(BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Chlor-alkali ...

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Chapter 4 Reference literature [ 31, Euro Chlor 2010 ], [ 211, Dibble and White 1988 ] [Dibble-White, 1988], [Dutch report, 1998], [Florkiewicz, 1997], [Florkiewicz-Curlin, 1991] WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS 182 December 2011 TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1
4.3 All Diaphragm and membrane cell plants 4.3.1 Environmental management systems Description A formal system to demonstrate compliance with environmental objectives. Chapter 4 Technical description The Directive defines ‘techniques’ (under the definition of 'best available techniques') as ‘both the technology used and the way in which the installation is designed, built, maintained, operated and decommissioned’. In this respect, an environmental management system (EMS) is a technique allowing operators of installations to address environmental issues in a systematic and demonstrable way. EMSs are most effective and efficient where they form an inherent part of the overall management and operation of an installation. An EMS focuses the attention of the operator on the environmental performance of the installation; in particular through the application of clear operating procedures for both normal and other than normal operating conditions, and by setting out the associated lines of responsibility. All effective EMSs incorporate the concept of continuous improvement, meaning that environmental management is an ongoing process, not a project which eventually comes to an end. There are various process designs, but most EMSs are based on the plan-do-check-act cycle (which is widely used in other company management contexts). The cycle is an iterative dynamic model, where the completion of one cycle flows into the beginning of the next (see Figure 4.3). Management Review Checking Corrective action EMS model Policy Planning Implementation WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Figure 4.3: Continuous improvement in an EMS model An EMS can take the form of a standardised or non-standardised (‘customised’) system. Implementation and adherence to an internationally accepted standardized system such as EN ISO 14001:2004 can give higher credibility to the EMS, especially when subjected to a properly performed external verification. EMAS provides additional credibility due to the interaction with the public through the environmental statement and the mechanism to ensure compliance with the applicable environmental legislation. However, non-standardised systems can, in principle, be equally effective provided that they are properly designed and implemented. TB/EIPPCB/CAK_Draft_1 December 2011 183
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EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH
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PREFACE 1. Status of this document
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Reference Document on Best Availabl
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3.4.7 Emissions of noise ..........
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4.3.6.3.3 Chemical reduction ......
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Main char
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List of Figures Figure 1.1: Share p
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SCOPE WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS Sco
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1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Industria
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Chlorine production in Mt/yr 12 11
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.4 shows the annu
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Share of total capacity in % 70 70%
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1.4 Chlor-alkali products and their
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Total consumption: 9 801 kt Miscell
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1.4.5 Consumption of hydrogen Chapt
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Chapter 1 and hazardous waste incin
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2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES
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Chapter 2 WORKING DRAFT IN PROGRESS
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Chapter 2 The main characteristics
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2.2 The mercury cell technique proc
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Chapter 2 Characteristics of the ca
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2.3 The diaphragm cell technique pr
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Source: [ 2, Le Chlore 2002 ] [USEP
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2.4 The membrane cell technique pro
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Chapter 2 (carcinogenic) [ 76, Regu
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Chapter 2 The membranes used in the
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Table 2.2: Typical configurations o
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2.5 Brine supply 2.5.1 Sources, qua
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Chapter 2 centrifuges before dispos
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Source: [ 29, Asahi Glass 1998 ] (p
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Impurity Source Upper limit of brin
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Chapter 2 No such dechlorination tr
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Chapter 2 The cooling water is gene
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Chapter 2 composition of the chlori
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2.6.11 Dealing with impurities 2.6.
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Chapter 2 amount of chlorine, and t
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2.6.12.2 Chemical reactions Chapter
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2.7 Caustic processing production,
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Chapter 2 2.8 Hydrogen processing p
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3 CURRENT PRESENT EMISSION AND CONS
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Chapter 3 Table 3.1: Overview of em
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3.3 Consumption levels of all cell
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3.3.3 Ancillary materials Ancillary
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Further materials and/or further us
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Chapter 3 current) and the efficien
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Chapter 3 distance means a higher f
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3.3.4.3.6 Production of caustic pot
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Chapter 3 hydrogen at low pressure
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28 kg of hydrogen is produced {Thes
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Chapter 3 depleted brine is recircu
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Chapter 3 Table 3.10: Emissions of
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Chapter 3 When measuring chlorine i
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Chapter 3 concentrations of organic
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Chapter 3 3.4.3 Emissions and waste
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Chapter 3 {Please TWG provide infor
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Chapter 3 in process and waste wate
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Chapter 3 produced per year has bee
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Chapter 3 of chlorine capacity. The
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Table 3.23: Mercury emissions from
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Mercury emissions in g Hg/t Cl capa
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Chapter 3 Table 3.24: Mercury emiss
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Chapter 3 KCl are higher than from
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Chapter 3 When concentrated solid c
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Chapter 3 Generally, storage of con
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Chapter 3 recycled brine systems si
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Process Maintenance To solid treatm
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3.5.9.5 Graphite and activated Acti
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Chapter 3 Table 3.31: Yearly waste
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Chapter 3 The fact that the differe
Page 147 and 148: Chapter 3 3.6 Emissions Emission an
Page 149 and 150: Reported asbestos concentrations ar
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 3 3.7 Emissions Emission an
Page 153 and 154: {A list of techniques used on full
Page 155 and 156: 3.8.3 PCDDs/PCDFs, PCBs, PCNs and P
Page 157 and 158: Chapter 3 The ‘dioxin’ pattern
Page 159 and 160: Chapter 4 4 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER
Page 161 and 162: Heading within the sections Cross-m
Page 163 and 164: 4.1 Mercury cell plants 4.1.1 Overv
Page 165 and 166: Chapter 4 plants at comparable capa
Page 167 and 168: Chapter 4 Table 4.2: Data from the
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 4 environment can be expect
Page 171 and 172: 4. Plant size Chapter 4 An increase
Page 173 and 174: Table 4.6: Comparison of reported c
Page 175 and 176: Chapter 4 Generally, conversion cos
Page 177 and 178: 4.1.3 Decommissioning 4.1.3.1 Decom
Page 179 and 180: 3. Emptying of the cells and handli
Page 181 and 182: Chapter 4 Table 4.7: Overview of co
Page 183 and 184: Table 4.8: Techniques for monitorin
Page 185 and 186: Chapter 4 Table 4.10: Decommissioni
Page 187 and 188: 4.2 Diaphragm cell plants 4.2.1 Aba
Page 189 and 190: Source: [ 146, Arkema 2009 ] Figure
Page 191 and 192: Chapter 4 diaphragms [ 31, Euro Chl
Page 193 and 194: Driving force for implementation Th
Page 195 and 196: Chapter 4 4.2.3 Conversion of asbes
Page 197: Chapter 4 directly from the cells.
Page 201 and 202: Chapter 4 non-standardised) will be
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 4 removal of conductive com
Page 205 and 206: Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Plant
Page 207 and 208: Environmental performance and opera
Page 209 and 210: Example plants Dow, Stade (Germany)
Page 211 and 212: Chapter 4 current density resulting
Page 213 and 214: Chapter 4 modifications to auxiliar
Page 215 and 216: Table 4.14: Cost calculation for th
Page 217 and 218: Chapter 4 membrane lifetimes range
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 4 Cross-media effects Some
Page 221 and 222: Chapter 4 The drawback of using fer
Page 223 and 224: Chapter 4 evaporation unit integrat
Page 225 and 226: Chapter 4 Environmental performance
Page 227 and 228: Chapter 4 Technical description The
Page 229 and 230: Chapter 4 Table 4.17: Monitoring te
Page 231 and 232: Chapter 4 Environmental performance
Page 233 and 234: Environmental performance and opera
Page 235 and 236: Chapter 4 Prevention of chlorine re
Page 237 and 238: Chapter 4 Good pipework design to m
Page 239 and 240: Chapter 4 was the solution at that
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Page 243 and 244: Chapter 4 chlorine scrubber, immedi
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environmental legislation; generati
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Chapter 4 Table 4.21: Examples of o
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Chapter 4 Driving force for impleme
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4.3.6.3.4 Catalytic decomposition r
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Chapter 4 In both cases, the spent
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Chapter 4 Example plants Thermal de
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Chapter 4 migration of hydroxide io
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eduction of chlorate emissions; red
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Example plants Solvin in Antwerp-Li
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eduction of costs related to equipm
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Chapter 4 Off-site reconcentration
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Chapter 4 b) closing of doors and w
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4.4 Membrane cell plants 4.4.1 High
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4.5.3 Containment Chapter 4 Descrip
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Chapter 4 Sections 4.5.4.2 and 4.5.
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Chapter 4 At this site, mercury con
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Chapter 4 However, the soil washing
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5 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES Scope
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General considerations In these BAT
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5.2 Decommissioning of mercury cell
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5.3 Environmental management system
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Chapter 5 The BAT-associated enviro
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Chapter 5 6. In order to reduce ene
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5.6 Monitoring of emissions Chapter
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[This BAT conclusion is based on in
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5.9 Generation of waste Chapter 5 1
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5.11 Site remediation Chapter 5 20.
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Chapter 5 inorganic chloramines, di
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6 EMERGING TECHNIQUES 6.1 Introduct
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Chapter 6 cooperation with the Japa
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Chapter 6 In December 1998 a test w
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6.3 Use of fuel cells in chlor-alka
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Chapter 6 hydrogen that is burnt to
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Chapter 7 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND
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REFERENCES References [1] Ullmann's
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References [63] Euro Chlor, Euro Ch
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References [112] Santorelli et al.,
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References [161] Germany, 'Verordnu
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[212] Florkiewicz, Long life diaphr
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References [259] Rappe et al., 'Lev
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
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V. Units · VI. Chemical elements T
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VIII. Acronyms and definitions AC A
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EOX Extractable Organically-bound H
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Glossary Technique Ensemble of both
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ANNEX Annex {The CAK plant capaciti
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Euro Chlor No. Country code Company
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