(BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Chlor-alkali ...

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Chapter 4 parameters such as speciation and mobility are not taken into account. A sensitivity analysis might therefore be useful when assessing the parameters used within the risk assessment [ 245, Euro Chlor 2009 ]. 5. Preparation of an engineering project to achieve the desired level of decontamination including: a. decontamination techniques; b. timetables; c. optional containment or removal techniques (needed when the target level is not achievable by only using decontamination techniques); d. monitoring plan; e. financial planning and investment to achieve the target. 6. Decontamination phase: implementation of the engineering project so that the contaminated site, taking account of its current use and approved future use, no longer poses any significant risk to human health or the environment. 7. Possible permanent containment techniques such as capping and cut-off walls as well as site use restrictions. 8. Associated monitoring to verify that the objectives are achieved and maintained. Where containment or natural recovery apply, the monitoring of the surrounding areas is performed to follow-up the evolution of the related risks to human health or the environment. Achieved environmental benefits The achieved environmental benefits of this technique include the following: reduction of contamination in soil, groundwater and air; halting of pollution dispersion and transfer to biota. Environmental performance and operational data Environmental performance and operational data are inherently linked to the applied containment and decontamination techniques (see Sections 4.5.3 and 4.5.4). Cross-media effects Pollutants may be mobilised during the implementing phases of the site remediation plan if these are not properly managed. Technical considerations relevant to applicability Generally, there are no technical restrictions to the applicability of this technique. Economics A sound site remediation plan forms the basis for efficient spending on site remediation. Decontamination techniques are much more expensive than containment techniques. Driving force for implementation The driving forces for implementation of this technique include: WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS environmental legislation; reduction of costs. Example plants A site remediation plan is always devised and implemented for the remediation of contaminated chlor-alkali sites. Reference literature [ 240, Otto et al. 2006 ], [ 244, Hinton and Veiga 2001 ], [ 245, Euro Chlor 2009 ], [ 262, Ilyushchenko et al. 2008 ] 258 December 2011 TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1
4.5.3 Containment Chapter 4 Description Containment techniques consist in cutting-off the exposure pathway from a contaminated site towards receptors. This is achieved by confinement of the contaminated material either at the original location or after removal. Technical description For the containment of contaminated soil at the original location, barriers such as cappings or cut-off walls are frequently used, either during emergency preliminary activities or as permanent techniques. Otherwise the polluted soil or sediment is removed and confined in a permanent storage facility. If necessary, the incurring groundwater is treated. The excavated soil is then replaced with uncontaminated soil. Each cut-off wall system has limitations with respect to emplacement depth and to uncertainty concerning permeability. Barriers may intend to surround the contaminated zone entirely or remove the potential for groundwater flow through the source. Examples include slurry walls, grout walls/curtains and sheet pile walls. For cappings, low permeability materials, such as compacted clays, natural soils mixed with stabilisers or bentonite, or geosynthetic membranes are frequently used to inhibit infiltration [ 244, Hinton and Veiga 2001 ]. In one case, a decision has been taken At a mercury cell chlor-alkali site in Skutskär (Sweden), a decision was made to build a barrier and dredge the sediment from the bottom of the harbour area and place it behind the barrier. The volume of sediment was is 500 000 m 3 and the amount of mercury is 4000 kg. The content of mercury varied varies between 1 and 110 mg/kg dry substance, with an average of 24 mg/kg [ 75, COM 2001 ], [ 278, Verberne and Maxson 2000 ]. {Please TWG provide information on the actual site and if the decision was implemented.} At a mercury cell chlor-alkali site in Pavlodar (Kazakhstzan) the following containment techniques were implemented from 2002 – 2005 [ 262, Ilyushchenko et al. 2008 ]: construction of bentonite cut-off walls (15 – 20 m deep, 0.5 m wide) underneath the cell room building by backfilling a trench with a mixture of bentonite clay and water which was deep enough to reach water-resistant basalt clay below the aquifer; removal of the upper soil layer outside the cut-off wall (50 cm depth, mercury content > 10 mg /kg) and replacement with clean soil; monitoring network with more than 100 observation boreholes. At a mercury and diaphragm cell chlor-alkali site in Rheinfelden (Germany), the PCDD/PCDF-contaminated soil with > 1 Zg TEQ/kg was removed and substituted or, in some cases was contained by removing the top soil, fitting a geo textile and covering the bottom soil again with non-contaminated soil. The largest share of contaminated soil with PCDD/PCDF concentrations < 10 Zg TEQ/kg was deposited on a landfill while most of the soil with PCDD/PCDF concentrations > 10 Zg TEQ/kg was incinerated as hazardous waste. Soil with PCDD/PCDF concentrations < 1 Zg TEQ/kg remained without action taken but restrictions to agricultural use applied [ 240, Otto et al. 2006 ]. WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Achieved environmental benefits The achieved environmental benefit of this technique is a prevention of pollution dispersion and transfer to biota. Environmental performance and operational data At a mercury cell chlor-alkali site in Pavlodar (Kazakhstzan) the mercury concentrations in groundwater inside the site perimeter remained high after the implementation of containment techniques while significant local decreases were observed outside [ 262, Ilyushchenko et al. 2008 ]. TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1 December 2011 259
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EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH
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PREFACE 1. Status of this document
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Reference Document on Best Availabl
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3.4.7 Emissions of noise ..........
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4.3.6.3.3 Chemical reduction ......
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Main char
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List of Figures Figure 1.1: Share p
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SCOPE WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Sco
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1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Industria
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Chlorine production in Mt/yr 12 11
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 shows the annu
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Share of total capacity in % 70 70%
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1.4 Chlor-alkali products and their
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Total consumption: 9 801 kt Miscell
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1.4.5 Consumption of hydrogen Chapt
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Chapter 1 and hazardous waste incin
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2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES
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Chapter 2 WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS
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Chapter 2 The main characteristics
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2.2 The mercury cell technique proc
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Chapter 2 Characteristics of the ca
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2.3 The diaphragm cell technique pr
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Source: [ 2, Le Chlore 2002 ] [USEP
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2.4 The membrane cell technique pro
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Chapter 2 (carcinogenic) [ 76, Regu
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Chapter 2 The membranes used in the
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Table 2.2: Typical configurations o
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2.5 Brine supply 2.5.1 Sources, qua
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Chapter 2 centrifuges before dispos
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Source: [ 29, Asahi Glass 1998 ] (p
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Impurity Source Upper limit of brin
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Chapter 2 No such dechlorination tr
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Chapter 2 The cooling water is gene
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Chapter 2 composition of the chlori
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2.6.11 Dealing with impurities 2.6.
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Chapter 2 amount of chlorine, and t
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2.6.12.2 Chemical reactions Chapter
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2.7 Caustic processing production,
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Chapter 2 2.8 Hydrogen processing p
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3 CURRENT PRESENT EMISSION AND CONS
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Chapter 3 Table 3.1: Overview of em
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3.3 Consumption levels of all cell
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3.3.3 Ancillary materials Ancillary
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Further materials and/or further us
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Chapter 3 current) and the efficien
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Chapter 3 distance means a higher f
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3.3.4.3.6 Production of caustic pot
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Chapter 3 hydrogen at low pressure
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28 kg of hydrogen is produced {Thes
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Chapter 3 depleted brine is recircu
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Chapter 3 Table 3.10: Emissions of
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Chapter 3 When measuring chlorine i
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Chapter 3 concentrations of organic
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Chapter 3 3.4.3 Emissions and waste
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Chapter 3 {Please TWG provide infor
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Chapter 3 in process and waste wate
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Chapter 3 produced per year has bee
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Chapter 3 of chlorine capacity. The
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Table 3.23: Mercury emissions from
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Mercury emissions in g Hg/t Cl capa
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Chapter 3 Table 3.24: Mercury emiss
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Chapter 3 KCl are higher than from
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Chapter 3 When concentrated solid c
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Chapter 3 Generally, storage of con
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Chapter 3 recycled brine systems si
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Process Maintenance To solid treatm
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3.5.9.5 Graphite and activated Acti
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Chapter 3 Table 3.31: Yearly waste
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Chapter 3 The fact that the differe
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Chapter 3 3.6 Emissions Emission an
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Reported asbestos concentrations ar
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Chapter 3 3.7 Emissions Emission an
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{A list of techniques used on full
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3.8.3 PCDDs/PCDFs, PCBs, PCNs and P
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Chapter 3 The ‘dioxin’ pattern
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Chapter 4 4 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER
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Heading within the sections Cross-m
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4.1 Mercury cell plants 4.1.1 Overv
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Chapter 4 plants at comparable capa
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Chapter 4 Table 4.2: Data from the
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Chapter 4 environment can be expect
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4. Plant size Chapter 4 An increase
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Table 4.6: Comparison of reported c
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Chapter 4 Generally, conversion cos
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4.1.3 Decommissioning 4.1.3.1 Decom
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3. Emptying of the cells and handli
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Chapter 4 Table 4.7: Overview of co
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Table 4.8: Techniques for monitorin
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Chapter 4 Table 4.10: Decommissioni
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4.2 Diaphragm cell plants 4.2.1 Aba
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Source: [ 146, Arkema 2009 ] Figure
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Chapter 4 diaphragms [ 31, Euro Chl
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Driving force for implementation Th
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Chapter 4 4.2.3 Conversion of asbes
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Chapter 4 directly from the cells.
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4.3 All Diaphragm and membrane cell
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Chapter 4 non-standardised) will be
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Chapter 4 removal of conductive com
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Plant
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Environmental performance and opera
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Example plants Dow, Stade (Germany)
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Chapter 4 current density resulting
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Chapter 4 modifications to auxiliar
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Table 4.14: Cost calculation for th
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Chapter 4 membrane lifetimes range
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Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Some
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Chapter 4 The drawback of using fer
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Page 283 and 284: 5 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES Scope
Page 285 and 286: General considerations In these BAT
Page 287 and 288: 5.2 Decommissioning of mercury cell
Page 289 and 290: 5.3 Environmental management system
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Page 293 and 294: Chapter 5 6. In order to reduce ene
Page 295 and 296: 5.6 Monitoring of emissions Chapter
Page 297 and 298: [This BAT conclusion is based on in
Page 299 and 300: 5.9 Generation of waste Chapter 5 1
Page 301 and 302: 5.11 Site remediation Chapter 5 20.
Page 303 and 304: Chapter 5 inorganic chloramines, di
Page 305 and 306: 6 EMERGING TECHNIQUES 6.1 Introduct
Page 307 and 308: Chapter 6 cooperation with the Japa
Page 309 and 310: Chapter 6 In December 1998 a test w
Page 311 and 312: 6.3 Use of fuel cells in chlor-alka
Page 313 and 314: Chapter 6 hydrogen that is burnt to
Page 315 and 316: Chapter 7 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND
Page 317 and 318: REFERENCES References [1] Ullmann's
Page 319 and 320: References [63] Euro Chlor, Euro Ch
Page 321 and 322: References [112] Santorelli et al.,
Page 323 and 324: References [161] Germany, 'Verordnu
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[212] Florkiewicz, Long life diaphr
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References [259] Rappe et al., 'Lev
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
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V. Units · VI. Chemical elements T
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VIII. Acronyms and definitions AC A
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EOX Extractable Organically-bound H
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Glossary Technique Ensemble of both
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ANNEX Annex {The CAK plant capaciti
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Euro Chlor No. Country code Company
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