 297 and 298: [This BAT conclusion is based on in
Page 299 and 300: 5.9 Generation of waste Chapter 5 1
Page 301 and 302: 5.11 Site remediation Chapter 5 20.
Page 303 and 304: Chapter 5 inorganic chloramines, di
Page 305 and 306: 6 EMERGING TECHNIQUES 6.1 Introduct
Page 307 and 308: Chapter 6 cooperation with the Japa
Page 309 and 310: Chapter 6 In December 1998 a test w
Page 311 and 312: 6.3 Use of fuel cells in chlor-alka
Page 313 and 314: Chapter 6 hydrogen that is burnt to
Page 315 and 316: Chapter 7 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND
Page 317 and 318: REFERENCES References [1] Ullmann's
Page 319 and 320: References [63] Euro Chlor, Euro Ch
Page 321 and 322: References [112] Santorelli et al.,
Page 323 and 324: References [161] Germany, 'Verordnu
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References [259] Rappe et al., 'Lev
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
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V. Units · VI. Chemical elements T
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VIII. Acronyms and definitions AC A
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EOX Extractable Organically-bound H
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Glossary Technique Ensemble of both
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ANNEX Annex {The CAK plant capaciti
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Euro Chlor No. Country code Company
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