chapter 4 - DRK

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Strictly under embargo until Wednesday 22 September at 00:01 GMT (02:01 Geneva time)62CHAPTER 3disasteror to get safer sites on which to rebuild. ‘Safe’ sites are of no use to low-incomehouseholds if they are far from former homes and from income-earning opportunities.Whenever a large-scale disaster hits a city, there is always a temptation to envisage areconstruction process that avoids the sites most impacted, especially the informal settlements.Governments often respond to disasters by passing new land-use regulationsthat prevent rebuilding in many of the most affected areas.One common community-driven response is for community organizations to demonstrateto governments and, where relevant, international agencies their competenceand capacity in rebuilding. One way to do this is by reoccupying the old sitesand building permanent homes. This is what took place in Gujarat, India, after the2001 earthquake when the government tried to stop people moving back to ‘unsafe’places. But when the people who moved back showed evidence of their investmentin permanent houses, the government had little choice but to agree with them stayingthere. In the immediate aftermath of the 2004 tsunami in Banda Aceh, survivorsfrom 25 coastal settlements moved back in defiance of the government relocationprogramme. When they proved they were able to rebuild and to establish a planto create protective ecological buffers between their settlements and the sea, thegovernment supported their actions. In the responses to the disasters in Payatasdescribed in Box 3.1, it was possible to get land for temporary or permanent accommodationon suitable sites.The need for ‘flexible’ money for affectedhouseholds and communitiesThere is a need for national and local disaster funds that are able to respond rapidlyand have the capacity to provide support right down to affected individuals and households.These funds should support both immediate responses and the development oflonger-term solutions in ways that serve each affected community. Cash support foraffected households has proved effective in many instances and can also stop the erosionof household assets, which is particularly serious for low-income groups.As noted earlier, key priorities – apart from guaranteeing basic needs (shelter, food,clean water, sanitation) and avoiding household asset depletion – are supporting livelihoodsand rebuilding. This often needs administrative streamlining to get fasterresponses from bureaucracies in terms of approving community-driven plans and helpingto resource them. This is not easy, especially for external funders who respond tothe emergency with neither contacts nor knowledge of the areas in which they aresuddenly working. It is difficult for outsiders to know how to support livelihoods andthose most in need. This is more easily done if community organizations, such as localsavings groups, can help. In many nations, national federations of slum/shack dwellershave set up their own national and local funds through which external support for theirwork can be channelled.
Strictly under embargo until Wednesday 22 September at 00:01 GMT (02:01 Geneva time)In urban areas, rebuilding homes and restoring livelihoods are usually closely linked,as the home provides a safe place for families, access for income earners and, often,a site for home-based enterprises. An evaluation of responses to the Gujarat earthquakenoted: “People constantly emphasized the need to restore livelihoods rather thanreceive relief and expressed some frustration that outsiders did not listen to them onthis point.”Community-driven initiatives for disaster riskreductionMost disasters, including the five listed in Box 3.1, could have been anticipated andmuch death and destruction avoided, had surveys of settlements in high-risk sites beenundertaken and follow-up action carried out to address problems the surveys highlighted.Interviews or discussions with those living in informal settlements that floodpoint to a range of measures that they take in the home to reduce the impact. Obviousmodifications can be made to houses to make them more resistant to disaster. Theseinclude having high or raised cupboards or other types of furniture that people can siton in case of floods, fitting high shelves on which goods can be stored (including foodand water) and keeping all electric wiring and plugs close to the roof (if the house isconnected to a source of electricity). In Indore, India, many households had heavyThe Indian state ofAndhra Pradesh washit by one-in-100-yearfloods in 2009. Aftersuch a disaster, peopleneed help not only toaccess food, shelterand clean water, butalso to rebuild homesand livelihoods.© Rob Few/IFRCWorld Disasters Report 2010 – Focus on urban risk63
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214INDEXStrictly under embargo unti
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The International Federationof Red
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