chapter 4 - DRK

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Strictly under embargo until Wednesday 22 September at 00:01 GMT (02:01 Geneva time)162ANNEX 1Declaration of a state of emergencyCall for international assistance.The number of people killed includes people confirmed as dead and people missingand presumed dead. People affected are those requiring immediate assistance duringa period of emergency (i.e., requiring basic survival needs such as food, water, shelter,sanitation and immediate medical assistance). People reported injured or homeless areaggregated with those reported affected to produce a ‘total number of people affected’.The economic impact of a disaster usually consists of direct consequences on the localeconomy (e.g., damage to infrastructure, crops, housing) and indirect consequences(e.g., loss of revenues, unemployment, market destabilization). In EM-DAT, the registeredfigure corresponds to the damage value at the moment of the event and usuallyonly to the direct damage, expressed in US dollars (2009 prices).In 2007, a new natural disaster category classification was introduced in EM-DAT.This new classification was initiated by CRED and Munich Re and brought togetherCRED, Munich Re, Swiss Re, the Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) and theUN Development Programme (UNDP). The goals were to create and agree on a commonhierarchy and terminology for all global and regional databases on natural disastersand to establish a common and agreed definition of sub-events that is simple andself-explanatory.This classification is a first step in the development of a standardized international classificationof disasters. It distinguishes two generic categories for disasters (natural andtechnological), the natural disasters category being divided into five sub-groups, whichin turn cover 12 disaster types and more than 32 sub-types. The five sub-groups and12 types are as follows:Biological disasters: Insect infestations, epidemics and animal attacks (the lasttwo categories are not included in the World Disasters Report)Geophysical disasters: Earthquakes and tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, dry massmovements (avalanches, landslides, rockfalls and subsidence of geophysicalorigin)Climatological disasters: Droughts (with associated food insecurities), extremetemperatures and wildfiresHydrological disasters: Floods (including waves and surges), wet mass movements(avalanches, landslides, rockfalls and subsidence of hydrological origin)Meteorological disasters: Storms (divided into nine sub-categories).The technological disasters remain unchanged and comprise three groups:Industrial accidents: Chemical spills; collapse of industrial infrastructure; explosions;fires; gas leaks; poisoning; radiationTransport accidents: Transportation by air, rail, road or water
Strictly under embargo until Wednesday 22 September at 00:01 GMT (02:01 Geneva time)Miscellaneous accidents: Collapse of domestic / non-industrial structures; explosions;fires.In Tables 1–13, ‘disasters’ refer to disasters with a natural or a technological triggeronly, and do not include wars, conflict-related famines, diseases or epidemics. Theclassification of countries as ‘very high’, ‘high’, ‘medium’ or ‘low human development’is based on UNDP’s 2009 Human Development Index (HDI). For a small number ofcountries, which do not appear in the HDI, the World Bank’s classification of economiesby the countries’ level of income is used as reference (‘high’, ‘upper middle’ ‘lowermiddle’ and ‘low’).In both EM-DAT and the tables in this annex, data are considered at country level formany reasons, including the fact that it is at this level that they are reported most of thetime and also due to issues regarding possible aggregation and disaggregation of data.For droughts or food insecurities, which are often multi-year events, their impact overtime is taken into account.Bearing in mind that data on deaths and economic damage from drought are infrequentlyreported, CRED has adopted the following rules regarding data for droughts:The total number of deaths reported for a drought is divided by the number ofyears for which the drought persists. The resulting number is registered for eachyear of the drought’s duration.The same calculation is done for the reported economic damages.For the total number of people reported to be affected, CRED considers that thesame number is affected each year that the disaster persists.ANNEX 1Some disasters begin at the end of a year and may last some weeks or months into thefollowing year. In such case, CRED has adopted the following rules:With regard to the number of people reported affected, the total number isrecorded for both the start year and the end year.For the number of people reported killed, CRED distinguishes between suddenonsetdisasters (earthquakes, flash floods, landslides, etc.) and slow-onset disasters(wildfires, some floods, extreme temperatures, etc.) as follows:– Sudden-onset disasters – all those killed are registered according to the start yearof the disaster– Slow-onset disasters – the total of all those killed is divided by two and a half isattributed to each year of persistence.Reported economic damages are always attributed to the end year of the disaster.This is because damage is related to both the strength of a disaster and its duration.By using these rules, some data bias correction is attempted. However, they are farfrom perfect and CRED will try to improve them, as well as the database as a whole,in the future.World Disasters Report 2010 – Disaster data163
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The International Federationof Red
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