chapter 4 - DRK

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Strictly under embargo until Wednesday 22 September at 00:01 GMT (02:01 Geneva time)Invest in and maintain critical infrastructure that reduces risk, such as flooddrainage, adjusted where needed to cope with climate change.5. Assess the safety of all schools and health facilities and upgrade these as necessary.192ANNEX 24.6. Apply and enforce realistic, risk-compliant building regulations and landuseplanning principles. Identify safe land for low-income citizens and developupgrading of informal settlements, wherever feasible.7. Ensure education programmes and training on disaster risk reduction are inplace in schools and local communities.8. Protect ecosystems and natural buffers to mitigate floods, storm surges andother hazards to which your city may be vulnerable. Adapt to climate change bybuilding on good risk reduction practices.9. Install early warning systems and emergency management capacities in yourcity and hold regular public preparedness drills.10. After any disaster, ensure that the needs of the survivors are placed at the centreof reconstruction with support for them and their community organizations todesign and help implement responses, including rebuilding homes and livelihoods.Case studiesThe selected case studies illustrate how resilience can be put into practice by focusingon the ten essentials for making cities resilient. These case studies cover a number ofdifferent areas, ranging from risk assessment to risk communication, as well as differentgovernment levels and types of hazard.Essential 1Empowering local government as leaders in disaster reductionand recoveryMunicipal governments of Chincha, Pisco, Cañete and Ica, Peru(From UNISDR, Local Governments and Disaster Risk Reduction – Good practices andlessons learned, Geneva, April 2010.)After the 2007 earthquake in Peru, reconstruction and recovery in the affected regionswere typically fragmented and not well integrated into overall development and riskreduction work. Local government institutions, which were themselves affected bythe quake, were cast into a passive role. A United Nations Development Programme(UNDP) project partnered with municipal governments to help them enhance theirroles as leaders and coordinators of local development and recovery.
Strictly under embargo until Wednesday 22 September at 00:01 GMT (02:01 Geneva time)The UNDP Country Office intervention provided technical disaster risk reductionand recovery assistance to municipal governments. Although the project is a UNDPinitiative, it relied on the unique position of local governments to identify local prioritiesto reduce disaster risk. The municipal governments prioritized four areas, to whichUNDP provided close and permanent guidance: local governance; housing and territorialmanagement; economic reactivation; and information management.Results include the initiation of a process for updating and redesigning the municipalities’development plans (ten years) and annual plans for promoting sustained recoveryand risk reduction as well as the inclusion of development and capacity-buildingissues into the reconstruction, such as livelihoods, gender, information managementand institutional strengthening. Furthermore, the municipal governments’ regulartools and methods, such as their public investments system and information systemsfor monitoring and disseminating information, were improved. Land-use plans wererevised and made risk-sensitive. The comprehensive range of results has been an indicationof what can be achieved by local governments with the right support.Essential 2Changing standards for land-for-housing in NamibiaWindhoek, Namibia(From International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), UrbanDevelopment and Intensive and Extensive Risk, Contribution to the Global AssessmentReport on Disaster Risk Reduction, 2009.)The city authorities in Windhoek recognized that to reach low-income households,they had to cut unit costs in their government-funded serviced-site programme. Thisprogramme had to recover the costs of developing land (both for housing and withinfrastructure to official standards), but this made it too expensive for low-incomegroups. This example from Namibia is interesting in that it shows how a change inapproach by the city government greatly increased the possibilities for low-incomehouseholds to be able to get their own housing.A new government policy, developed with the Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia(a federation of savings groups formed mostly by low-income women), showed awillingness to overturn conventional approaches to standards and regulations, forinstance in plot sizes and in infrastructure standards, to make their serviced sites moreaffordable to low-income households. Plots can be rented, group purchased or leased.Significantly, families are allowed to upgrade services as they can afford to make theinvestments, extending sewerage and water lines from mains provision into theirhomes. Groups that belong to the Shack Dwellers Federation have access to their ownloan fund from which they can borrow for such service improvements, and around1,000 groups have taken such loans at an average household cost of US$ 150. However,this underestimates the number of improvements, because once households haveWorld Disasters Report 2010 – Disaster data193
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138CHAPTER 7Strictly under embargo
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Page 220: The International Federationof Red
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